Quality Management Midterm

The DICOM standard does not specify an image's:

examination time

A cause and effect diagram is also known as a:

fishbone diagram

Each of the following factors affect the patient dose during diagnostic radiography except: focal spot size inherent filtration source-to-image distance (SID) added filtration

focal spot size

A white, powdery residue on a film after processing is normally caused by:

hyporetention

The window width setting in a digital imaging system is used to manipulate which of the following values?

image contrast

W. Edwards Deming's management approach can be summarized by his ____ points.

14

Photoconductors convert x-ray energy into:

electric current

Members of the general public who may be exposed to frequent or continuous exposure from artificial sources other than medical exposure have a recommended maximum effective dose equivalent of _____ rem/year.

0.1

The minimum thickness of lead aprons worn by occupational workers during diagnostic procedures is ____ mm of lead equivalence.

0.25

The maximum dose to the fetus of an occupational worker for the entire gestation period is _____ rem.

0.5 - The embryonic/fetal dose of occupational workers should not exceed 0.0025 millirem (0.025 mSv) per day, 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) in any 1 month of the 9-month gestation period and 0.5 rem (5 mSv) for the entire gestation period.

Which of the following are essential elements of a radiographic quality control (QC) program? 1. Performance evaluations 2. Interpretation of diagnostic images 3. Error correction

1 & 3 only

Of the following, who could be considered external customers? 1. Patient family members 2. The community 3. Third party payers

1, 2, 3

An activity to achieve a desired outcome:

Action

CRT monitors for viewing digital images by the technologist should have a luminance value higher than ____ nit.

100

If a department obtains 1160 radiographic views during a 1-month period and 132 are repeated, the department repeat rate is:

11.4%

Fifteen ft-cd would be equivalent to approximately ____ lux.

160

One hundred (100) women received breast MRI scans. Twenty (20) scans were positive for breast lesions. Each of the patients received a follow up biopy of the lesion. Five (5) were confirmed to have breast cancer and fifteen (15) were found to be normal. What is the Positive Predictive Value of breast MRI?

25% - TP = 5; FP = 15, therefore, 5/20 = .25 = 25%

The contrast ratio of a viewing monitor should be higher than ______.

250

Under the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, voluntary reporting of unsafe medical devices will require the use of form:

3500

What is the average amount of background radiation per year in the United States?

360 mrem

If the bit depth of an MRI scanner is 12 bits, how many gray shades can be present in the image?

4096

One hundred (100) women received breast MRI scans. Twenty (20) scans were positive for breast lesions. Of the negative scans, 5 women were later found to actually have breast cancer which was undetected by the MRI. What is the Negative Predictive Value of breast MRI?

94% - TN = 75; FN = 5, therefore, 75/80 = .9375 = 94%

The rare earth phosphor, lanthanum oxybromide, emits what color of light?

Blue

Which of the following uses photostimulable phosphors? CR systems Direct conversion DR system Flat panel fluoroscopic system

CR systems

Any data collected during the time that care is provided is called:

Concurrent data

The ability of an imaging system to distinguish structures with similar x-ray transmission as separate entities is known as

Contrast Resolution

Which of the following contains upper and lower control limits?

Control chart

A person, department, or organization that wants or needs a desired outcome:

Customer

Which modality generally display the greatest spatial resolution?

Digital mammography

Customers who come from outside the healthcare organization are generally referred to as:

External customers

The distribution of continuous data can be best demonstrated by the use of:

Histograms

The amount of light either scattered or emitted by a surface is known as:

Illuminance

Benefits of digital PACS images do not generally include: convenient storage. image transmission. computer-aided diagnosis. improved spatial resolution.

Improved spatial resolution

Information or knowledge necessary to achieve a desired outcome:

Input

Which of the following can be thought of as the amount of information recorded in an image divided by the information available in the part?

Modulation transfer function - Modulation transfer function is a numeric value that is used to measure the spatial resolution and is obtained from the LSF graph with a mathematic process known as Fourier transformation.

Which of the following terms is the unit most commonly used to measure luminance?

Nit

The limiting spatial resolution is also known as the:

Nyquist Frequency

The government agency that mandates specific policies concerning the proper handling of blood-borne pathogens is:

OSHA

Which federal agency is responsible for establishing standards for safety and for monitoring the workplace environment?

OSHA

When did the Mammography Quality Standards Act become effective?

October 1994

The desired outcome or characteristic that satisfies a customer:

Output

In radiographic departments that maintain an effective quality assurance program, the greatest cause of repeat images is:

Positioning errors

The aspect of a quality program that deals with monitoring and maintenance of equipment factors is:

QC

An exposure artifact that appears because of very low mAs is:

Quantum mottle

Which of the following terms also is referred to as the TP fraction?

Sensitivity

Going from a 256 × 256 to a 512 × 512 matrix doubles an image's:

Spatial Resolution

Which of the following terms best describes the ability of an imaging system to create separate images of closely spaced high-contrast objects?

Spatial Resolution

A DR flat panel detector element (DEL) size will help to determine which of the following?

Spatial Resolution - The smaller the detectors used, the more can be placed per millimeter in an array, which will yield a greater sampling frequency and therefore, greater spatial resolution.

Which of the following is a measure of statistical dispersion? mean standard deviation mode

Standard deviation

How many levels of quality control testing and monitoring are there?

Three

The FDA uses how many classifications of medical devices?

Three

How many different methods of disease transmission are stated to be minimized by Tier 2 precautions?

Three - Tier 2 precautions are geared toward preventing infection by minimizing disease transmission by air, droplet, and contact.

Which of the following statements is correct about the 80/20 rule? Twenty percent of the causes result in 80% of the problems. Twenty percent of the problems are the result of 80% of the causes. 40% of the time there will be problems. None of the answer options are correct.

Twenty percent of the causes result in 80% of the problems - The 80/20 rule states that 80% of the problems are the result of 20% of the causes.

Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is a measure of which of the following?

X-ray absorption

The calculated percentage of cases which are correctly diagnosed is defined as:

accuracy

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? mean median mode all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is not a purpose of a risk management program? ensure the safety of employees, patients and visitors minimize financial liability of the organization ensure quality patient care all of the above are purposes of risk management

all of the above are purposes of risk management

Patient motion during exposure results in:

an exposure artifact

The measurement of the level of quality at some point in time with no effort to change or improve the level of care is known as quality ______________.

assessment

Film utilized in dry laser printers uses silver _____ emulsions.

behenate

Invasive quality control equipment testing is considered to be:

complex - Level III QC testing is considered to be invasive and complex.

The most important component affecting the spatial resolution in digital subtraction angiography is the:

computer matrix size

Variables that have only two choices are called:

dichotomous variables

Any activity that costs a facility either money or its reputation is known as:

loss potential

Which of the following can occur as a result of a double set of grid lines?

moire effect

A flowchart is best defined as a:

pictorial representation of the individual steps in a process

Which of the following are normally considered external customers? Nurses Referring physicians Inpatients

referring physicians

The type of contrast that is caused by variations in the tissue density within the anatomical part to be imaged, defines which of the following? image contrast subject contrast inherent contrast

subject contrast

The square of the standard deviation is called the:

variance