Question 7

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid falsifying authorship, evidence, data, findings, and conclusions

report honestly

What are the parts of a research process?

1.) Prior to conducting the study 2.) Beginning the study 3.) Collecting data 4.) Analyzing data 5.) Reporting, sharing, and storing data

What are the types of ethical issues regarding "Analyzing Data"?

1.) avoid siding with participants (going native) 2.) avoid disclosing only positive results 3.) respect the privacy and anonymity of participants

What are the types of ethical issues regarding "Collecting data"?

1.) respect the site, and disrupt as little as possible 2.) make certain that all participants receive the same treatment 3.) avoid deceiving participants 4.) respect potential power imbalances and exploitation of participants (ex: interviewing, observing) 5.) do not "use" participants by gathering data and leaving site 6.) avoid collecting harmful information

How many types of ethical issues regarding "Beginning the study"?

5

How many types of ethical issues regarding "Collecting data"?

6

How many types of ethical issues regarding "Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data"?

9

Describe the types of ethical issues outlined by Creswell that are likely at each stage of the research process as well as how one should address the issue.

Ethical Issues

What is the way to address the issue --> respect the privacy and anonymity of participants

assign fictitious names or aliases; develop composite profiles of participants

What is the way to address the issue --> respect potential power imbalances and exploitation of participants (ex: interviewing, observing)

avoid leading questions. Withhold sharing personal impressions. Avoid disclosing sensitive information. Involve participants as collaborators.

What is the way to address the issue --> respect the site, and disrupt as little as possible

build trust, and convey extent of anticipated disruption in gaining access

What is the way to address the issue --> identify a research problem that will benefit participants

conduct a needs assessment or informal conversation

What is the way to address the issue --> disclose purpose of the study

contact participants, and inform them of the general purpose of the study

What is the way to address the issue --> provide complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and lack of conflict of interest, if requested

disclose funders for research. disclose who will profit from the research

What is the way to address the issue --> respect norms and charters of indigenous societies

find out about cultural, religious, gender, and other differences that need to be respected

What is the way to address the issue --> state who owns the data from a study

give credit for ownership to researcher, participants, and advisers

What is the way to address the issue --> negotiate authorship for publication

give credit for work done on the project; decide on author order in future publication

What is the way to address the issue --> gain local permission from site and participants

identify and go through local approvals; find gatekeepers or key personnel to help

What is the way to address the issue --> share data with others

provide copies of report to participants and stakeholders. share results with other researchers

What is the way to address the issue --> do not "use" participants by gathering data and leaving site

provide rewards for participating

What is the way to address the issue --> do not duplicate or piecemeal publications

refrain from using the same material for more than one publication

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid siding with participants (going native)

report multiple perspectives

What is the way to address the issue --> do not plagiarize

see APA guidelines for permissions need to reprint or adapt work of others

What is the way to address the issue --> do not pressure participants into signing consent forms

tell participants that they do not have to sign form

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid disclosing information that would harm participants

use composite stories so that individuals cannot be identified

What is the way to address the issue --> seek college/university approval on campus through an IRB?

submit proposal for IRB approval

What are the types of ethical issues regarding "Prior to conducting the study"?

1.) examine professional association standards 2.) seek college/university approval on campus through an IRB 3.) gain local permission from site and participants 4.) select a site without a vested interest in outcome of study 5.) negotiate authorship for publication

How many types of ethical issues regarding "Analyzing data"?

3

How many parts of a research process?

5

How many types of ethical issues regarding "Prior to conducting the study"?

5

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid deceiving participants

discuss purpose of the study and how data will be used

What is the way to address the issue --> be sensitive to needs of vulnerable populations (ex: children)

obtain appropriate consent (ex: parents, as well as children)

What is the way to address the issue --> make certain that all participants receive the same treatment

put into place wait list provisions for treatment for controls

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid disclosing only positive results

report contrary findings

What is the way to address the issue --> avoid collecting harmful information

stay to questions stated in an interview protocol

What is the way to address the issue --> keep raw data and other materials

store data and materials for 5 years

What is the way to address the issue --> communicate in clear, straightforward appropriate language

use unbiased language appropriate for audiences of the research

What is the way to address the issue --> examine professional association standards?

consult the code of ethics for professional association in your area

What is the way to address the issue --> select a site without a vested interest in outcome of study

select sites that will not raise power issues with researchers

What are the types of ethical issues regarding "Beginning the study"?

1.) identify a research problem that will benefit participants 2.) disclose purpose of the study 3.) do not pressure participants into signing consent forms 4.) respect norms and charters of indigenous societies 5.) be sensitive to needs of vulnerable populations (ex: children)

What are the types of ethical issues regarding "Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data"?

1.) avoid falsifying authorship, evidence, data, findings, and conclusions 2.) do not plagiarize 3.) avoid disclosing information that would harm participants 4.) communicate in clear, straightforward appropriate language 5.) share data with others 6.) keep raw data and other materials 7.) do not duplicate or piecemeal publications 8.) provide complete proof of compliance with ethical issues and lack of conflict of interest, if requested 9.) state who owns the data from a study