QUESTIONS

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Multifactor authentication For the exam, you need to know the different authentication categories and what type of authentication methods belong to each category. This is an example of multifactor authentication because you are using both a username/password combination with an SMS code. This provides a knowledge factor (username/password) and a possession factor (your smartphone) to provide two factors of authentication, making this the best option.

How would you appropriately categorize the authentication method being displayed here? One-time password authentication Biometric authentication Multifactor authentication PAP authentication

D. Since this is a Media Streaming Server, you should implement a RAID 0, which provides disk stripping across both drives. This will increase the speed of the data delivery but provides no redundancy. If you were concerned with redundancy, then you should choose a RAID 1, which uses a mirror of the data on both hard disks. You cannot use a RAID 5 since it requires a minimum of 3 disk drives and stripes the data across the hard disks. You also can not use a RAID 6 since this requires at least 4 hard disks with dual parity and disk stripping. A RAID 10 also requires 4 hard disks and is a mirror of striped drives (combining the benefits of RAID 1 and RAID 0).

(Sample Simulation - On the real exam for this type of question, you may receive a list of different RAID types and be asked to visually display which hard drives in the RAID are used for redundant data storage as either a stripe or a mirror. You will then have to identify which RAID type is most appropriate for each type of server shown.) You are configuring a RAID drive for a Media Streaming Server. Your primary concern is the speed of delivery of the data. This server has two hard disks installed. What type of RAID should you install, and what type of data will be stored on Disk 1 and Disk 2? A. RAID 0 - Disk 1 (Mirror) and Disk 2 (Mirror) B. RAID 1 - Disk 1 (Stripe) and Disk 2 (Stripe) C. RAID 1 - Disk 1 (Mirror) and Disk 2 (Mirror) D. RAID 0 - Disk 1 (Stripe) and Disk 2 (Stripe)

C. Since the backend uses a RADIUS server for back-end authentication, the network administrator can install 802.1x using EAP with MSCHAPv2 for authentication. The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a framework in a series of protocols that allows for numerous different mechanisms of authentication, including things like simple passwords, digital certificates, and public key infrastructure. Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2 (MS-CHAP v2) is a password-based authentication protocol that is widely used as an authentication method in PPTP-based (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) VPNs and can be used with EAP.

A company needs to implement stronger authentication by adding an authentication factor to its wireless system. The wireless system only supports WPA with pre-shared keys, but the backend authentication system supports EAP and TTLS. What should the network administrator implement? A. PKI with user authentication B. MAC address filtering with IP filtering C. 802.1x using EAP with MSCHAPv2 D. WPA2 with a complex shared key

D. The organization should enable sampling of the data collected. Sampling can help them capture network flows that could be useful without collecting everything passing through the sensor. This reduces the bottleneck of 2 Gbps and still provides useful information. Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies that work on a network to guarantee its ability to run high-priority applications and traffic dependably, but that does not help in this situation. Compressing NetFlow data helps save disk space, but it does not increase the capacity of the bottleneck of 2 Gbps during collection. Enabling full packet capture would take even more resources to process and store and not minimize the bottleneck of 2 Gbps during collection.

A company's NetFlow collection system can handle up to 2 Gbps. Due to excessive load, this has begun to approach full utilization at various times of the day. If the security team does not have additional money in their budget to purchase a more capable collector, which of the following options could they use to collect useful data? A. Enable QoS B. Enable full packet capture C. Enable NetFlow compression D. Enable sampling of the data

A. This is an example of intellectual property (IP) theft and it happened in 2019 to our company. The competitor wasn't even smart enough to change the examples we used throughout our course from our website (diontraining.com) to their website and re-recorded our entire 8-hour course word-for-word to sell as an audiobook. This is not identity theft because they didn't pretend to be Jason Dion or Dion Training. This is not a data breach because they did not compromise our systems to steal the course. Instead, they went to our website and purchased it. The risk is not a mission-essential function. A mission essential function is something that your organization must do to maintain its operations. For example, at Dion Training, our mission essential functions are (1) recording and editing training videos and (2) writing and publishing practice exams.

A competitor recently bought Dion Training's ITIL 4 Foundation training course, transcribed the video captions into a document, re-recorded the course exactly word for word as an audiobook, then published this newly recorded audiobook for sale on Audible. From Dion Training's perspective, how would you BEST classify this situation? A. IP theft B. Mission essential function C. Data breach D. Identity theft

A. The only solution that could stop this from reoccurring would be to use an anti-virus or anti-malware solution with heuristic analysis. The other options might be able to monitor and detect the issue but not stop it from spreading. Heuristic analysis is a method employed by many computer anti-virus programs designed to detect previously unknown computer viruses and new variants of viruses already in the wild. This is behavior-based detection and prevention, so it should detect the issue and stop it from spreading throughout the network. A host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) is a device or software application that monitors a system for malicious activity or policy violations. Any malicious activity or violation is typically reported to an administrator or collected centrally using a security information and event management system. The UTM is also acting as an IDS in this scenario based on the option presented.

A corporate workstation was recently infected with malware. The malware was able to access the workstation's credential store and steal all the usernames and passwords from the machine. Then, the malware began to infect other workstations on the network using the usernames and passwords it stole from the first workstation. The IT Director has directed its IT staff to develop a plan to prevent this issue from occurring again. Which of the following would BEST prevent this from reoccurring? A. Install an anti-virus or anti-malware solution that uses heuristic analysis B. Install a host-based intrusion detection system on all of the corporate workstations C. Monitor all workstations for failed login attempts and forward them to a centralized SYSLOG server D. Install a Unified Threat Management system on the network to monitor for suspicious traffic

A. An exact data match (EDM) is a pattern matching technique that uses a structured database of string values to detect matches. For example, a company might have a list of actual social security numbers of its customers. But, since it is not appropriate to load these numbers into a DLP filter, they could use EDM to match the numbers' fingerprints instead based on their format or sequence. Document matching attempts to match a whole document or a partial document against a signature in the DLP. Statistical matching is a further refinement of partial document matching that uses machine learning to analyze various data sources using artificial intelligence or machine learning. Classification techniques use a rule based on a confidentiality classification tag or label attached to the data. For example, the military might use a classification-based DLP to search for any files labeled as secret or top secret.

A cybersecurity analyst has deployed a custom DLP signature to alert on any files that contain numbers in the format of a social security number (xxx-xx-xxxx). Which of the following concepts within DLP is being utilized? A. Exact data match B. Classification C. Statistical matching D. Document matching

A. Since the database server is part of a critical production network, it is important to work with the business to time the remediation period to minimize productivity losses. You can immediately begin to capture network traffic since this won't affect the database server or the network (least intrusive) while scheduling a period of downtime in which to take a forensic image of the database server's hard drive. All network captures and the hard drive should be maintained under the chain of custody if needed for criminal prosecution or civil action after remediation. The server should be remediated and brought back online once the hard drive image has been created.

A cybersecurity analyst has determined that an attack has occurred against your company's network. Fortunately, your company uses a good logging system with a centralized Syslog server, so all the logs are available, collected, and stored properly. According to the cybersecurity analyst, the logs indicate that the database server was the only company server on the network that appears to have been attacked. The network is a critical production network for your organization. Therefore, you have been asked to choose the LEAST disruptive actions on the network while performing the appropriate incident response actions. Which actions do you recommend as part of the response efforts? A. Capture network traffic using a sniffer, schedule a period of downtime to image and remediate the affected server, and maintain the chain of custody B. Conduct a system restore of the database server, image the hard drive, and maintain the chain of custody C. Immediately remove the database server from the network, create an image of its hard disk, and maintain the chain of custody D. Isolate the affected server from the network immediately, format the database server, reinstall from a known good backup

An infected workstation is attempting to reach a command and control server A call home message is an indicator of compromise known as beaconing. Beaconing usually occurs after a stage 1 malware program has been implanted on an organization's workstation or server, but that isn't the most correct answer to this question. Instead, beaconing indicates that a workstation or server is infected and tries to communicate with the attacker's command and control server. This beaconing will continue until the infected system (workstation or server) is found and cleared of the malware or until the botnet gives the infected host further instructions to perform (such as to attack). "Malware is running on a company workstation or server" is incorrect because we do not have positive verification of that based on this scenario. A beacon does not have to be malware. For example, it can simply be a single ping packet or DNS request being sent out every day at a certain time using the Windows task scheduler. Be careful on the exam to answer the question being asked and choose the "most" accurate answer. Since the call home signal is coming from the internal network and attempting to connect to an external server, it cannot be evidence of an attacker performing reconnaissance on your workstations. Also, nothing in the question is indicative of an insider threat trying to exfiltrate information since a call home message is generally minimal in size and not large enough to exfiltrate data.

A cybersecurity analyst has received an alert that sensors continuously observe well-known call home messages at their network boundary. Still, the organization's proxy firewall is properly configured to successfully drop the messages before leaving the network. Which of the following is MOST likely the cause of the call home messages being sent? An attacker is performing reconnaissance of the organization's workstations Malware is running on a company workstation or server An infected workstation is attempting to reach a command and control server A malicious insider is trying to exfiltrate information to a remote network

B. While the payroll server could be assumed to hold PII, financial information, and corporate information, the analyst would only be making that assumption based on its name. Even before an incident response occurs, it would be a good idea to conduct a data criticality and prioritization analysis to determine what assets are critical to your business operations and need to be prioritized for protection. After an intrusion occurs, this information could be used to better protect and defend those assets against an attacker. Since the question states the analyst is trying to determine which server to look at based on their names, it is clear this organization never performed a data criticality and prioritization analysis and should do that first. After all, with names like FIREFLY, DEATHSTAR, THOR, and DION, the analyst has no idea what is stored on those systems. For example, how do we know that DEATHSTAR doesn't contain their credit card processing systems that would be a more lucrative target for APT 38 than the PAYROLL_DB. The suggestions of hardening, logically isolating, or conducting a vulnerability scan of a particular server are random guesses by the analyst since they don't know which data they should focus on protecting or where the attacker is currently.

A cybersecurity analyst is analyzing what they believe to be an active intrusion into their network. The indicator of compromise maps to suspected nation-state group that has strong financial motives, APT 38. Unfortunately, the analyst finds their data correlation lacking and cannot determine which assets have been affected, so they begin to review the list of network assets online. The following servers are currently online: PAYROLL_DB, DEV_SERVER7, FIREFLY, DEATHSTAR, THOR, and DION. Which of the following actions should the analyst conduct first? A. Logically isolate the PAYROLL_DB server from the production network B. Conduct a data criticality and prioritization analysis C. Conduct a Nessus scan of the FIREFLY server D. Hardening the DEV_SERVER7 server

Brute force This is an example of a brute force attack. Unlike password spraying that focuses on attempting only one or two passwords per user, a brute force attack focuses on trying multiple passwords for a single user. The goal of this attack is to crack the user's password and gain access to their account. Password spraying, instead, refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password. We can use multiple iterations using several different passwords, but the number of passwords attempted is usually low compared to the number of users attempted. This method avoids password lockouts, and it is often more effective at uncovering weak passwords than targeting specific users. In the scenario provided, only one or two attempts are being made to each username listed. This is indicative of a password spraying attack instead of a brute force attempt against a single user. Impersonation is the act of pretending to be another person for fraudulent purposes. Credential stuffing is the automated injection of breached username/password pairs to gain user accounts access fraudulently. This is a subset of the brute force attack category: large numbers of spilled credentials are automatically entered into websites until they are potentially matched to an existing account. The attacker can then hijack the account for their purposes.

A cybersecurity analyst is reviewing the logs of an authentication server and saw the following output. What type of attack was most likely being attempted by the attacker? What type of attack was most likely being attempted by the attacker? Password spraying Brute force Credential stuffing Impersonation

Items classified by the system as Low or as For Informational Purposes Only When conducting a vulnerability scan, it is common for the report to include some findings that are classified as "low" priority or "for informational purposes only." These are most likely false positives and can be ignored by the analyst when starting their remediation efforts. "An HTTPS entry that indicates the web page is securely encrypted" is not a false positive but a true negative (a non-issue). A scan result showing a different version from the automated asset inventory should be investigated and is likely a true positive. A finding that shows the scanner compliance plug-ins are not up-to-date would likely also be a true positive that should be investigated.

A cybersecurity analyst just finished conducting an initial vulnerability scan and is reviewing their results. To avoid wasting time on results that are not related to actual vulnerabilities, the analyst wants to remove any false positives before remediating the findings. Which of the following is an indicator that something in their results would be a false positive? An HTTPS entry that indicates the web page is securely encrypted Items classified by the system as Low or as For Informational Purposes Only A scan result that shows a version that is different from the automated asset inventory A finding that shows the scanner compliance plug-ins are not up-to-date

D. In a cryptographic erase (CE), the storage media is encrypted by default. The encryption key itself is destroyed during the erasing operation. CE is a feature of self-encrypting drives (SED) and is often used with solid-state devices. Cryptographic erase can be used with hard drives, as well. Zero-fill is a process that fills the entire storage device with zeroes. For SSDs and hybrid drives, zero-fill-based methods might not be reliable because the device uses wear-leveling routines in the drive controller to communicate which locations are available for use to any software process accessing the device. A secure erase is a special utility provided with some solid-state drives that can perform the sanitization of flash-based devices. Overwrite is like zero-fill but can utilize a random pattern of ones and zeroes on the storage device. The most secure option would be a cryptographic erase (CE) for the question's scenario.

A financial services company wants to donate some old hard drives from their servers to a local charity. Still, they are concerned about the possibility of residual data being left on the drives. Which of the following secure disposal methods would you recommend the company use? A. Overwrite B. Zero-fill C. Secure erase D. Cryptographic erase

A. Rogue anti-virus is a form of malicious software and internet fraud that misleads users into believing there is a virus on their computer and to pay money for a fake malware removal tool (that actually introduces malware to the computer). It is a form of scareware that manipulates users through fear and a form of ransomware. Since the alert is being displayed on a macOS system but appears to be meant for a Windows system, it is obviously a scam or fake alert and most likely a rogue anti-virus attempting to infect the system. Phishing is an email-based social engineering attack in which the attacker sends an email from a supposedly reputable source, such as a bank, to try to elicit private information from the victim. Phishing attacks target an indiscriminate large group of random people. A worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself to spread to other computers. Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. A worm can spread on its own, whereas a virus needs a host program or user interaction to propagate itself. Pharming is a type of social engineering attack that redirects a request for a website, typically an e-commerce site, to a similar-looking, but fake, website. The attacker uses DNS spoofing to redirect the user to the fake site.

A macOS user is browsing the internet in Google Chrome when they see a notification that says, "Windows Enterprise Defender: Your computer is infected with a virus, please click here to remove it!" What type of threat is this user experiencing? A. Rogue anti-virus B. Pharming C. Worm D. Phishing

Vulnerability scanning The best option here is vulnerability scanning as this allows the IT team to know what risks their network is taking on and where subsequent mitigations may be possible. Configuration management, automatic updates, and patching could normally be possible solutions, but these are not viable options without gaining administrative access to the appliance. Therefore, the analyst should continue to conduct vulnerability scanning of the device to understand the risks associated with it and then make recommendations to add additional compensating controls like firewall configurations, adding a WAF, providing segmentation, and other configurations outside the appliance that could minimize the vulnerabilities it presents.

A new security appliance was installed on a network as part of a managed service deployment. The vendor controls the appliance, and the IT team cannot log in or configure it. The IT team is concerned about the appliance receiving the necessary updates. Which of the following mitigations should be performed to minimize the concern for the appliance and updates? Vulnerability scanning Configuration management Automatic updates Scan and patch the device

B. The proper syntax for netcat (nc) is -l to signify listening and -p to specify the listening port. Then, the | character allows multiple commands to execute during a single command's execution. Next, netcat sends the data to the given IP (192.168.1.76) over port 443. This is a common technique to bypass the firewall by sending traffic over port 443 (a secure SSL/TLS tunnel).

A penetration tester has issued the following command on a victimized host: nc -l -p 8080 | nc 192.168.1.76 443. What will occur based on this command? A. Netcat will listen on port 8080 and then output anything received to local interface 192.168.1.76 B. Netcat will listen on port 8080 and output anything received to a remote connection on 192.168.1.76 port 443 C. Netcat will listen on the 192.168.1.76 interface for 443 seconds on port 8080 D. Netcat will listen for a connection from 192.168.1.76 on port 443 and output anything received to port 8080

Privilege escalation Apache web servers are run as a limited user by default, not as an administrative or root account. To be efficient and effective, the penetration tester should attempt to conduct a privilege escalation before pivoting into the screened subnet. As a penetration tester, they would not likely patch the system, conduct a vulnerability scan, or install additional tools. This does not help them achieve their goal of pivoting out of the screened subnet.

A penetration tester is using a known vulnerability to compromise an Apache webserver. After they gain access to the webserver, what is their next step to pivot to a protected system outside of the screened subnet? Installing additional tools Patching Privilege escalation Vulnerability scanning

A buffer overflow that is known to allow remote code execution The most serious vulnerability discovered is one that could allow remote code execution to occur. Since this buffer overflow vulnerability is known to allow remote code execution, it must be mitigated first to prevent a security breach most effectively. While the other issues should be addressed eventually, you need to prioritize the most critical one (remote code execution) on a public-facing IP address. A public-facing IP address means the device is accessible from the internet.

A recent vulnerability scan found several vulnerabilities on an organization's public-facing IP addresses. To reduce the risk of a breach, which of the following vulnerabilities should be prioritized for remediation? An HTTP response that reveals an internal IP address A website utilizing a self-signed SSL certificate A cryptographically weak encryption cipher A buffer overflow that is known to allow remote code execution

The attack widely fragmented the image across the host file system Due to the VM disk image's deletion, you will now have to conduct file carving or other data recovery techniques to recover and remediate the virtualized server. If the server's host uses a proprietary file system, such as VMFS on ESXi, this can further limit support by data recovery tools. The attacker may have widely fragmented the image across the host file system when they deleted the disk image. VM instances are most useful when they are elastic (meaning they optimally spin up when needed) and then destroyed without preserving any local data when security has performed the task, but this can lead to the potential of lost system logs. To prevent this, most VMs also save their logs to an external Syslog server or file. Virtual machine file formats are image-based and written to a mass storage device. Depending on the configuration and VM state, security must merge any checkpoints to the main image, using a hypervisor tool, not recovery from an old snapshot, and then roll forward. It is possible to load VM data into a memory analysis tool, such as Volatility. However, some hypervisors' file formats require conversion first, or they may not support the analysis tool.

An attacker has compromised a virtualized server. You are conducting forensic analysis as part of the recovery effort but found that the attacker deleted a virtual machine image as part of their malicious activity. Which of the following challenges do you now have to overcome as part of the recovery and remediation efforts? The attack widely fragmented the image across the host file system All log files are stored within the VM disk image, therefore, they are lost File formats used by some hypervisors cannot be analyzed with traditional forensic tools You will need to roll back to an early snapshot and then merge any checkpoints to the main image

C. While the physical security posture of the company has been improved by adding the cameras, alarms, and locks, this appliance-based system may pose additional risks to the store's network. Specialized technology and appliance-based systems rarely receive security updates at the same rate as regular servers or endpoints. These devices need to be on a network to ensure that their network functions can continue, but they don't necessarily need to be on the enterprise production network. A good option would be to set up a parallel network that is physically or logically isolated from the enterprise network and install the video cameras, alarms, and lock on that one. These devices cannot be isolated from the internet without compromising their functions, such as allowing remote monitoring of the system and locks. The devices should be scanned for viruses before installation, but that is a short-term consideration and doesn't protect them long-term.

An electronics store was recently the victim of a robbery where an employee was injured, and some property was stolen. The store's IT department hired an external supplier to expand its network to include a physical access control system. The system has video surveillance, intruder alarms, and remotely monitored locks using an appliance-based system. Which of the following long-term cybersecurity risks might occur based on these actions? A. These devices should be scanned for viruses before installation B. There are no new risks due to the install and the company has a stronger physical security posture C. These devices should be isolated from the rest of the enterprise network D. These devices are insecure and should be isolated from the internet

B. The message contains a file attachment hoping that the user will execute or open it. The attachment's nature might be disguised by formatting tricks such as using a double file extension, such as Invoice1043.pdf.exe, where the user only sees the first extension since .exe is a known file type in Windows. This would explain the black popup window that appears and then disappeared, especially if the exe file was running a command-line tool. This file is most likely not a PDF, so there is no need for a PDF reader. Additionally, most modern web browsers, such as Chrome and Edge, can open PDF files by default for the user. The file would not contain an embedded link since an embedded link is another popular attack vector that embeds a link to a malicious site within the email body, not within the file. This email is likely not spam and would be better categorized as a phishing attempt instead.

An employee contacts the service desk because they cannot open an attachment they receive in their email. The service desk agent conducts a screen-sharing session with the user and investigates the issue. The agent notices that the attached file is named Invoice1043.pdf, and a black pop-up window appears and then disappears quickly when the attachment was double-clicked. Which of the following is most likely causing this issue? A. The user doesn't have a PDF reader installed on their computer B. The attachment is using a double file extension to mask its identity C. The file contains an embedded link to a malicious website D. The email is a form of spam and should be deleted

Cross-site scripting This is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications. XSS enables attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. Attackers may use a cross-site scripting vulnerability to bypass access controls such as the same-origin policy. Cross-site request forgery (CSRF or XSRF) is a malicious exploit of a website where unauthorized commands are transmitted from a user that the web application trusts. There are many ways in which a malicious website can transmit commands, such as specially-crafted image tags, hidden forms, and JavaScript XMLHttpRequests can all work without the user's interaction or even knowledge. SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications. Malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution, such as dumping the database contents to the attacker. Command injection is an attack in which the goal is to execute arbitrary commands on the host operating system via a vulnerable application. Command injection attacks are possible when an application passes unsafe user-supplied data (forms, cookies, HTTP headers, etc.) to a system shell.

An insurance company has developed a new web application to allow its customers to choose and apply for an insurance plan. You have been asked to help perform a security review of the new web application. You have discovered that the application was developed in ASP and used MSSQL for its backend database. You have been able to locate an application's search form and introduced the following code in the search input field. When you click submit on the search form, your web browser returns a pop-up window that displays Vulnerable_to_Attack. Which of the following vulnerabilities did you discover in the web application? Cross-site scripting Command injection Cross-site request forgery SQL injection

An insurance company has developed a new web application to allow its customers to choose and apply for an insurance plan. You have been asked to help perform a security review of the new web application. You have discovered that the application was developed in ASP and used MSSQL for its backend database. You have been able to locate an application's search form and introduced the following code in the search input field.... When you click submit on the search form, your web browser returns a pop-up window that displays Vulnerable_to_Attack. Which of the following vulnerabilities did you discover in the web application? Cross-site scripting Command injection Cross-site request forgery SQL injection

A. Uncredentialed scans are generally unable to detect many vulnerabilities on a device. When conducting an internal assessment, you should perform an authenticated (credentialed) scan of the environment to most accurately determine the network's vulnerability posture. In most enterprise networks, if a vulnerability exists on one machine, it also exists on most other workstations since they use a common baseline or image. If the scanner failed to connect to the workstations, an error would have been generated in the report.

As a cybersecurity analyst conducting vulnerability scans, you have just completed your first scan of an enterprise network comprising over 10,000 workstations. As you examine your findings, you note that you have less than 1 critical finding per 100 workstations. Which of the following statement does BEST explain these results? A. An uncredentialed scan of the network was performed B. The scanner failed to connect with the majority of workstations C. The network has an exceptionally strong security posture D. The scanner was not compatible with the devices on your network

A. Separation of duties is the concept of having more than one person required to complete a task. In business, the separation by sharing more than one individual in a single task is an internal control intended to prevent fraud and error. In this case, one person can transfer money in, while another must transfer money out. Dual control authentication is used when performing a sensitive action and requires two different users to log in. Least privilege is the concept and practice of restricting access rights for users, accounts, and computing processes to only those resources required to perform routine, legitimate activities. Security through obscurity is the reliance on security engineering in design or implementation by using secrecy as the main method of providing security to a system or component.

Christina is auditing the security procedures related to the use of a cloud-based online payment service. She notices that the access permissions are set so that a single person can not add funds to the account and transfer funds out of the account. What security principle is most closely related to this scenario? A. Separation of duties B. Security through obscurity C. Least privilege D. Dual control authentication

Static code analyzer DeepScan is an example of a static code analysis tool. It inspects the code for possible errors and issues without actually running the code. Fuzzing is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program through a fuzzer. A decompiler is a computer program that takes an executable file as input and attempts to create a high-level source file that can be recompiled successfully. Fault injection is a testing technique that aids in understanding how a system behaves when stressed in unusual ways. A fuzzer, decompiler, and fault injector are all dynamic analysis tools because they require the program to be run during testing and analysis.

DeepScan supports data-flow analysis and understands the execution flow of a program. It allows you to see possible security flaws without executing the code. Which of the following types of tools would DeepScan be classified as? Decompiler Fuzzer Static code analyzer Fault injector

B. To calculate the ALE, you need to multiple the Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) by the Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO). The SLE is calculated by multiplying the Exposure Factor (EF) by the Asset Value (AV). Therefore, SLE = EF x AV, and ALE = SLE x ARO. For this scenario, the asset value is $15,000, the annual rate of occurrence is 10 times per year, and the exposure factor is 5% (or 0.05). To calculate the SLE, SLE = 0.05 x $15,000 = $750. Therefore, the ALE = SLE x ARO = $750 x 10 = $7,500.

Dion Training has a $15,000 server that has frequently been crashing. Over the past 12 months, the server has crashed 10 times, requiring the server to be rebooted to recover from the crash. Each time, this has resulted in a 5% loss of functionality or data. Based on this information, what is the Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE) for this server? A. $15,000 B. $7,500 C. $1,500 D. $2,500

RTO The Recovery Time Objective (RTO) is the targeted duration of time and a service level within which a business process must be restored after a disaster (or disruption) to avoid unacceptable consequences associated with a break in business continuity. In this example, 30 minutes would be the RTO.

Dion Training has just completed an assessment as part of its disaster recovery planning. The assessment found that the organization can only tolerate a maximum of 30 minutes of downtime for their public-facing webserver. Which of the following metrics would best represent this period of time? MTBF RPO RTO MTTR

B. Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a basic measure of the maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time required to repair a failed component or device.

Dion Training has performed an assessment as part of their disaster recovery planning. The assessment found that the organization's RAID takes, on average, about 8 hours to repair when two drives within the RAID fail. Which of the following metrics would best represent this time period? A. RPO B. MTTR C. MTBF D. RTO

Data protection officer The primary role of the data protection officer (DPO) is to ensure that her organization processes the personal data of its staff, customers, providers, or any other individuals (also referred to as data subjects) in compliance with the applicable data protection rules. They must understand how any privacy information is used within business operations. Therefore, they are the best person for the auditor to interview to get a complete picture of the data usage.

Dion Training is currently undergoing an audit of its information systems. The auditor wants to understand better how the PII data from a particular database is used within business operations. Which of the following employees should the auditor interview? Data owner Data protection officer Data controller Data steward

RPO Recovery point objective (RPO) describes the timeframe in which an enterprise's operations must be restored following a disruptive event, e.g., a cyberattack, natural disaster, or communications failure. RPO is about how much data you afford to lose before it impacts business operations. For example, at Dion Training, if 1 hour of data loss occurred, that means that any student progress within the last hour would be lost once the organization restored a server from a known good backup.

Dion Training performed an assessment as part of its disaster recovery planning. The assessment found that the organization can only tolerate a maximum of 60 minutes worth of data loss in the event of a disaster. Therefore, the organization has implemented a system of database snapshots that are backed up every hour. Which of the following metrics would best represent this timeframe? MTBF MTTR RTO RPO

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol operating on port 1812 that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA or Triple-A) management for users who connect and use a network service. The RADIUS protocol utilizes an obfuscated password created from the shared secret and creates an MD5 hash of the authentication request to protect the communications

Dion Training uses an authentication protocol to connect a network client to a networked file server by providing its authentication credentials. The file server then uses the authentication credentials to issue an authentication request to the server running this protocol. The server can then exchange authentication messages with the file server on behalf of the client. Throughout this process, a shared secret is used to protect the communication. Which of the following technologies relies upon the shared secret? Kerberos PKI RADIUS LDAP

Application allow list Application allow list will only allow a program to execute if it is specifically listed in the approved exception list. All other programs are blocked from running. This makes it the BEST mitigation against a zero-day virus. An intrusion detection system might detect the anomalous activity created by a piece of malware, but it will only log or alert based on the activity, not prevent it. A host-based firewall may prevent a piece of malware from establishing a network connection with a remote server. Still, again, it wouldn't prevent infection or prevent it from executing. An anti-malware solution is a good investment towards improving your security. Since the threat is a zero-day virus, an anti-malware solution will not detect it using its signature database.

Dion Training wants to implement technology within their corporate network to BEST mitigate the risk that a zero-day virus might infect their workstations. Which of the following should be implemented FIRST? Intrusion detection system Anti-malware solution Host-based firewall Application allow list

Containment, eradication, and recovery A cybersecurity analyst must preserve evidence during the containment, eradication, and recovery phase. They must preserve forensic and incident information for future needs, prevent future attacks or bring up an attacker on criminal charges. Restoration and recovery are often prioritized over analysis by business operations personnel, but taking time to create a forensic image is crucial to preserve the evidence for further analysis and investigation. During the preparation phase, the incident response team conducts training, prepares their incident response kits, and researches threats and intelligence. During the detection and analysis phase, an organization focuses on monitoring and detecting any possible malicious events or attacks. During the post-incident activity phase, the organization conducts after-action reports, creates lessons learned, and conducts follow-up actions to better prevent another incident from occurring.

During which incident response phase is the preservation of evidence performed? Preparation Detection and analysis Post-incident activity Containment, eradication, and recovery

D. A cognitive password is a form of knowledge-based authentication that requires a user to answer a question, presumably something they intrinsically know, to verify their identity. If you post a lot of personal information about yourself online, this password type can easily be bypassed. For example, during the 2008 elections, Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin's email account was hacked because a high schooler used the "reset my password" feature on Yahoo's email service to reset her password using the information that was publically available about Sarah Palin (like her birthday, high school, and other such information).

During your annual cybersecurity awareness training in your company, the instructor states that employees should be careful about what information they post on social media. According to the instructor, if you post too much personal information on social media, such as your name, birthday, hometown, and other personal details, it is much easier for an attacker to conduct which type of attack to break your passwords? A. Birthday attack B. Rainbow table attack C. Brute force attack D. Cognitive password attack

D. The greatest protection against this data breach would have been to require data at rest encryption on all endpoints, including this laptop. If the laptop were encrypted, the data would not have been readable by others, even if it was lost or stolen. While requiring a VPN for all telework employees is a good idea, it would not have prevented this data breach since the laptop's loss caused it. Even if a VPN had been used, the same data breach would have still occurred if the employee copied the database to the machine. Remember on exam day that many options are good security practices, but you must select the option that solves the issue or problem in the question being asked. Similarly, data masking and NDAs are useful techniques, but they would not have solved this particular data breach.

Fail To Pass Systems has just been the victim of another embarrassing data breach. Their database administrator needed to work from home this weekend, so he downloaded the corporate database to his work laptop. On his way home, he left the laptop in an Uber, and a few days later, the data was posted on the internet. Which of the following mitigations would have provided the greatest protection against this data breach? A. Require data masking for any information stored in the database B. Require all new employees to sign an NDA C. Require a VPN to be utilized for all telework employees D. Require data at rest encryption on all endpoints

You log into the MySQL server and verify that you are currently running version 3.5.3. Based on the item shown on the image, what best describes how you should categorize this finding? False positive False negative True negative True positive

False positive You should categorize the results as a false positive. Based on the scenario and output, your server is not vulnerable to a remote code execution for the identified vulnerability. You are already running MySQL v3.5.3 that is greater than v3.3.x or above. This indicates that the vulnerability scanner falsely identified your MySQL version as an earlier and more vulnerable version. The system incorrectly identified a vulnerability, but the vulnerability doesn't exist on your system. Therefore this is a false positive.

C. Mission essential functions are things that must be performed by an organization to meet its mission. For example, the Army being able to deploy its soldiers is a mission-essential function. If they couldn't do that because a network server is offline, then that system would be considered a critical system and should be prioritized for higher security and better defenses.

Janet, a defense contractor for the military, performs an analysis of their enterprise network to identify what type of work the Army would be unable to perform if the network were down for more than a few days. Which of the following was Janet trying to identify? A. Single point of failure B. Critical systems C. Mission essential function D. Backup and restoration plan

C. A virtual switch is a software application that allows communication between virtual machines. A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a hardware-imposed network segmentation created by switches. This solution provides a logical separation of each virtual machine through the use of VLANs on the virtual switch.

Jason has installed multiple virtual machines on a single physical server. He needs to ensure that the traffic is logically separated between each virtual machine. How can Jason best implement this requirement? A. Install a virtual firewall and establish an access control list B. Create a virtual router and disable the spanning tree protocol C. Configure a virtual switch on the physical server and create VLANs D. Conduct system partitioning on the physical server to ensure the virtual disk images are on different partitions

D. Based on the passwords found in the example, Jason's new password cracker is most likely using a hybrid approach. All of the passwords found are dictionary words with some additional characters added to the end. For example, Jason's password of rover123 is made up of the dictionary word "rover" and the number 123. The cracker likely attempted to use a dictionary word (like rover) and the attempted variations on it using brute force (such as adding 000, 001, 002, ...122, 123) to the end of the password until found. Combining the dictionary and brute force methods into a single tool is known as a hybrid password cracking approach.

LINUX:~ ./CRACKPWD.PY PASSWORD CRACKING IN PROGRESS..... PASSWORDS FOUND FOR 4 USERS: JASON:ROVER123 TAMERA:PURPLE6 JOHN:CAKEWALK2 TIM:CUPCASKES16 Based on the output, what type of password cracking method does Jason's new tool utilize? A. Dictionary attack B. Rainbow attack C. Brute force attack D. Hybrid attack

C. To prevent a user from accessing the malicious website when the link is clicked, the malicious domain name should be added to the blocklist of the company's content filter and web proxy. This will ensure that no devices on the network can reach the malicious domain name. While blocking the IP address associated with the domain name might help for a short period of time, the malicious domain's owner could quickly redirect the DNS to point to a different IP. Then the users would still be able to access the malicious domain and its contents. Enabling TLS on the mail server will only encrypt the connection between the email server and its clients. Still, it will not prevent the users from clicking on the malicious link and accessing the malicious content. While informing the users that there is an active attempt at phishing being conducted against the organization is a good idea, forwarding the phishing email with the malicious link will generally cause more users to accidentally click on the malicious link, which further exacerbates the issue.

Susan, a help desk technician at Dion Training, has received several trouble tickets today related to employees receiving the same email as part of a phishing campaign. She has determined that the email's malicious link is not being blocked by the company's security suite when a user clicks the link. Susan asks you what action can be performed to prevent a user from reaching the website associated with the phishing email's malicious link. What action do you recommend she utilize? A. Block the IP address of the malicious domain in your firewall's ACL B. Enable TLS on your organization's mail server C. Add the malicious domain name to your content filter and web proxy's block list D. Forward this phishing email to all employees with a warning not to click on the embedded links

Intrusion prevention system Since this question is focused on the ICS/SCADA network, the best solution would be implementing an Intrusion Prevention System. ICS/SCADA machines utilize very specific commands to control the equipment and to prevent malicious activity. You could set up strict IPS rules to prevent unknown types of actions from being allowed to occur. Log consolidation is a good idea, but it won't prevent an issue and therefore isn't the most critical thing to add first. Automated patch management should not be conducted, as ICS/SCADA systems must be tested before conducting any patches. Often, patches will break ICS/SCADA functionality. Antivirus software may or may not be able to run on the equipment, as well, since some ICS/SCADA systems often do not rely on standard operating systems like Windows.

The local electric power plant contains both business networks and ICS/SCADA networks to control their equipment. Which technology should the power plant's security administrators look to implement first as part of configuring better defenses for the ICS/SCADA systems? Automated patch deployment Anti-virus software Log consolidation Intrusion prevention system

Intrusion prevention system Since this question is focused on the ICS/SCADA network, the best solution would be implementing an Intrusion Prevention System. ICS/SCADA machines utilize very specific commands to control the equipment and to prevent malicious activity. You could set up strict IPS rules to prevent unknown types of actions from being allowed to occur. Log consolidation is a good idea, but it won't prevent an issue and therefore isn't the most critical thing to add first. Automated patch management should not be conducted, as ICS/SCADA systems must be tested before conducting any patches. Often, patches will break ICS/SCADA functionality. Anti-virus software may or may not be able to run on the equipment, as well, since some ICS/SCADA systems often do not rely on standard operating systems like Windows.

The local electric power plant contains both business networks and ICS/SCADA networks to control their equipment. Which technology should the power plant's security administrators look to implement first as part of configuring better defenses for the ICS/SCADA systems? Log consolidation Intrusion prevention system Anti-virus software Automated patch deployment

A. The best option is MAC address reporting from a source device like a router or a switch. If the company uses a management system or inventory process to capture these addresses, then a report from one of these devices will show what is connected to the network even when they are not currently in the inventory. This information could then be used to track down rogue devices based on the physical port connected to a network device.

The management at Steven's work is concerned about rogue devices being attached to the network. Which of the following solutions would quickly provide the most accurate information that Steve could use to identify rogue devices on a wired network? A. Router and switch-based MAC address reporting B. Reviewing a central administration tool like an endpoint manager C. A discovery scan using a port scanner D. A physical survey

B. Captive portals usually rely on 802.1x, and 802.1x uses RADIUS for authentication. The IEEE 802.1x standard is a network authentication protocol that opens ports for network access when an organization authenticates a user's identity and authorizes them for access to the network. This defines port security. The user's identity is determined based on their credentials or certificate, which is confirmed by the RADIUS server. The Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) is used to manage remote and wireless authentication infrastructure. Users supply authentication information to RADIUS client devices, such as wireless access points. The client device then passes the authentication data to an AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) server that processes the request. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a security protocol developed by Netscape to provide privacy and authentication over the Internet. SSL is application independent that works at layer 5 [Session] and can be used with a variety of protocols, such as HTTP or FTP. Client and server set up a secure connection through PKI (X.509) certificates. Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network multiple access method in which carrier sensing is used, but nodes attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle. CSMA/CA occurs in the background when communicating with a wireless access point and would not prevent the user from authenticating to the captive portal. A WPA2 security key is a preshared password used to authenticate and connect to a wireless access point. If the user connected to the SSID, then the WPA2 security key was valid.

Users connecting to an SSID appear to be unable to authenticate to the captive portal. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause of the issue? A. WPA2 security key B. RADIUS C. CSMA/CA D. SSL certificates

Cellular data, Remote wipe, Location tracking, MDM Cellular data, Remote wipe, Location tracking, and MDM are all appropriate security features to use with a company-provided laptop. By using cellular data, your users will be able to avoid connecting to WiFi networks for connectivity. Remote wipe enables the organization to remotely erase the device's contents if it is lost or stolen. Location tracking uses the smart phone's GPS coordinates for certain apps, location-based authentication, and to track down a device if it is lost or stolen. Mobile device management (MDM) programs enable the administrators to remotely push software updates, security policies, and other security features to the device from a centralized server.

Using the image provided, select four security features that you should use with a smartphone provided through a COPE policy in your organization? Cable lock, Network sniffer, Cellular data, Remote wipe Remote wipe, Location tracking, Host-based firewall, Cable lock Cellular data, Remote wipe, Location tracking, MDM MDM, Location tracking, Host-based firewall, Remote wipe

Host-based firewall, Network sniffer, Cable lock, CAT5e STP Host-based firewall, Network sniffer, a Cable lock, and CAT5e STP cables are appropriate security features to use with a corporate workstation or laptop. Using a host-based firewall (such as Windows Firewall), you can configure the workstation or laptop to block incoming or outgoing data from the device's network connection. If you install a network sniffer, you will be able to capture any network traffic used on the network for later analysis. If you use a cable lock, it will lock the workstation or laptop to a desk and prevent theft of the device. If you use a CAT 5e STP cable for your network connection, you will minimize EMI risk and reduce data emanations.

Using the image provided, select four security features that you should use with a workstation or laptop within your organization? CAT5e STP, Location tracking, Host-based firewall, Remote wipe Remote wipe, Location tracking, Host-based firewall, Cable lock Cable lock, Network sniffer, Host-based firewall, Remote wipe Host-based firewall, Network sniffer, Cable lock, CAT5e STP

Security policy violations A network is only as strong as its weakest link (or host/server). When you comingle hosts/servers, there is a large risk that security policy violations could occur. This is because users may be used to following a less stringent security policy for one set of machines and carry over those procedures to a machine that should have had stronger security policies.

What is a major security risk that could occur when you comingle hosts/servers with different security requirements in a single network? Security policy violations Zombie attacks Password compromises Privilege creep

A. Reverse proxy is positioned at the cloud network edge and directs traffic to cloud services if the contents of that traffic comply with the policy. This does not require the configuration of the users' devices. This approach is only possible if the cloud application has proxy support. You can deploy a reverse proxy and configure it to listen for client requests from a public network, like the internet. The proxy then creates the appropriate request to the internal server on the corporate network and passes the server's response back to the external client. They are not generally intended to obfuscate the source of communication, nor are they necessarily specific to the cloud. A cloud access security broker (CASB) can be used to prevent unauthorized use of cloud services from the local network.

What is a reverse proxy commonly used for? A. Directing traffic to internal services if the contents of the traffic comply with the policy B. To prevent the unauthorized use of cloud services from the local network C. Allowing access to a virtual private cloud D. To obfuscate the origin of a user within a network

D. Threat hunting is the utilization of insights gained from threat research and threat modeling to proactively discover evidence of an adversarial TTP within a network or system. Penetration testing uses active tools and security utilities to evaluate security by simulating an attack on a system. A penetration test verifies that a threat exists, actively tests and bypasses security controls, and finally exploits vulnerabilities on the system. Information assurance (IA) is the practice of assuring information and managing risks related to the use, processing, storage, and transmission of information or data and the systems and processes used for those purposes. Incident response is an organized approach to addressing and managing the aftermath of a security breach or cyberattack, also known as an IT incident, computer incident, or security incident. The goal is to handle the situation to limit damage and reduce recovery time and costs.

What is the utilization of insights gained from threat research and threat modeling to proactively discover evidence of an adversarial TTP within a network or system called? A. Penetration testing B. Incident response C. Information assurance D. Threat hunting

D. In most cases, you will be unable to remove all risks. Instead, it would be best to mitigate the risk to a low enough level to accept the residual risk. Removing the controls would add to the risk, which is a bad course of action to select. Ignoring the remaining risk is unacceptable; instead, you should acknowledge what risk remains and accept it if it is low enough. If it is not low enough, you should continue to mitigate the risk by adding additional control measures. It is unlikely you will ever be able to get all risk down to zero, but mitigating to a lower level and then accepting the residual risk is a common industry practice.

What should be done NEXT if the final set of security controls does not eliminate all of the risks in a given system? A. You should continue to apply additional controls until there is zero risk B. You should remove the current controls since they are not completely effective C. You should ignore any remaining risk D. You should accept the risk if the residual risk is low enough

Blowfish AES, PKCS, and SSL/TLS are all compatible with x.509 and can be used in a wide variety of functions and purposes. AES is used for symmetric encryption. PKCS is used as a digital signature algorithm. SSL/TLS is used for secure key exchange.

What technology is NOT PKI x.509 compliant and cannot be used in various secure functions? AES SSL/TLS Blowfish PKCS

Risk appetite describes how much risk an organization is willing to accept. This is a crucial factor both in designing the assessment and determining the recommended mitigations. Risk mitigation is a strategy to prepare for and lessen the effects of threats faced by a data center. Risk mitigation refers to applying security controls to reduce the risk of a known vulnerability. Risk avoidance is the elimination of hazards, activities, and exposures that can negatively affect an organization's assets. Risk acceptance is the act of accepting the identified risk and not taking additional actions to reduce the risk because the risk is low enough. Risk acceptance should only be done once an organization's risk tolerance is defined and communicated amongst the decision-makers.

What term describes the amount of risk an organization is willing to accept? Risk avoidance Risk mitigation Risk acceptance Risk appetite

Risk appetite Risk appetite describes how much risk an organization is willing to accept. This is a crucial factor both in designing the assessment and determining the recommended mitigations. Risk mitigation is a strategy to prepare for and lessen the effects of threats faced by a data center. Risk mitigation refers to applying security controls to reduce the risk of a known vulnerability. Risk avoidance is the elimination of hazards, activities, and exposures that can negatively affect an organization's assets. Risk acceptance is the act of accepting the identified risk and not taking additional actions to reduce the risk because the risk is low enough. Risk acceptance should only be done once an organization's risk tolerance is defined and communicated amongst the decision-makers.

What term describes the amount of risk an organization is willing to accept? Risk avoidance Risk mitigation Risk acceptance Risk appetite

Nessus Nessus is a popular vulnerability scanner. It can be used to check how vulnerable your network is by using various plugins to test for vulnerabilities. Also, Nessus can perform compliance auditing, like internal and external PCI DSS audit scans. The nmap tool is a port scanner. The Metasploit Project is a computer security project that provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing and IDS signature development. BeEF is short for The Browser Exploitation Framework. It is a penetration testing tool that focuses on the web browser.

What tool can be used to scan a network to perform vulnerability checks and compliance auditing? Nessus Nmap Metasploit BeEF

Nessus is a popular vulnerability scanner. It can be used to check how vulnerable your network is by using various plugins to test for vulnerabilities. Also, Nessus can perform compliance auditing, like internal and external PCI DSS audit scans. The nmap tool is a port scanner. The Metasploit Project is a computer security project that provides information about security vulnerabilities and aids in penetration testing and IDS signature development. BeEF is short for The Browser Exploitation Framework. It is a penetration testing tool that focuses on the web browser.

What tool can be used to scan a network to perform vulnerability checks and compliance auditing? Nessus Nmap Metasploit BeEF

C. Both hardware and software write blockers are designed to ensure that forensic software and tools cannot change a drive inadvertently by accessing it. But, since the question indicates that you need to choose the BEST solution to protect the drive's contents from being changed during analysis, you should pick the hardware write blocker. A hardware write blocker's primary purpose is to intercept and prevent (or 'block') any modifying command operation from ever reaching the storage device. A forensic drive duplicator copies a drive and validates that it matches the original drive but cannot be used by itself during analysis. A degausser is used to wipe magnetic media. Therefore, it should not be used on the drive since it would erase the hard drive contents.

When conducting forensic analysis of a hard drive, what tool would BEST prevent changing the hard drive contents during your analysis? A. Forensic drive duplicator B. Degausser C. Hardware write blocker D. Software write blocker

Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain implicitly assumes a unidirectional workflow. Therefore, it fails to consider that an adversary may retreat during an attack. MITRE and Diamond's models are more dynamic systems that allow for a broader range of adversary behaviors. AlienVault was specifically designed to avoid the rigidity of the Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain.

Which analysis framework makes no allowance for an adversary retreat in its analysis? Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis MITRE ATT&CK framework AlienVault (AT&T Cybersecurity) Cyber Kill Chain Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain

Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain The Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain implicitly assumes a unidirectional workflow. Therefore, it fails to consider that an adversary may retreat during an attack. MITRE and Diamond's models are more dynamic systems that allow for a broader range of adversary behaviors. AlienVault was specifically designed to avoid the rigidity of the Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain.

Which analysis framework makes no allowance for an adversary retreat in its analysis? Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain MITRE ATT&CK framework AlienVault (AT&T Cybersecurity) Cyber Kill Chain

Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis The Diamond Model provides an excellent methodology for communicating cyber events and allowing analysts to derive mitigation strategies implicitly. The Diamond Model is constructed around a graphical representation of an attacker's behavior. The MITRE ATT&CK framework provides explicit pseudo-code examples for detecting or mitigating a given threat within a network and ties specific behaviors back to individual actors. The Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain provides a general life cycle description of how attacks occur but does not deal with the specifics of how to mitigate them. OpenIOC contains a depth of research on APTs but does not integrate the detections and mitigation strategy.

Which analysis framework provides a graphical depiction of the attacker's approach relative to a kill chain? Lockheed Martin cyber kill chain MITRE ATT&CK framework Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis OpenIOC

D. The Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) is a United States federal law that defines a comprehensive framework to protect government information, operations, and assets against natural or human-made threats. FISMA requires that government agencies and other organizations that operate systems on behalf of government agencies comply with security standards. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a United States federal law designed to provide privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information provided to health plans, doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is a United States federal law that imposes certain requirements on operators of websites or online services directed to children under 13 years of age and on operators of other websites or online services that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information online from a child under 13 years of age. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) is a United States federal law that sets new or expanded requirements for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms.

Which law requires government agencies and other organizations that operate systems on behalf of government agencies to comply with security standards? A. HIPAA B. COPPA C. SOX D. FISMA

C. Attribute-based access control (ABAC) provides the most detailed and explicit type of access control over a resource because it is capable of making access decisions based on a combination of subject and object attributes, as well as context-sensitive or system-wide attributes. Information such as the group membership, the OS being used by the user, and even the machine's IP address could be considered when granting or denying access.

Which of the following access control methods provides the most detailed and explicit type of access control over a resource? A. RBAC B. DAC C. ABAC D. MAC

SQL injection A SQL injection poses the most direct and more impactful threat to an organization's database. A SQL injection could allow the attacker to execute remote commands on the database server and lead to sensitive information disclosure. A buffer overflow attack attempts to overwrite the memory buffer to send additional data into adjacent memory locations. A buffer overflow attack might target a database server, but it isn't intended to disclose information directly. Instead, a buffer overflow attack may be used to gain initial access to a server and allow for other malicious code running. A denial of service targets the availability of the information by attempting to take the server offline. A cross-site scripting attack typically is focused on the user, not the server or database.

Which of the following attacks would most likely be used to create an inadvertent disclosure of information from an organization's database? Buffer overflow Denial of service Cross-site scripting SQL injection

TOTP The Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (TOTP) is a refinement of the HOTP. One issue with HOTP is that tokens can be allowed to persist unexpired, raising the risk that an attacker might obtain one and decrypt data in the future. In TOTP, the HMAC is built from the shared secret plus a value derived from the device's and server's local timestamps. TOTP automatically expires each token after a short window (60 seconds, for instance).

Which of the following authentication mechanisms involves receiving a one-time use shared secret password, usually, through a token-based key fob or smartphone app, that automatically expires after a short period of time (for example, 60 seconds)? TOTP Smart card HOTP EAP

B. Iris scans rely on the matching of patterns on the surface of the eye using near-infrared imaging, and so is less intrusive than retinal scanning (the subject can continue to wear glasses, for instance) and much quicker. Iris scanners offer a similar level of accuracy as retinal scanners but are much less likely to be affected by diseases. Iris scanning is the technology most likely to be rolled out for high-volume applications, such as airport security. There is a chance that an iris scanner could be fooled by a high-resolution photo of someone's eye.

Which of the following biometric authentication factors relies on matching patterns on the eye's surface using near-infrared imaging? A. Pupil dilation B. Iris scan C. Facial recognition D. Retinal scan

Retinal scan Retinal scans utilize an infrared light shone into the eye to identify the pattern of blood vessels. The arrangement of these blood vessels is highly complex and typically does not change from birth to death, except in the event of certain diseases or injuries. Retinal scanning is, therefore, one of the most accurate forms of biometrics. Retinal patterns are very secure, but the equipment required is expensive, and the process is relatively intrusive and complex. False negatives can be produced by disease, such as cataracts.

Which of the following biometric authentication factors uses an infrared light shone into the eye to identify the pattern of blood vessels? Facial recognition Retinal scan Iris scan Pupil dilation

A. According to the GDPR, information about an individual's race or ethnic origin is classified as Sensitive Personal Information (SPI). Sensitive personal information (SPI) is information about a subject's opinions, beliefs, and nature afforded specially protected status by privacy legislation. As it cannot be used to identify somebody or make any relevant assertions about health uniquely, it is neither PII nor PHI. Data loss prevention (DLP) is a software solution that detects and prevents sensitive information from being stored on unauthorized systems or transmitted over unauthorized networks.

Which of the following categories would contain information about a French citizen's race or ethnic origin? A. SPI B. PHI C. DLP D. PII

B. The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures. The algorithm uses a key pair consisting of a public key and a private key. AES, RC4, and DES are all symmetric algorithms.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as asymmetric? A. RC4 B. DSA C. AES D. DES

PGP Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for signing, encrypting, and decrypting texts, emails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and to increase the security of email communications. PGP is a public-key cryptosystem and relies on an asymmetric algorithm. AES, RC4, and 3DES are all symmetric algorithms.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as asymmetric? PGP RC4 AES 3DES

A. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for encrypting digital data. It was established as an electronic data encryption standard by NIST in 2001. AES can use a 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit key, and uses a 128-bit block size.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as symmetric? A. AES B. RSA C. ECC D. Diffie-Hellman

C. Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. ECC, PGP, and RSA are all asymmetric algorithms.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as symmetric? A. RSA B. ECC C. BLOWFISH D. PGP

AES The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for encrypting digital data. It was established as an electronic data encryption standard by NIST in 2001. AES can use a 128-bit, 192-bit, or 256-bit key, and uses a 128-bit block size.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as symmetric? Diffie-Hellman RSA ECC AES

DES The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for applications, it was the standard used from 1977 until the early 2000s. GPG, ECC, and DSA are all asymmetric algorithms.

Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is classified as symmetric? ECC GPG DSA DES

A. The Crossover Error Rate (CER) describes the point where the False Reject Rate (FRR) and False Accept Rate (FAR) are equal. CER is also known as the Equal Error Rate (EER). The Crossover Error Rate describes the overall accuracy of a biometric system.

Which of the following describes the overall accuracy of a biometric authentication system? A. Crossover error rate B. False rejection rate C. False positive rate D. False acceptance rate

A. Security assertions markup language (SAML) is an XML-based framework for exchanging security-related information such as user authentication, entitlement, and attributes. SAML is often used in conjunction with SOAP. SAML is a solution for providing single sign-on (SSO) and federated identity management. It allows a service provider (SP) to establish a trust relationship with an identity provider (IdP) so that the SP can trust the identity of a user (the principal) without the user having to authenticate directly with the SP. The principal's User Agent (typically a browser) requests a resource from the service provider (SP). The resource host can also be referred to as the relying party (RP). If the user agent does not already have a valid session, the SP redirects the user agent to the identity provider (IdP). The IdP requests the principal's credentials if not already signed in and, if correct, provides a SAML response containing one or more assertions. The SP verifies the signature(s) and (if accepted) establishes a session and provides access to the resource.

Which of the following does a User-Agent request a resource from when conducting a SAML transaction? A. Service provider (SP) B. Relying party (RP) C. Single sign-on (SSO) D. Identity provider (IdP)

Service provider (SP) Security assertions markup language (SAML) is an XML-based framework for exchanging security-related information such as user authentication, entitlement, and attributes. SAML is often used in conjunction with SOAP. SAML is a solution for providing single sign-on (SSO) and federated identity management. It allows a service provider (SP) to establish a trust relationship with an identity provider (IdP) so that the SP can trust the identity of a user (the principal) without the user having to authenticate directly with the SP. The principal's User Agent (typically a browser) requests a resource from the service provider (SP). The resource host can also be referred to as the relying party (RP). If the user agent does not already have a valid session, the SP redirects the user agent to the identity provider (IdP). The IdP requests the principal's credentials if not already signed in and, if correct, provides a SAML response containing one or more assertions. The SP verifies the signature(s) and (if accepted) establishes a session and provides access to the resource.

Which of the following does a User-Agent request a resource from when conducting a SAML transaction? Service provider (SP) Relying party (RP) Single sign-on (SSO) Identity provider (IdP)

Classification of information Data retention policies highlight what types of information an organization will maintain and the length of time they will maintain it. Data classification would not be covered in the retention policy but would be a key part of your organization's data classification policy.

Which of the following elements is LEAST likely to be included in an organization's data retention policy? Classification of information Description of information that needs to be retained Minimum retention period Maximum retention period

C. User authentication is performed at a much higher level in the operating system. Trusted Platform Module (TPM) technology is designed to provide hardware-based, security-related functions. A TPM chip is a secure crypto-processor that is designed to carry out cryptographic operations. The chip includes multiple physical security mechanisms to make it tamper-resistant, and malicious software cannot tamper with the security functions of the TPM. The TPM provides random number generation, secure generation of cryptographic keys, remote attestation, binding, and sealing functions securely.

Which of the following functions is not provided by a TPM? A. Secure generation of cryptographic keys B. Binding C. User authentication D. Random number generation E. Sealing F. Remote attestation

C. MD-5 creates a 128-bit fixed output. SHA-1 creates a 160-bit fixed output. SHA-2 creates a 256-bit fixed output. RIPEMD creates a 160-bit fixed output.

Which of the following hashing algorithms results in a 128-bit fixed output? A. RIPEMD B. SHA-1 C. MD-5 D. SHA-2

Decrypting data at rest Encrypting data in transit leads to more integrity and confidentiality of the data, and therefore trust. Hashing files using MD5 to check against known valid checksums would provide integrity, and therefore validation and trust. Implementing a file integrity monitoring program, such as Tripwire, would also improve data validation and trust. Decrypting data at rest does not improve data validation, or trust since the data at rest could be modified when decrypted.

Which of the following is NOT a means of improving data validation and trust? Encrypting data in transit Using MD5 checksums for files Implementing Tripwire Decrypting data at rest

A. For the best results, the scans should be scheduled during periods of low activity. This will help to reduce the negative impact of scanning on business operations. The other three options all carry a higher risk of causing disruptions to the network or its business operations.

Which of the following is a best practice that should be followed when scheduling vulnerability scans of an organization's data center? A. Schedule scans to run during periods of low activity B. Schedule scans to begin at the same time every day C. Schedule scans to run during peak times to simulate performance under load D. Schedule scans to be conducted evenly throughout the day

B. An APT refers to an adversary's ongoing ability to compromise network security by using various tools and techniques to obtain and maintain access. An APT is usually a highly sophisticated nation-state threat actor that quietly gathers information from compromised systems and can lay in waiting for several months during an ongoing attack. In general, an APT is primarily focused on espionage and strategic advantage, but some target companies purely for commercial gain. An APT is unlikely to conduct a DDoS attack, use worms to spread throughout the network, or use ransomware as part of their covert attacks.

Which of the following is a common attack model of an APT attack? A. Relies on worms to spread laterally B. Quietly gathers information from compromised systems C. Holds an organization's data hostage using encryption D. Involves sophisticated DDoS attacks

A. SQL injections target the data stored in enterprise databases by exploiting flaws in client-facing applications. These vulnerabilities being exploited are most often found in web applications. The database server or operating system would normally be exploited by a remote code execution, a buffer overflow, or another type of server-side attack. The firewall would not be subject to an SQL injection.

Which of the following is exploited by an SQL injection to give the attacker access to a database? A. Web application B. Firewall C. Operating system D. Database server

A. Endpoint security includes software host-based firewalls, host-based intrusion protection systems (HIPS), and anti-virus software. A VPN is not typically considered an endpoint security tool because it is a network security tool.

Which of the following is not normally part of an endpoint security suite? A. VPN B. Software firewall C. IPS D. Anti-virus

B. Full packet capture records the complete payload of every packet crossing the network. The other methods will not provide sufficient information to detect a cleartext password being sent. A net flow analysis will determine where communications occurred, by what protocol, to which devices, and how much content was sent. Still, it will not reveal anything about the content itself since it only analyzes the metadata for each packet crossing the network. A SIEM event log being monitored might detect that an authentication event has occurred. Still, it will not necessarily reveal if the password was sent in cleartext, as a hash value, or in the ciphertext. A software design documentation may also reveal the designer's intentions for authentication when they created the application, but this only provides an 'as designed' approach for a given software and does not provide whether the 'as-built' configuration was implemented securely.

Which of the following methods should a cybersecurity analyst use to locate any instances on the network where passwords are being sent in cleartext? A. Software design documentation review B. Full packet capture C. SIEM event log monitoring D. Net flow capture

Full packet capture Full packet capture records the complete payload of every packet crossing the network. The other methods will not provide sufficient information to detect a cleartext password being sent. A net flow analysis will determine where communications occurred, by what protocol, to which devices, and how much content was sent. Still, it will not reveal anything about the content itself since it only analyzes the metadata for each packet crossing the network. A SIEM event log being monitored might detect that an authentication event has occurred. Still, it will not necessarily reveal if the password was sent in cleartext, as a hash value, or in the ciphertext. A software design documentation may also reveal the designer's intentions for authentication when they created the application, but this only provides an 'as designed' approach for a given software and does not provide whether the 'as-built' configuration was implemented securely.

Which of the following methods should a cybersecurity analyst use to locate any instances on the network where passwords are being sent in cleartext? Net flow capture Full packet capture Software design documentation review SIEM event log monitoring

A. LDAP can be used for single sign-on but is not a shared authentication protocol. OpenID, OAuth, and Facebook Connect are all shared authentication protocols. Open ID Connect (OIDC) is an authentication protocol that can be implemented as special types of OAuth flows with precisely defined token fields. OAuth is designed to facilitate the sharing of information (resources) within a user profile between sites.

Which of the following technologies is NOT a shared authentication protocol? A. LDAP B. Facebook Connect C. OAuth D. OpenID Connect

A. Mean time to repair (MTTR) is a measure of the time taken to correct a fault to restore the system to full operation. MTTR is often used to describe the average time to replace or recover a system or product. Recovery time objective (RTO) is when an individual IT system may remain offline following a disaster. This represents the amount of time it takes to identify that there is a problem and then perform recovery (restore from backup or switch in an alternative system, for instance). Recovery point objective (RPO) is the amount of data loss that a system can sustain, measured in time. That is, if a virus destroys a database, an RPO of 24 hours means that the data can be recovered (from a backup copy) to a point not more than 24 hours before the database was infected. Mean time between failure (MTBF) represents the expected lifetime of a product before it fails and must be replaced or repaired.

Which of the following terms is used to describe the period of the time taken to correct a fault so that the system is restored to full operations after a failure or incident? A. MTTR B. RTO C. MTBF D. RPO

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is designed with the idea that a well-coded description of the server/network operating environment will produce consistent results across an enterprise and significantly reduce IT overhead costs through automation while precluding the existence of security vulnerabilities. SDN uses software to define networking boundaries but does not necessarily handle server architecture in the same way that IaC can. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a computing method that uses the cloud to provide any or all infrastructure needs. Software as a Service (SaaS) is a computing method that uses the cloud to provide users with application services.

Which of the following utilizes a well-written set of carefully developed and tested scripts to orchestrate runbooks and generate consistent server builds across an enterprise? Software-Defined Networking (SDN) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Web application SQL injection vulnerability Each vulnerability mentioned poses a significant risk, but the greatest threat comes from the SQL injection. An SQL injection could allow an attacker to retrieve our data from the backend database directly. Using this technique, the attacker could also alter the data and put it back, and nobody would notice everything that had been changed, thereby also affecting our data integrity. The HTTP TRACE/TRACK methods are normally used to return the full HTTP request to the requesting client for proxy-debugging purposes and allow the attacker to access sensitive information in the HTTP headers. Since this only exposes information in the headers, it minimizes the risk to our system's data confidentiality. An SSL server with SSLv3 enabled is not ideal since this is an older encryption type, but it still provides some confidentiality. The phpinfo information disclosure vulnerability prints out detailed information on both the system and the PHP configuration. This information by itself doesn't disclose any information about the data stored within the system, though, so it isn't a great threat to our data's confidentiality.

Which of the following vulnerabilities is the greatest threat to data confidentiality? Web application SQL injection vulnerability phpinfo information disclosure vulnerability SSL Server with SSLv3 enabled vulnerability HTTP TRACE/TRACK methods enabled

D. A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part of security awareness training. It contains items like password complexity, password age, and password history requirements.

Which of the following would NOT be included in a company's password policy? A. Password complexity requirements B. Password age C. Password history D. Password style

D. IPsec is the most secure protocol that works with VPNs. The use of PPTP and SSL is discouraged for VPN security. Due to this, PPTP and SSL for a VPN will likely alert during a vulnerability scan as an issue to be remediated.

Which of the protocols listed is NOT likely to trigger a vulnerability scan alert when used to support a virtual private network (VPN)? A. SSLv3 B. SSLv2 C. PPTP D. IPsec

D. Relying parties (RPs) provide services to members of a federation. An identity provider (IdP) provides identities, makes assertions about those identities, and releases information about the identity holders. The Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties between an identity provider and a service provider (SP) or a relying party (RP). Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication scheme that allows a user to log in with a single ID and password to any of several related yet independent software systems across a federation. SAML and SSO are not parties. Therefore, they cannot possibly be the right answer to this question.

Which party in a federation provides services to members of the federation? A. IdP B. SAML C. SSO D. RP

C. The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) uses a client-server model for mutual authentication. LDAP is used to enable access to a directory of resources (workstations, users, information, etc.). TLS provides mutual authentication between clients and servers. Since Secure LDAP (LDAPS) uses TLS, it provides mutual authentication.

Which protocol relies on mutual authentication of the client and the server for its security? A. CHAP B. RADIUS C. LDAPS D. Two-factor authentication

LDAPS The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) uses a client-server model for mutual authentication. LDAP is used to enable access to a directory of resources (workstations, users, information, etc.). TLS provides mutual authentication between clients and servers. Since Secure LDAP (LDAPS) uses TLS, it provides mutual authentication.

Which protocol relies on mutual authentication of the client and the server for its security? Two-factor authentication CHAP LDAPS RADIUS

B. Continuous deployment is a software development method in which app and platform updates are committed to production rapidly. Continuous delivery is a software development method in which app and platform requirements are frequently tested and validated for immediate availability. Continuous integration is a software development method in which code updates are tested and committed to development or build server/code repositories rapidly. Continuous monitoring is the technique of constantly evaluating an environment for changes so that new risks may be more quickly detected and business operations improved upon. While continuous deployment and continuous delivery sound very similar, there is one key difference. In continuous delivery, a human is still required to approve the release into the production environment. In continuous deployment, the test and release process into the production environment is automated, making the changes available for immediate release once the code is committed.

Which term is used in software development to refer to the method in which app and platform updates are committed to a production environment rapidly? A. Continuous integration B. Continuous deployment C. Continuous monitoring D. Continuous delivery

Passive Network taps are devices that allow a copy of network traffic to be captured for analysis. They conduct passive network monitoring and visibility without interfering with the network traffic itself. Active monitoring relies on scanning targeted systems, not a network tap. Router-based monitoring would involve looking over the router's logs and configuration files. SNMP is used to monitor network devices but is considered active monitoring and doesn't rely on network taps.

Which type of monitoring would utilize a network tap? Router-based Passive SNMP Active

A. A machine learning (ML) system uses a computer to accomplish a task without being explicitly programmed. In the context of cybersecurity, ML generally works by analyzing example data sets to create its own ability to classify future items presented. If the system was presented with large datasets of malicious and benign traffic, it will learn which is malicious and categorize future traffic presented to it. Artificial Intelligence is the science of creating machines to develop problem-solving and analysis strategies without significant human direction or intervention. AI goes beyond ML and can make a more complicated decision than just the classifications made by ML. A deep learning system can determine what is malicious traffic without having the prior benefit of being told what is benign/malicious. A generative adversarial network is an underlying strategy used to accomplish deep learning but is not specific to the scenario described.

Which type of system would classify traffic as malicious or benign based on explicitly defined examples of malicious and benign traffic? A. Machine learning B. Generative adversarial network C. Deep learning D. Artificial intelligence

D. The most immediate protection against this emergent threat would be to block the web interface from being accessible over the network. Before doing this, you must evaluate whether the interface needs to remain open for the system to function properly. If it is not needed, you should block it to minimize the SCADA/ICS component's attack surface. Ideally, your SCADA/ICS components should already be logically or physically isolated from the enterprise network. Since the question doesn't mention the networks as an area of concern, we can assume they are already following the industry best practice of logical or physical segmentation between the SCADA/ICS network and the enterprise network. On the exam, make sure you focus on the question being asked. In this case, the question focuses on the web interface. Developing a patch can be a time-consuming process, therefore waiting for the manufacturer to provide a patch will not provide immediate protection to your components. The same is true for replacing the affected components. Even if you could get the company to authorize the funding for such a purchase, it would take time to order, ship, receive, and install the new components. Additionally, you would cause unwanted downtime in the factory during the installation of the components, making it an ineffective option when simply blocking the web interface is free, quick, and effective.

You are attending a cybersecurity conference and just watched a security researcher demonstrating the exploitation of a web interface on a SCADA/ICS component. This caused the device to malfunction and be destroyed. You recognize that the same component is used throughout your company's manufacturing plants. Which of the following mitigation strategies would provide you with the most immediate protection against this emergent threat? A. Replace the affected SCADA/ICS components with more secure models from a different manufacturer B. Logically or physically isolate the SCADA/ICS component from the enterprise network C. Demand that the manufacturer of the component release a patch immediately and deploy the patch as soon as possible D. Evaluate if the web interface must remain open for the system to function; if it isn't needed, block the web interface

B. A malicious process is any process running on a system that is outside the norm. This is a host-based indicator of compromise (IOC) and not directly associated with an account-based IOC. Off-hours usage, unauthorized sessions, and failed logins are all account-based examples of an IOC. Off-hours usage occurs when an account is observed to log in during periods outside of normal business hours. An attacker often uses this to avoid detection during business hours. Unauthorized sessions occur when a device or service is accessed without authorization. For example, if a limited privilege user is signed into a domain controlled. A failed login might be normal if a user forgets or incorrectly types their password, but repeated failures for one account could also be an indication of an attack attempting to crack a user's password.

You are conducting an incident response and want to determine if any account-based indicators of compromise (IoC) exist on a compromised server. Which of the following would you NOT search for on the server? A. Off-hours usage B. Malicious processes C. Failed logins D. Unauthorized sessions

The beacon's protocol The beacon's protocol is not typically a means of identifying a malware beacon. A beacon can be sent over numerous protocols, including ICMP, DNS, HTTP, and numerous others. Unless you specifically knew the protocol being used by the suspected beacon, filtering out beacons by the protocol seen in the logs could lead you to eliminate malicious behavior prematurely. Other factors like the beacon's persistence (if it remains after a reboot of the system) and the beacon's interval (how much time elapses between beaconing)are much better indicators for fingerprinting a malicious beacon. The removal of known traffic by the script can also minimize the amount of data the cybersecurity analyst needs to analyze, making it easier to detect the malicious beacon without wasting their time reviewing non-malicious traffic.

You are creating a script to filter some logs so that you can detect any suspected malware beaconing. Which of the following is NOT a typical means of identifying a malware beacon's behavior on the network? The beaconing interval The beacon's persistence The removal of known traffic The beacon's protocol

C. The best option is to submit them to an open-source intelligence provider like VirusTotal. VirusTotal allows you to quickly analyze suspicious files and URLs to detect types of malware. It then automatically shares them with the security community, as well. Disassembly and static analysis would require a higher level of knowledge and more time to complete. Running the Strings tool can help identify text if the code is not encoded in a specific way within the malware, but you have to know what you are looking for, such as a malware signature. You should never scan the files using a local anti-virus or anti-malware engine if you suspect the workstation or server has already been compromised because the scanner may also be compromised.

You are investigating a suspected compromise. You have noticed several files that you don't recognize. How can you quickly and effectively check if the files have been infected with malware? A. Run the Strings tool against each file to identify common malware identifiers B. Scan the files using a local anti-virus/anti-malware engine C. Submit the files to an open-source intelligence provider like VirusTotal D. Disassemble the files and conduct static analysis on them using IDA Pro

A. Isolation of Connor's computer by deactivating the port on the switch should be performed instead of just unplugging the computer. This would guarantee that Connor won't just plug the computer back into the network as soon as you leave his desk. While Connor won't be able to work without his workstation, it is essential to isolate the issue quickly to prevent future attempts at lateral movement from occurring and protect the company's data needed for continued business operations. While we are unsure of the issue's initial root cause, we know it is currently isolated to Connor's machine. He should receive remedial cybersecurity training, his workstation's hard drive forensically imaged for later analysis, and then his workstation should be remediated or reimaged. It is better to isolate just Connor's machine instead of the entire network segment in this scenario. Isolating the network segment, without evidence indicating the need to do so, would have been overkill and overly disruptive to the business. Reimaging Connor's device may destroy data that could have otherwise been recovered and led to a successful root cause analysis. There is also insufficient evidence in this scenario to warrant disciplinary action against Connor, as he may have clicked on a malicious link by mistake.

You are notified by an external organization that an IP address associated with your company's email server has been sending spam emails requesting funds as part of a lottery collection scam. An investigation into the incident reveals the email account used was Connor from the sales department and that Connor's email account was only used from one workstation. You analyze Connor's workstation and discover several unknown processes running, but netflow analysis reveals no attempted lateral movement to other workstations on the network. Which containment strategy would be most effective to use in this scenario? A. Isolate the workstation computer by disabling the switch port and resetting Connor's username/password B. Unplug the workstation's network cable and conduct a complete reimaging of the workstation C. Isolate the network segment Connor is on and conduct a forensic review of all workstations in the sales department D. Request disciplinary action for Connor for causing this incident

Port scan Based on the description provided, this is most likely a port scan. Using a tool like nmap, an attacker can create an SYN scan across every port in the range against the desired target. A port scan or SYN scan may trigger an alert in your IDS. While scanners support more stealthy scans, default scans may connect to each port sequentially. The other options are incorrect because a remote host will typically connect to only a single port associated with a service. An SYN flood normally sends many SYNs to a single system. Still, it doesn't send them to unused ports, and a UDP probe will not send SYN packets.

You are reviewing the logs in your HIDS and see that entries were showing SYN packets received from a remote host targeting each port on your web server from 1 to 1024. Which of the following MOST likely occurred? Port scan The remote host cannot find the right service port SYN flood UDP probe

C. War walking is conducted by walking around a build while locating wireless networks and devices. War walking will not help find a wired rogue device. Checking valid MAC addresses against a known list, scanning for new systems or devices, and physically surveying for unexpected systems can be used to find rogue devices on a wired network.

You are trying to find a rogue device on your wired network. Which of the following options would NOT help find the device? A. Site surveys B. MAC validation C. War walking D. Port scanning

A. The correct order for evidence collection based on the order of volatility is the Processor Cache, Random Access Memory, Swap File, and then the Hard Drive or USB Drive. Since the Processor Cache is the most volatile and changes the most frequently, it should be captured first. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage on a computer. It can quickly change or be overwritten, and the information stored in RAM is lost when power is removed from the computer, so it should be collected second. Swap files are temporary files on a hard disk used as virtual memory, and therefore, they should be collected third. The files on a hard disk or USB drive are the least volatile of the four options presented since they are used for long-term storage of data and are not lost when the computer loses power.

You are working as part of a cyber incident response team. An ongoing attack has been identified on your webserver. Your company wants to take legal action against the criminals who have hacked your server, so they have brought a forensic analyst from the FBI to collect the evidence from the server. In what order should the digital evidence be collected based on the order of volatility? A. Processor Cache, Random Access Memory, Swap File, Hard Drive or USB Drive B. Hard Drive or USB Drive, Swap File, Random Access Memory, Processor Cache C. Swap File, Processor Cache, Random Access Memory, Hard Drive or USB Drive D. Processor Cache, Swap File, Random Access Memory, Hard Drive or USB Drive

C. A smart card is used in applications that need to protect personal information and/or deliver fast, secure transactions, such as transit fare payment cards, government, and corporate identification cards, documents such as electronic passports and visas, and financial payment cards. Often, smart cards are used as part of a multifactor authentication system in which the smart card and a PIN need to be entered for system authentication to occur. Biometrics are identifying features stored as digital data that can be used to authenticate a user. Typical features used include facial pattern, iris, retina, or fingerprint pattern, and signature recognition. This requires a relevant scanning device, such as a fingerprint reader, and a database of biometric information for authentication to occur. The Kensington lock is a small hole found on almost every portable computer or laptop made after 2000. It allows a cable lock to be attached to a portable computer or laptop to lock it to a desk and prevent theft. These locks often use a combination lock or padlock type of locking system. These locks do not affect the user's ability to use the laptop or device. It only prevents them from moving the laptop from the area. A key fob generates a random number code synchronized to a code on the server. The code changes every 60 seconds or so. This is an example of a one-time password. A SecureID token is an example of a key fob that is produced by RSA

You are working for a government contractor who requires all users to use a PIV device when sending digitally signed and encrypted emails. Which of the following physical security measures is being implemented? A. Key fob B. Biometric reader C. Smart card D. Cable lock

C. Banner grabbing is conducted by actively connecting to the server using telnet or netcat and collecting the web server's response. This banner usually contains the server's operating system and the version number of the service (SSH) being run. This is the fastest and easiest way to determine the SSH version being run on this web server. While it is possible to use a vulnerability scanner, protocol analyzer, or to conduct a passive scan to determine the SSH version, these are more time-consuming and not fully accurate methods to determine the version being run.

You have been asked to determine if Dion Training's web server is vulnerable to a recently discovered attack on an older version of SSH. Which technique should you use to determine the current version of SSH running on their web server? A. Passive scan B. Protocol analysis C. Banner grabbing D. Vulnerability scan

Buffer overflow The function DionCode may be subject to a buffer overflow as the user enters something over 20 characters as their input. In defining the char (character) type array, the programmer only allocated 20 characters worth of memory storage. To solve this problem, the programmer should create proper input validation to ensure that the input is less than 20 characters before passing the user_input variable to the strcpy (string copy) function.

You have been asked to help conduct a known environment penetration test. As part of your preparations, you have been given the source code for the organization's custom web application. Which type of vulnerability might be able to exploit the code shown in this image? Remote code execution JavaScript injection SQL injection Buffer overflow

Require authentication on wake-up To prevent the computer from being used inadvertently to access the network, the system should be configured to require authentication whenever the computer is woken up. Therefore, if an authorized user walks away from the computer and goes to sleep when another person tries to use the computer, it will ask for a username and password before granting them access to the network. A screen lock can secure the desktop with a password while leaving programs running if a user walks away, as well. Single sign-on (SSO) is a type of mutual authentication for multiple services that can accept the credential from one domain or service as authentication for other services. A guest account is a Microsoft Windows user account with limited capabilities, no privacy, and is disabled by default. Using the same password for all users is considered extremely poor security and should not be done.

You have been asked to install a computer in a public workspace. Only an authorized user should use the computer. Which of the following security requirements should you implement to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network with this computer? Require authentication on wake-up Remove the guest account from the administrator group Issue the same strong and complex password for all users Disable single sign-on

C. Due to the requirements provided, you should install a NIPS on the gateway router's internal interface and a firewall on the external interface of the gateway router. The firewall on the external interface will allow the bulk of the malicious inbound traffic to be filtered before reaching the network. Then, the NIPS can be used to inspect the traffic entering the network and provide protection for the network using signature-based or behavior-based analysis. A NIPS is less powerful than a firewall and could easily "fail open" if it is overcome with traffic by being placed on the external interface. The NIPS installed on the internal interface would also allow various content types to be quickly blocked using custom signatures developed by the security team. We wouldn't want to place the NIPS on the external interface in the correct choice for the same reasons. We also wouldn't choose to install a NIPS on both the internal and external connections. IP filtering on both interfaces of the router will not provide the ability to monitor the traffic or to block traffic based on content type. Finally, we would not want to rely on a NIDS on the external interface alone since it can only monitor and not provide the content blocking capabilities needed.

You have been asked to recommend a capability to monitor all of the traffic entering and leaving the corporate network's default gateway. Additionally, the company's CIO requests to block certain content types before it leaves the network based on operational priorities. Which of the following solution should you recommend to meet these requirements? A. Installation of a NIPS on both the internal and external interfaces of the router B. Install a firewall on the router's internal interface and a NIDS on the router's external interface C. Install a NIPS on the internal interface and a firewall on the external interface of the router D. Configure IP filtering on the internal and external interfaces of the router

Install a NIPS on the internal interface and a firewall on the external interface of the router Due to the requirements provided, you should install a NIPS on the gateway router's internal interface and a firewall on the external interface of the gateway router. The firewall on the external interface will allow the bulk of the malicious inbound traffic to be filtered before reaching the network. Then, the NIPS can be used to inspect the traffic entering the network and provide protection for the network using signature-based or behavior-based analysis. A NIPS is less powerful than a firewall and could easily "fail open" if it is overcome with traffic by being placed on the external interface. The NIPS installed on the internal interface would also allow various content types to be quickly blocked using custom signatures developed by the security team. We wouldn't want to place the NIPS on the external interface in the correct choice for the same reasons. We also wouldn't choose to install a NIPS on both the internal and external connections. IP filtering on both interfaces of the router will not provide the ability to monitor the traffic or to block traffic based on content type. Finally, we would not want to rely on a NIDS on the external interface alone since it can only monitor and not provide the content blocking capabilities needed.

You have been asked to recommend a capability to monitor all of the traffic entering and leaving the corporate network's default gateway. Additionally, the company's CIO requests to block certain content types before it leaves the network based on operational priorities. Which of the following solution should you recommend to meet these requirements? Install a NIPS on the internal interface and a firewall on the external interface of the router Install a firewall on the router's internal interface and a NIDS on the router's external interface Configure IP filtering on the internal and external interfaces of the router Installation of a NIPS on both the internal and external interfaces of the router

Redundant hardware be maintained at the offsite location and configured to be ready for the recovery of the company's backup data when needed A warm site provides some of a hot site's capabilities, but it requires the customer to do more work to become operational. Warm sites provide computer systems and compatible media capabilities. If a warm site is used, administrators and other staff will need to install and configure systems to resume operations. For most organizations, a warm site could be a remote office, a leased facility, or another organization with which yours has a reciprocal agreement. By placing your redundant hardware at the offsite location and configuring it to be ready for recovery when needed, the company can have a higher availability level than a cold site but not have the full personnel costs involved with a hot site. A hot site would ensure that the offsite location has all the hardware, equipment, personnel, and data installed and ready to provide services at all times. Maintaining a hot site is much more expensive than a warm site. It is not recommended that your redundant servers are located within the same building since a fire, flood, or other disaster could destroy your primary and redundant capabilities. Retaining the hardware at the office building but shipping the backups offsite is more in line with a cold site description. This would also not provide high availability levels since the systems would need to be set up, configured, and made ready for use.

You have been hired as a consultant by Dion Training to review their current disaster recovery plans. The CEO has requested that the plans ensure that the company can limit downtime in the event of a disaster. Still, due to staffing concerns, he cannot approve the budget to implement or maintain a fully redundant offsite location to ensure 99.999% availability. Based on that limitation, what should you recommend to the CEO? Retain their backups in their office building but install redundant services in a collocated data center within a different company Redundant hardware be maintained at the offsite location and configured to be ready for the recovery of the company's backup data when needed Install a set of redundant servers to another part of the company's office building Retain all hardware at their office building but ship their backups to an offsite facility for storage

GLBA The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) is a United States federal law that requires financial institutions to explain how they share and protect their customers' private information. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a US law designed to provide privacy standards to protect patients' medical records and other health information provided to health plans, doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) is a United States federal law that sets new or expanded requirements for all US public company boards, management, and public accounting firms. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974 is a United States federal law that governs the access to educational information and records by public entities such as potential employers, publicly funded educational institutions, and foreign governments.

You have been hired as a cybersecurity analyst for a privately-owned bank. Which of the following regulations would have the greatest impact on your bank's cybersecurity program? GLBA SOX FERPA HIPAA

C. journalctl is a command for viewing logs collected by systemd. The systemd-journald service is responsible for systemd's log collection, and it retrieves messages from the kernel, systemd services, and other sources. These logs are gathered in a central location, which makes them easy to review. If you specify the parameter of _UID=1003, you will only receive entries made under the authorities of the user with ID (UID) 1003. In this case, that is Terri. Using the piping function, we can send that list of entries into the grep command as an input and then filter the results before returning them to the screen. This command will be sufficient to see all the times that Terri has executed something as the superuser using privilege escalation. If there are too many results, we could further filter the results using regular expressions with grep using the -e flag. Since the UID of 1003 is only used by Terri, it is unnecessary to add [Tt]erri to your grep filter as the only results for UID 1003 (terri) will already be shown. So, while all four of these would produce the same results, the most efficient option to accomplish this is by entering "journalctl _UID=1003 | grep sudo" in the terminal. Don't get afraid when you see questions like this; walk through each part of the command step by step and determine the differences. In this question, you may not have known what journalctl is, but you didn't need to. You needed to identify which grep expression was the shortest that would still get the job done. By comparing the differences between the options presented, you could likely take your best guess and identify the right one.

You have been hired to investigate a possible insider threat from a user named Terri. Which command would you use to review all sudo commands ever issued by Terri (whose login account is terri and UID=1003) on a Linux system? (Select the MOST efficient command) A. journalctl _UID=1003 | grep -e [Tt]erri | grep -e 1003 | grep sudo B. journalctl _UID=1003 | grep -e 1003 | grep sudo C. journalctl _UID=1003 | grep sudo D. journalctl _UID=1003 | grep -e [Tt]erri | grep sudo

A. Physical destruction is the only option that will meet the requirements of this scenario. Sanitizing a hard drive can be done using cryptographic erase (CE), secure erase (SE), zero-fill, or physical destruction. In this scenario, the SSDs were not self-encrypting drives (SED) and did not have a SE utility available, so the CE or SE methods cannot be used. The cryptographic erase (CE) method sanitizes a self-encrypting drive by erasing the media encryption key and then reimaging the drive. A secure erase (SE) is used to perform the sanitization of flash-based devices (such as SSDs or USB devices) when cryptographic erase is not available. The zero-fill method relies on overwriting a storage device by setting all bits to the value of zero (0), but this is not effective on SSDs or hybrid drives. The best option is to conduct physical destruction since the scenario states that the storage device was already replaced with a new self-encrypting drive (SED). The old SSD contained top-secret data crucial to maintaining a corporate advantage over the company's competitors. Physical destruction occurs by mechanical shredding, incineration, or degaussing magnetic hard drives.

You have just completed identifying, analyzing, and containing an incident. You have verified that the company uses older unencrypted SSDs as part of their default configuration, and the manufacturer does not provide a SE utility for the devices. The storage devices contained top-secret data that would bankrupt the company if it fell into a competitor's hands. After safely extracting the device's data and saving it to a new self-encrypting drive, you have been asked to dispose of the SSDs securely. Which of the following methods should you use? A. Physically destroy the storage devices B. Conduct zero-fill on the storage devices C. Use a secure erase (SE) utility on the storage devices D. Perform a cryptographic erase (CE) on the storage devices

Perform a cryptographic erase (CE) on the storage devices Sanitizing a hard drive can be done using cryptographic erase (CE), secure erase (SE), zero-fill, or physical destruction. In this case, the hard drives already used data at rest. Therefore, the most efficient method would be to choose CE. The cryptographic erase (CE) method sanitizes a self-encrypting drive by erasing the media encryption key and then reimaging the drive. A secure erase (SE) is used to perform the sanitization of flash-based devices (such as SSDs or USB devices) when cryptographic erase is not available. The zero-fill method relies on overwriting a storage device by setting all bits to the value of zero (0), but this is not effective on SSDs or hybrid drives, and it takes much longer than the CE method. The final option is to conduct physical destruction, but since the scenario states that the storage device will be reused, this is not a valid technique. Physical destruction occurs by mechanical shredding, incineration, or degaussing magnetic hard drives.

You have just completed identifying, analyzing, and containing an incident. You have verified that the company uses self-encrypting drives as part of its default configuration. As you begin the eradication and recovery phase, you must sanitize the storage devices' data before restoring the data from known-good backups. Which of the following methods would be the most efficient to use to sanitize the affected hard drives? Conduct zero-fill on the storage devices Incinerate and replace the storage devices Use a secure erase (SE) utility on the storage devices Perform a cryptographic erase (CE) on the storage devices

D. You should first request a copy of one of the spam messages, including the full email header. By reading through the full headers of one of the messages, you can determine where the email originated from, whether it was from your email system or external, and if it was a spoofed email or a legitimate email. Once this information has been analyzed, you can then continue your analysis based on those findings, whether that be analyzing your email server, the firewalls, or other areas of concern. If enough information cannot be found by analyzing the email headers, you will need to conduct more research to determine the best method to solve the underlying problem.

You just received a notification that your company's email servers have been blocklisted due to reports of spam originating from your domain. What information do you need to start investigating the source of the spam emails? A. Network flows for the DMZ containing the email servers B. The SMTP audit log from his company's email server C. Firewall logs showing the SMTP connections D. The full email header from one of the spam messages

D. When you have a limited amount of hardware resources to utilize but have a requirement to test multiple operating systems, you should set up a virtualized environment to test the patch across each operating system before deployment. You should never deploy patches directly into production without testing them first in the lab. Virtualization will allow the organization to create a lab environment without significant costs. Purchasing additional workstations would be costly and more time-consuming to configure.

You need to determine the best way to test operating system patches in a lab environment before deploying them to your automated patch management system. Unfortunately, your network has several different operating systems in use, but you only have one machine available to test the patches on. What is the best environment to utilize to perform the testing of the patches before deployment? A. Bypass testing and deploy patches directly into the production environment B. Purchase additional workstations C. Sandboxing D. Virtualization

A. Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas) is focused on moving your servers and computers into the cloud. If you purchase a server in the cloud and then install and manage the operating system and software on it, this is Iaas. Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing service that enables consumers to rent fully configured systems that are set up for specific purposes. Software as a Service (SaaS) is ca loud computing service that enables a service provider to make applications available over the Internet to end-users. This can be a calendar, scheduling, invoicing, word processor, database, or other programs. For example, Google Docs and Office 365 are both word processing SaaS solutions. Desktop as a Service (DaaS) provides a full virtualized desktop environment from within a cloud-based service. This is also known as VDI (Virtualized Desktop Infrastructure) and is coming in large enterprise businesses focused on increasing their security and minimizing their operational expenses.

You want to create a website for your new technical support business. You decide to purchase an on-demand cloud-based server and install Linux, Apache, and WordPress on it to run your website. Which of the following best describes which type of service you have just purchased? A. IaaS B. SaaS C. DaaS D. PaaS

Jumpbox Installing a jumpbox as a single point of entry for the administration of servers within the cloud is the best choice for this requirement. The jumpbox only runs the necessary administrative port and protocol (typically SSH). Administrators connect to the jumpbox then use the jumpbox to connect to the admin interface on the application server. The application server's admin interface has a single entry in its ACL (the jumpbox) and denies any other hosts' connection attempts. A bastion host is a special-purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attacks. The computer generally hosts a single application. For example, a proxy server and all other services are removed or limited to reduce the threat to the computer. An airgap system is a network or single host computer with unique security requirements that may physically be separated from any other network. Physical separation would prevent a system from accessing the remote administration interface directly and require an airgap system to reach the private cloud.

You want to provide controlled remote access to the remote administration interfaces of multiple servers hosted on a private cloud. What type of segmentation security solution is the best choice for this scenario? Airgap Physical Bastion hosts Jumpbox

C. To maintain a disciplined approach to incident response, the organization needs to document and follow procedures developed during the preparation phase. The SOC should have a call list or an escalation list as part of those procedures. This list should detail who should be called, what order, and how high up the organizational leadership chart a particular issue would reach. In almost every case, the incident response team lead should be contacted before the CEO or CIO is notified of the incident. When companies go "right to the top" of the leadership chart, the CEO and CIO will be acting on half-true or unverified information during the start of an incident response process. Instead, an established form for incident detail collection should be performed, the right technical leads should be notified of the incident, and the incident response team should be called in to analyze the information and provide a quick "stand up" report to leadership on what the issue is, what has already been done, and what they recommend doing from here to resolve the incident. All of the other options are best practices to consider and develop in the preparation phase. Still, they would not have solved the issue in this scenario of senior leadership being notified before the incident response team lead.

You work as the incident response team lead at Fail to Pass Systems. Sierra, a system administrator, believes an incident has occurred on the network and contacts the SOC. At 2:30 am, you are woken up by a phone call from the CEO of Fail to Pass stating an incident has occurred and that you need to solve this immediately. As you are getting dressed to drive into the office, your phone rings again. This time, the CIO starts asking you a lot of technical questions about the incident. The first you heard of this incident was 5 minutes ago from the CEO, so you don't have the answers to the CIO's questions, yet. Based on this scenario, which of the following issues needs to be documented in your lessons learned report once this incident is resolved? A. A robust method of incident detection B. An established incident response form for all employees to use to collect data C. A call list/escalation list D. An offline incident response jump bag or kit

Community cloud Community Cloud is another type of cloud computing in which the cloud setup is shared manually among different organizations that belong to the same community or area. A multi-tenant setup is developed using the cloud among different organizations belonging to a particular community or group with similar computing concerns. For joint business organizations, ventures, research organizations, and tenders, a community cloud is an appropriate solution. Based on the description of 15 member banks coming together to create the CloudBank organization and its cloud computing environment, a community cloud model is most likely described. A public cloud contains services offered by third-party providers over the public Internet and is available to anyone who wants to use or purchase them. They may be free or sold on-demand, allowing customers to pay only per usage for the CPU cycles, storage, or bandwidth they consume. A private cloud contains services offered either over the Internet or a private internal network and only to select users instead of the general public. A hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment that uses a mix of on-premises, private cloud, and third-party public cloud services with orchestration between these platforms. This typically involves a connection from an on-premises data center to a public cloud.

You work for a bank interested in moving some of its operations to the cloud, but it is worried about security. You recently discovered an organization called CloudBank that was formed by 15 local banks as a way for them to build a secure cloud-based environment that can be accessed by the 15 member banks. Which cloud model BEST describes the cloud created by CloudBank? Hybrid cloud Community cloud Public cloud Private cloud

B. Data wiping or clearing occurs by using a software tool to overwrite the data on a hard drive to destroy all electronic data on a hard disk or other media. Data wiping may be performed with a 1x, 7x, or 35x overwriting, with a higher number of times being more secure. This allows the hard drive to remain functional and allows for hardware reuse. Degaussing a hard drive involves demagnetizing a hard drive to erase its stored data. You cannot reuse a hard drive once it has been degaussed. Therefore, it is a bad solution for this scenario. Purging involves removing sensitive data from a hard drive using the device's internal electronics or an outside source such as a degausser, or by using a cryptographic erase function if the drive supports one. Shredding involves the physical destruction of the hard drive. This is a secure method of destruction but doesn't allow for device reuse.

Your company has just finished replacing all of its computers with brand new workstations. Colleen, one of your coworkers, has asked the company's owner if she can have the old computers that are about to be thrown away. Colleen would like to refurbish the old computers by reinstalling a new operating system and donating them to a local community center for disadvantaged children in the neighborhood. The owner thinks this is a great idea but is concerned that the private and sensitive corporate data on the old computer's hard drives might be placed at risk of exposure. You have been asked to choose the best solution to sanitize or destroy the data while ensuring the computers will still be usable by the community center. What type of data destruction or sanitization method do you recommend? A. Degaussing B. Wiping C. Shredding D. Purging

C. To mitigate the risk of data remanence, you should implement full disk encryption. This method will ensure that all data is encrypted and cannot be exposed to other organizations or the underlying IaaS provider. Using a zero wipe is typically impossible because VM systems may move without user intervention during scaling and elasticity operations. Data masking can mean that all or part of a field's contents is redacted, by substituting all character strings with "x," for example. Data masking will not prevent your corporate data from being exposed by data remanence. Spanning multiple disks will leave the data accessible, even though it would be fragmented, and would make the data remanence problem worse overall.

Your company is making a significant investment in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) hosting to replace its data centers. Which of the following techniques should be used to mitigate the risk of data remanence when moving virtual hosts from one server to another in the cloud? A. Zero-wipe drives before moving systems B. Use data masking C. Use full-disk encryption D. Span multiple virtual disks to fragment data

C. Any organization that processes a credit card will be required to work with their credit card processor instead of working directly with the card issuers (Visa and Mastercard). Conducting notification to your bank or credit card processor is one of the first steps in the incident response effort for a breach of this type of data. Typically, law enforcement does not have to be notified of a data breach at a commercial organization.

Your company is required to remain compliant with PCI-DSS due to the type of information processed by your systems. If there was a breach of this data, which type of disclosure would you be required to provide during your incident response efforts? A. Notification to Visa and Mastercard B. Notification to federal law enforcement C. Notification to your credit card processor D. Notification to local law enforcement

B. WPS was created to ease the setup and configuration of new wireless devices by allowing the router to automatically configure them after a short eight-digit PIN was entered. Unfortunately, WPS is vulnerable to a brute-force attack and is easily compromised. Therefore, WPS should be disabled on all wireless networks. If Bob could enter your apartment and press the WPS button, he could have configured his laptop to use your wireless network without your WPA3 password. While disabling the SSID broadcast could help prevent someone from seeing your network, the issue was someone connecting to your network without having the password. Disabling the SSID broadcast would not solve this issue

Your home network is configured with a long, strong, and complex pre-shared key for its WPA2 encryption. You noticed that your wireless network has been running slow, so you checked the list of "connected clients" and see that "Bob's Laptop" is connected to it. Bob lives downstairs and is the maintenance man for your apartment building. You know that you never gave Bob your password, but somehow he has figured out how to connect to your wireless network. Which of the following actions should you take to prevent anyone from connecting to your wireless network without the proper WPA3 password? A. ENABLE WEP B. DISABLE WPS C. DISABLE SSID D. DISABLE WPA3

D. Sponsored authentication of guest wireless devices requires a guest user to provide valid identification when registering their wireless device for use on the network. This requires that an employee validates the guest's need for access, known as sponsoring the guest. While setting a strong password or using 802.1x are good security practices, these alone do not meet the question's sponsorship requirement. An open authentication standard only requires that the guest know the Service-Set Identifier (SSID) to gain access to the network. Therefore, this does not meet the sponsorship requirement.

Your organization is updating its Acceptable User Policy (AUP) to implement a new password standard that requires a guest's wireless devices to be sponsored before receiving authentication. Which of the following should be added to the AUP to support this new requirement? A. Open authentication standards should be implemented on all wireless infrastructure B. Sponsored guest passwords must be at least 14 alphanumeric characters containing a mixture of uppercase, lowercase, and special characters C. Network authentication of all guest users should occur using the 802.1x protocol as authenticated by a RADIUS server D. All guests must provide valid identification when registering their wireless devices for use on the network

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