Quiz 1

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

Theory

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has trouble seeing in dim light. This is called ________ blindness

night

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation of phenomena.

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

Some neurons can only generate action potentials up to a certain speed, and no faster. This fact is a limitation of the ________ theory of pitch perception.

temporal

Psychology refers to the ________.

the scientific study of mind and behavior

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

The National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average 14- to 17-year-old adolescent get about ________ hours of sleep a night (hint: the answer is a range of hours, not a single number)

8-10

Case studies are a helpful tool in psychological research because they:

Allow us to examine one case in detail and Allow us to examine extreme cases

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

Attrition

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives, and is a distance cue that allows us to perceive the depth of a given visual stimulus.

Binocular

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Which psychoactive substance is probably the most widely used of all such substances in the world?

Caffeine

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding

All psychological research is qualitative

False

Correlation = Causation

False.

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

In ________ meditation, a person's attention is focused on some internal process or a specific external object.

Mindfulness

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; sensation

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

Reliability

Karl Popper would agree that ___________

Research should seek to disprove theory

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

The Scientific Method

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

another person's consciousness

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

The kind of brain waves that would be most prevalent in a person experiencing Stage 3 of NREM would be ________ waves.

delta slow

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?

digestion functions become more active

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up," from a physical perspective you are asking them to ________ of the sound waves they are producing.

increase the amplitude

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________ waves of light.

longer wavelengths

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?

proximity

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

slower; a shorter duration

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

High levels of sensory awareness, though, and behavior are what typify a state of consciousness called ________.

wakefulness (waking consciousness)

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________.

a figure-ground relationship

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men