quiz 1 human growth and development

Which theory stresses the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments?

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model

Nonnormative Influences are associated with a specific time period that defines the broader environmental and cultural context in which an individual develops.

False

The dependent variable is manipulated by the investigator and is expected to cause changes in another variable.

False

Which stage of psychosexual development is associated with adolescence throughout adulthood?

Genital Stage

________ a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory, often worded as an if-then statement.

Hypothesis

According to Erikson's theory, children either develop a sense of competence, pride, and accomplishment or a sense of inadequacy during which stage of psychosocial development?

Industry versus Inferiority

________ developed the theory of cognitive development (a stage theory) as a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence

Jean Piaget

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include all of the following except:

Observational

Descriptive Research includes:

Surveys Observational Studies Case Studies (All of the Above)

A cohort is a group of people who are born at roughly the same time period in a particular society who experience the same historical events and cultural climates which influence their values, priorities, and goals.

True

Cross-Sectional research designs are used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time.

True

Defense mechanisms are unconscious protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety.

True

Theory is a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for behavior and events that is used to make predictions about future observations.

True

A researcher conducted an in-depth study of a child who was raised in isolation and had no contact with same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed the child's development in a number of spheres: physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and emotional. What kind of research method is this?

case study

The experimental method is the only research method that can measure _____ and _____ relationships between variables.

cause; effect

When describing how difficult it is for her patients to quit smoking, a specialist in substance abuse medicine states, "Smoking is associated with so many things, like waking up in the morning, after a meal, on breaks at work, when getting home at work. When my patients try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes them crave a cigarette." The specialist is describing ________.

classical conditioning

Parents track the number of new words their toddler learns each day and are surprised by how many new words their child has learned at the end of one month. By charting their child's language development, these parents are showing an interest in the ________ of human development.

cognitive domain

A student is bullied at school and now associates school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and nervousness this student experiences when approaching school is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

A research advisor tells a graduate student, "Now that you have developed hypotheses based on a theory, you can ________ to test your hypotheses."

conduct research

In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants and children, researchers are advised to ________.

design the study to be as short as possible

While most human development theorists and researchers have focused on infancy and childhood, and some on adolescence, others have explored development over the course of one's entire life, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.

development is lifelong

In a prenatal education class, an instructor informs parents that their child's development will be influenced by many factors, including biological, cognitive, social, and emotional factors. This instructor is addressing which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan development?

development is multidimensional

Brain training programs, which are used to reverse cognitive decline seen in aging, capitalize on the brain's lifelong capacity to reorganize cortical tissue, which aligns with Baltes' key principle of lifespan development that ________.

development is plastic

Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian theorists who consider how ________.

experience, culture, and interactions with others influence cognitive development

A(n)________ approach to development has been criticized for equating the mind to a computer and for not taking into account the social context in which development takes place.

information processing

As an elementary school student, Hayden's life revolves around learning and testing new academic skills, refining motor skills, and developing social relationships with friends and students outside of the family. Hayden is in the ________ period of human development.

middle childhood

Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for objects once they have been removed from their sight. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants have not yet developed ________.

object permanence

______ is the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.

object permanence

Which form of learning occurs when a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences that occur soon after the response?

operant conditioning

Learning about the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes in each phase of human development across the lifespan helps us to more fully understand _________.

people

A pediatrician provides parents with a chart that plots changes in their child's height and weight over time. This growth chart represents a ________ in human development.

physical domain

A counselor is conducting an initial evaluation with a client and asks questions to better understand the client's feelings, relationships, identity, and personality. This counselor is exploring the ________ of human development.

psychosocial domain

Attitudes towards children have evolved over time along with economic change and ________ advancement.

social

Research design is _____.

the strategy for deciding how to collect and analyze data

According to Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and cannot do without help is referred to as _______.

the zone of proximal development

According to Carl Rogers, parents can help their children achieve their ideal self by giving them __________ or unconditional love in an environment that is free of preconceived notions of value and worth.

unconditional positive regard

A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a patient's problematic behavior is based on ________.

unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties

During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an information processing approach to cognitive development, this ability to retain information while actively manipulating it is an example of ________.

working memory

Current research on child development that uses one-way viewing screens and recording methods that do not disturb children are benefiting from the observational techniques first developed by ________.

Arnold Gesell

Childcare practices differ across cultures, and different practices have been found to influence when and how children reach certain developmental milestones, such as sitting, crawling, and walking. Which approach to human development is conveyed by this finding?

Development can follow a different course for each child.

Baltes' Lifespan Perspective Key Principles include all of the following except:

Development is flexible

Many popular quotes by famous people reference a "blank slate" as a platform and springboard for creativity. We may credit the popularity of this phrase to ________, an early scholar of human development.

John Locke

Listed below are characteristics of physical domains in human development. Which one does not belong?

Language Development

Biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age, such as puberty or menopause are related to _______.

Normative Age-Graded Influences

Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are considered tech-savvy because they grew up with technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials are defined by characteristics that were formed while growing up with advancements in technology as part of their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual influences does this represent?

Normative History-Graded Influences

The Great Depression, WWII, and The Vietnam War are all examples related to which contextual influence?

Normative History-Graded Influences

________ dominated the field of psychiatry until the growth of behaviorism in the 1930s and proposed that personality forms during the first few years of life.

Sigmund Freud

Which behavioral theory proposes that we learn new responses by observing others model the behavior?

Social Cognitive Theory

Research indicates that family education, income, and occupation strongly influence the academic achievement gap across racial/ethnic groups. Which contextual influence on development does this exemplify?

Socioeconomic status

When researchers select participants for their studies in a random way to ensure that all members have an equal chance of being selected, they are demonstrating which value of the scientific method?

The scientific method offers a systematic way to make comparisons and guard against bias.