Quiz 2
Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?
A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness
You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?
a description of the study's hypotheses
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic?
according to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Which of the following would be the best way to assess the convergent validity of this substance use questionnaire?
correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a different questionnaire that measures substance use
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Which of the following would be the best way to assess the criterion validity of this substance use questionnaire?
correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a task measuring amount of alcohol consumed
Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, p < .001 • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .04, p = .12 • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, p < .001 Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship:
has the largest effect size
When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?
how each variable was measured must be considered
When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?
if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)
What is the relationship between moderators and external validity?
moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Does this measure of substance use have excellent content validity?
no, this substance use measure excludes too many relevant substances to have excellent content validity
Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment.
perceived prejudiced attitudes
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
positive assocation
Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the attached figure above, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect?
the figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?"
the study's external validity
Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3.
there appears to be good internal reliability in the scale
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance?
whether participants won against a partner