Quiz 3 RM

cases

# of people sick

1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 8, 10 What is the mode? a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 10

5

guide for the care and use of laboratory animals

-Protocols must be reviewed and approved by IACUC committee (include experts/vets and members of public) -Citigroup training modules -Most institutions also support rules and procedures for recommended care of lab animals by American Association for Accreditations of Laboratory Animal Care

cohort studies pros

1. Before and after clearly evident for risk factor causing disease 2. Good for rare exposures; can specifically recruit runners, cyclists, etc. 3. Good for understanding the multiple effects of a single exposure

how many hours of sleep is ideals?

7-9 hrs

A type of study that takes people randomly, assigns them to groups, and gives them a survey. a. cross-sectional study b. repeated-measures study c. cohort study d. case-control study

A

Safe transportation of materials between labs is something looked at during a lab inspection. a.True False

A

The single score which best represents all the scores in a distribution is the definition of a. central tendency b. standard deviation c. variability d. parametrics

A

Another term for the mean is the a. variance b. average c. 50th percentile d. median

B

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

The term that denotes altering data is a. fabricating b. misrepresentation c. falsifying d. plagiarism

C

The government sets guidelines for the safety and protection of a.Human subjects b.Animal subjects c.Scientists d.A and b All of the above

D

Which of the following is not used when deciding whether an association might be one of causation? a.Strength: How strong is the association between the exposure and the disease? b.Consistency: Has the association been reported in a variety of people exposed in a variety of settings? Results repeatable? c.Specificity: Is the disease or health problem associated with the exposure the only one? d.Sample size at the beginning and end of the study: How many people completed the study?

D

respect for beneficence

Do not harm Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

secondary prevention

Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent.

primary prevention

Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring.

case control cons

Exposure has been identified after the disease has been diagnosed (recall bias) Recruiting controls can be difficult or cause selection bias in order to match to cases

case/control studies

Identifies factors causally related to disease outcome Select participants from a group with a disorder (cases) and compare with participants without the disorder (controls) May be age-matched, ethnicity-matched, etc. Surveys/questionnaires/interview about exposure to potential causal factors

IACUC

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

case control pro

Short and cheap to conduct Good for rare diseases because large populations or follow-up periods are unnecessary Can test for multiple exposures/risk factors for a single disease Can acquire detailed information because there are more resources to do so

Parametric

The population from which the sample is drawn is normally distributed on the variable of interest The samples drawn from a population have equal variances on the variable of interest Independent observations

The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is a. inability to experimentally establish cause and effect b. small numbers of people as participants c. insufficient information on diseases d. insufficient time to collect data

a

mean

average

_____________ describes the degree of difference of each individual score from central tendency. a. central tendency b. normal distribution c. variability d. parametrics

c

The aim of this study was to compare daytime physical activity (PA) levels in children with and without asthma and examine the relationships among asthma, PA, body mass index (BMI), and child reports of symptoms. Physical activity as measured by actigraphy and self-report symptoms of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, perceived tiredness, sleepiness, and alertness were obtained in 54 children aged 9-11 years with and without asthma for 7 consecutive days. Activity variables derived from actigraphy included (a) mean daytime activity level; (b) peak daytime activity level; and (c) time duration spent in sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous, and total moderate plus vigorous PA (MVPA). What type of study is this?

case-control

Participation in resistance exercise was self-reported and body weight and height was measured. A single cardiovascular disease risk score was established via factor analysis including percent body fat, mean arterial pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Physical activity level was determined based on questionnaire data and aerobic capacity was assessed via a maximal treadmill exercise test. Women reporting resistance exercise had lower total cardiovascular disease risk at any age. Specifically, resistance exercise was associated with lower body fat, fasting glucose and total cholesterol. The association between resistance exercise and cardiovascular disease risk, however, remained only in normal weight women after adjusting for physical activity and aerobic capacity. What type of study is this?

cross sectional

correlational stats

degree of association

analytical studies

done to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors

common source epidemic curve

each case can be traced to the same source (food poisoning)

lab inspections for safety are to be done

every 6 months

scientific misconduct

fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results. (Federal Register, October 14, 1999)

normal curve

go back and look at stats powerpoint

what is the name of the diet for carson's article?

grand fusion

descriptive stats

mean, median, mode

where did the highest SES feel the most pressure on standardized testing?

media and school board

median

middle

mode

most common

propagated epidemic curve

primary, secondary, and tertiary cases appear (example: covid)

right to privacy act

prohibits institutions from releasing names of patients with disabilities. Researcher must contact institution about possible participants. Institution requests permission from subject to release their name and disability to the researcher.

variance

std dev squared

rules are defined by

the white house office of science and technology policy

epidemic

unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior or event, in a particular population

descriptive

who, when, where NOT why

standard deviation

x^--=mean n=number of data points x= each individual point s= std dev •is the spread of scores around the mean

epidemic curves

•Can be used to calculate incubation period - period of time between exposure to an infectious agent and onset of symptoms

5 tenets of protecting human participants

1. Ensure risks to participants are minimized 2. Ensure risks are reasonable given the expected benefits 3. That participants or authorized representatives provide informed consent 4. That the investigator has informed participants of key elements of the study protocol 5. That privacy or participants and confidentiality of data are maintained.

cohort studies cons

1. Expensive: takes many resources to follow many people over years 2. Can take many years to complete 3. Not very practical for studying rare diseases because the disease may not develop in the cohort or may take a very long time to develop

7 types of scientific misconduct

1. plagarism 2. fabrication/falsification 3. nonpublication of data 4. faulty data-gathering procedures 5. poor data storage and retention 6. misleading authorship 7. unacceptable publication practices

two types analytical studies

1.Case/control studies 2.Cohort studies Both case/control and cohort studies are observational:

the 3 r's

1.Reduction in # of animals used 2.Refinement of techniques and procedures to reduce pain and distress 3.Replacement of conscious living higher animals with insentient materials

4 tenets of nuremburg code

1.have scientific merit 2. have benefits that outweigh risk 3. allow subjects to terminate participation at anytime 4. have voluntary consent

The term that denotes making up data is a. fabricating b. misrepresentation c. falsifying d. plagiarism

A

Universities have committees that oversee human research and approve protocols. These committees are called a. IRB b. IACUC c. IRS d. FFP

A

For a group of normally distributed scores with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 6, the middle 95% of the scores will be between a. 30 and 36 b. 18 and 42 c. 24 and 36 d. 12 and 48

B

The United States government sets and enforces all guidelines for scientists. a.True b.False

B

A type of study that takes a large disease-free population and, after baseline assessment, follows and collects data from them for 2-20 years. a. cross-sectional study b. repeated-measures study c. cohort study d. case-control study

C

The principal investigator of the study is usually listed as the __________ author. A. first B. middle C. last D. none of the above

C

What is not included in an Informed consent form? a. Explanation of procedures to be followed b. Description of discomforts and risks c. Lab inspection results for the previous year d. Offer to answer any questions e. Instruction that subject is free to withdraw consent and discontinue participation at any time

C

Which of the following terms is used in connection with intensity of exercise and refers to the ratio of metabolic rate during exercise to the rate while resting? a. RPE b. BMI c. MET d. EKG

C

cross-sectional con

Cannot make definitive conclusions about cause and effect because test is conducted at one point in time Study may not show whole story since it is not longitudinal

Name two special populations that need modified informed consent provisions.

Children, prisoners, mentally ill, undereducated

respect for justice

Concerned with who should receive benefits and burden of research. •To each person an equal share. •To each person according to individual need. •To each person according to individual effort. •To each person according to societal contribution. To each person according to merit.

Animal Welfare Act (1966)

Created regulations and guidelines for the protections of animals. One of the first steps taken to protect animals used for experimentation and gave them rights. published by US department of health and human services

cross-sectional pros

Cross-section of whole population Simple, easy to conduct, inexpensive Most frequently conducted study looking at physical activity and health outcomes Can control for factors that could potentially confound relationship of interest while comparing physiological differences of individuals

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the a. experimental-control study b. repeated-measures study c. split-plot study d. case-control study

D

Two studies that illustrated the need for scientific ethics were a.Framingham study b.Tuskegee study c.German WWII studies d.A and c e.B and c

E

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males. Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood." subjects were not informed or treated after penicillin begain in use in 1947

IRB

Institutional Review Board Independent committee that reviews and approves all protocols and changes to protocols. •Gather information on adverse events •Examine conflicts of interest •Monitor informed consent procedures •Makes sure researchers have had appropriate (online) training regarding human subjects

cohort studies

Large disease-free population (cohort) is defined and assessed of relevant exposures. After baseline assessment, follow-up period begins (2-20 years). •Example: Jackson Heart Study

The study comprised 811,579 Swedish men (mean age, 18 years) that participated in the mandatory military conscription service in Sweden between 1969 and 1986. Some risk factors for stroke, such as body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cognitive function, were assessed at conscription. Aerobic fitness was also assessed at conscription, using a braked ergometer cycle test. Other risk factors for stroke, including stroke in subjects' parents, and socioeconomic factors including highest achieved level of education and annual income 15 years after conscription, were collected through national register linkage using the personal identification number. Stroke diagnosis among the study participants was tracked in the National Hospital Discharge Patient Register. What type of study is this?

cohort

This study investigated the prevalence and profile of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) users amongst a convenience sample of 510 bodybuilders from 52 gyms, in João Pessoa, Brazil, with a structured questionnaire containing selected questions about socioeconomic and training variables on the use of AAS. What type of study is this?

cross sectional

The term that denotes using ideas, writings, or drawings of others as your own is a. proselytizing b. misrepresentation c. confutation d. plagiarism

d

three categories of epidemiology

descripitve, analytic, experimental

scientists have obligations to:

their colleagues, themselves, and the public

participants rights

to privacy/nonparticipation to remain anonymous to confidentiality to accept experimenter responsibility

Dr. Bente Pedersen

•2011: accused of scientific dishonesty by two former colleagues. •Found guilty by Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty of faking documents on lab rat experiments. photos published were tampered and reused biopsy material without cross-referencing

FFP: US Office of Science and Technology Policy

•Actions must represent a "significant departure from accepted practices, must have been committed intentionally, or knowingly, or recklessly, and must be proven by a preponderance of evidence." •

experimental studies

•Carried out to identify cause of disease or determine effectiveness of vaccine, drug, surgical procedure, or behavioral or educational intervention

cross-sectional studies

•Choose people randomly and give questionnaire/test/survey •Assign subjects to groups based on survey/test answers •Example: highly active vs. sedentary and measure cardiovascular risk factors

researchers controls variables through

•Control groups (receive placebos or blank treatment) •Effective treatment must make significant difference in treatment group •Randomization (subjects are assigned to control and treatment groups randomly) •Blinding (investigators and/or subjects remain uninformed and unaware of the groups to which the subjects are assigned)

informed consent

•Explanation of procedures to be followed •Description of discomforts and risks •Description of benefits •Disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures •Offer to answer any questions •Instruction that subject is free to withdraw consent and discontinue participation at any time

respect for persons

•Individuals are treated as autonomous agents •Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.

epidemiological methods

•Quantify the magnitude of health problems •Identify risk factors •Provide quantitative guidance for the allocation of public health resources •Monitor the effectiveness of prevention strategies using population-wide surveillance programs

university sanctions

•Restriction of academic duties •Termination of work on project •Reduction in professional rank •Supervision and monitoring of research •Fined Fired

IACUC responsibilities

•Review and approve research proposals using animals •Oversee animal care programs and facilities •Respond to concerns about the use of animals in research

journal, agency, professional group sanctions

•Revocation of prior publications •Prohibition of obtaining outside grants or future publications •Referral to legal system •Fines Discontinuance of service to outside agencies

nuremburg code

•Rules for Permissible Medical Experiments involving human subjects •Created in response to WWII Nuremburg trials of Nazi doctors (1947) •States research must:

Criteria of Causation

•Strength: How strong is the association between the exposure and the disease? •Consistency: Has the association been reported in a variety of people exposed in a variety of settings? Results repeatable? •Specificity: Is the disease or health problem associated with the exposure the only one? •Temporality: Does the exposure always precede the disease? •Biological plausibility: Does the suspected causation make sense with what we know about biology, physiology, and other medical knowledge?

Belmont Report (1979)

•US response to Tuskegee Experiment •Created along with the Office for Human Research Protection, which oversees institutional research regulations (IRB) •Established three principles of research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

rates

•number of events in a given population over a given period of time or given point in time •Natality (birth), morbidity (sickness), mortality or fatality (death) rates

prevalence rate

•number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total number in that population •Useful in study of chronic disease - diseases that usually last three months or longer (heart disease, cancer, arthritis) •Prevalence rates are more useful (for chronic disease) for the planning of public health programs, personnel needs, and facilities

Incidence rate

•number of new cases of a disease per population at risk during a particular time period of time •Important in study of acute diseases - diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within days or weeks (common cold, flu, chickenpox)