quiz 4

other sperm fertilizes the egg to produce

a zygote

secondary growth

add new cells and girth

eudicot vascular tissue

arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue and external ground tissue

asci form within the

ascocarp

ascomycetes are from phylum

ascomycota

apoxmis

asexual development of a diploid embryo in the ovule

fungi reproduce

asexually and sexually

cork + old phloem

bark

basidiomycetes are from phylum

basidiomycota

monocots do not have a vascular...?

cambium

some fungi are ...

carnivorous

cell size depends on growth

conditions

secondary cell walls

found in some cells, grow interior to primary

complete flower

four whorls

parasitic

host benefits

columella cells

inner cells

what guides cellulose deposition as the cell wall forms around the new cell?

microtubles

fungi do not break down ... during mitosis

nuclear membrane

vernalization

period of chilling before flowering

protoplast

plant cell enclosed only by a plasma membrane

fungi have ... spores

sexual

petiole

stalk of leaf

where are veins distributed?

throughout the leaf blades

mesophyll

tissue between the upper and lower epidermis

leaf's surface is covered by...

transparent epidermal cells, most having no chloroplasts

dikaryotic

two nuclei

in order for germination to start...

water and oxygen must reach the embryo

when does the root shoot axis form

when the two unequal daughter cells are formed

veins consist of what?

xylem and phloem

two types of phloem

1) sieve cells 2) sieve tube members

angiosperms undergo 3 other critical events during embryogenesis;

1) storage of food in the cotyledons of endosperm 2) differentiation of ovule tissue to form a seed coat 3) development of carpel wall into a fruit

3 ways leaves may be arranged

1) alterate 2) opposite 3) whorled

woody plants have two types of lateral meristems;

1) cork cambium 2)vascular cambium

3 basic tissue systems in plants

1) dermal 2)ground 3)vascular

3 layers of pericarp

1) exocarp 2) mesocarp 3) endocarp

two types of sclerenchyma ;

1) fibers 2) sclerids

two morphologies of leaves;

1) microphyll 2)megaphylls

most eudicots have 2 types of mesophyll;

1) palisade 2) spongy

ground tissue consists of 3 types of cells

1) parenchyma 2) collenchyma 3) sclerenchyma

2 types of xylem

1) vessels 2) tracheids

3 primary meristems;

1)protoderm 2)procambium 3)ground meristem

how many cotyledons in eudicots? monocots?

2,1

small cell divides repeal forming

a ball of cells that will form the embryo

samaras

a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall uses wind to carry its seeds

the flattening of the leaf blade reflects what?

a shift from radial to dorsal ventral symmetry

in eudicots, what forms between the primary xylem and phloem

a vascular cambium

perennial plants

able to flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons

shoot system

above ground, supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers

primary growth

add new cells and length

gibberellic acid signals ...

aleurone to produce amylase

deciduous plants

all the leaves fall and the tree is bare at a particular period of time

stele

all tissues interior to endodermis

large cell divides repeatedly forming

an elongated structure called a suspensor, which transports nutrients to embryo

axil

angle between leaf and stem

rings in the stump of a tree reveal

annual patterns of vascular cambium growth

internode

area of stem between two nodes

meristem region

area where cells with multiple potentials are restricted as development proceeds

adventitious roots

arise from any place other than the plant's root

in woody eudicots and gymnosperms the cork cambium...

arises in the outer cortex

the first zygote division is

asymmetrical

mutualism

benefit both

commensalism

benefit one fine to other

advanced flowers are

bilaterally symmetrical

lichens are used as

bioindicators

gametophytic self-incompatibility

block after pollen tube germination

periderm

boxlike cork cells on outside and parenchyma-like phelloderm cells on the inside

zygomycetes

bread molds, human pathogens, diverse

cotyledons

bulges in the heart-shaped globular stage

quiescent center

cells divide very infrequently

trichomes

cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis, patterning is under genetic control. keep leafy surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings, some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory.

plant walls consist of...

cellulose

fungi break down

cellulose and lignin

fungi lack ..

centrioles

cell walls of fungi

chitin

chytrids are from phylum

chytridiomycota

basidium are shaped like

clubs

meristems

clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei

gynoecium

collective term for carpels

androecium

collective term for stamens

aggregate

compound fruit in which one flower contains several separate ovaries

ascomycetes asexual reproduction occurs through

condia formed at the ends of conidiophores

calyx

consists of flattened sepals

corolla

consists of fused petals

phloem

constitutes the main food conducting tissue in vascular plants. contains two types of elongated cells. living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates. sieve-tube members are more specialized. associated with companion cells.

xylem

constitutes the main water and mineral conducting tissue. vessels are shorter and wider than tracheids. conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates, and supports the plant body. typically includes parenchyma cells in horizontal rows called rays.

simple leaves

contain undivided blades, may have teeth, indentations, or lobes

zone of cell division

contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei. derived from rapid divisions of the root apical meristem. apical meristem daughter cells soon subdivide into three primary tissues.

vessels

continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end to end

tracheids

dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

outer bark

dead cork tissue cells that get impregnated with suberin shortly after they are formed. prevents flow of gases. protects. keeps water in.

autonomous pathway

depend on condition, count nodes and remember node location

what does the outer protoderm develop into?

dermal tissue that protects the plant

shoot primordia

develop into leaves, other shoots, and even flowers.

axillary bud

develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

monocot leaves mesophyll is usually not ...

differentiated into palisade/ spongy layers

transpiration

diffusion of water vapor from a plant

fungi have a ... stage

dikaryon

secondary mycellium

dikaryotic

seeds facilitate .... of the embryo

dispersal

septa

divide hyphae

seeds maintain ... under unfavorable conditions

dormancy

fruits can be:

dry or fleshy, simple aggregate or multiple

3 basic tissue systems arise when?

during the radial axis creation

cell division follows zygote formation by creating the

embryo

How are the bulges produced?

embryonic cells

what varies between plants?

endosperm

one sperm fertilizes central cell and initiates...

endosperm development

obligate symbiosis

essential for fungus survival

the vertical axis becomes

established at a very early age. cells soon begin dividing in different directions producing a solid ball of cells

terminal bud

extends the shoot system during the growing season

pneumatophores

facilitate oxygen uptake

true or false: all stamen and pistils mature at the same time

false

new xylem does what?

fills old xylem

radicle

first root

blade

flattened part of leaf

cladophiles

flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves

berries

fleshy, single ovary, multiple seeds in one or more carples

bracts

floral leaves

seeds provide ... for the embryo until it can produce its own food

food

vascular tissue

for conduction

dermal tissue

for protection, forms the epidermis, covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle, contains special cells including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

ground tissue

for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

glomeromycetes

form arbuscular mycorrhizae

spindle plaques

form the spindle apparatus within the nucleus

primary cell walls

found in all cells

lateral meristems

found in plants that exhibit secondary growth, give rise to secondary tissues which are collectively called the secondary plant body

zygomycetes sexual reproduction begins with the fusion of ..

gametangia

embryo produces ... acid

gibberellic

gibberellin dependent pathway

gibberellin binds to the promoter of LFY

glomeromycetes are from phylum

glomeromycota

annual plants

go through their cycle and die within one growing season

what does the ground meristem develop into?

ground tissue that forms food and water

compound leaves

have blades that are divided into leaflets

microphyll

have one vein which does not extend the full length of the leaf

megaphylls

have several to many veins

biennal plants

have two year life cycles

epidermal cells

have very thin cuticle; include root hair and nonhair cells

woody plants typically live longer than

herbaceous plants

fungi are ..

heterotrophs

runners and stolons

horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground

rhizomes

horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots

arbuscular mycorrhizae

hyphae penetrate root cell wall. most common

ectomycorrhizae

hyphae surround root cells

deuteromycetes

imperfect fungi. ascomycetes. polyphyletic no sexual stage

the integuments develop into a relatively... seed coat

impermeable

what does flattening the leaf blade do?

increases the photosynthetic surface

radial axis

inner-outer axis

cortex

interior to the epidermis; parenchyma cells used for storage, under the epidermis

prop roots

keep the plant upright

shade leaves

larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun - lit leaves

pinnate

leaflets in pairs along an axis

palmate

leaflets radiate out from a common point

endophyletic fungi

live in the intercellular spaces inside plants

apical meristems

located at the tips of stems and roots; give rise to primary tissues which are collectively called the primary plant body

short day plants

long night

hyphae

long slender filaments

fibers

long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands

spongy mesophyll

loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between

fibrous root system

many small roots of similar diameter

mycellium

mass of connected hyphae

fruits

mature ovary

conidiophores

modified hyphae

p mycellium

monokaryotic

spore germination in basidiomycetes leads to the production of

monokaryotic hyphae

a germinating seed becomes a vegetative plant through ...

morphogenesis

ascomycetes

most common. yeasts, common molds, plant pathogens.

basidiomycetes

most familiar. mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, rusts and smuts

pericycle

multiple-layered cylinder. gives rise to lateral (branch) roots or the two lateral meristems

mycorrihzae

mutualistic relationships between fungi and plants

vegetative reproduction

new plant individuals are cloned from parts of adults

first year stem

no secondary growth

facultative symbiosis

nonessential

homokaryotic

nuclei are genetically similar to one another

heterokaryotic

nuclei from genetically distinct individuals

hyphae may have more than one ...

nucleus

the lower epidermis contains..

numerous mouthshaped stomata flanked by guard cells

aerial roots

obtain water from the air

karyogamy

occurs within asci and basidia

embryo development begins...

once the egg cell is fertilized

monokaryotic

one nucleus

meaning of morphogenesis

origin of the shape

drupes

outer fleshy part surrounds a shell of hardened endocarp with a seed inside

pericarp

ovary wall

guard cells

paired sausage-shaped cells, flank a stoma. guard cell formation is the result of an asymmetrical cell division that produces a guard cell and a subsidiary cell

monocot leaves have what veins?

parallel

parasitic roots

penetrate host plants

example of deuteromycete

penicillium and aspergillus

before flowers form plants must undergo a ..

phase change

light dependent pathway also termed..

photoperiodic pathway

facultative long and short day plants

photoperiodic requirement is not absolute

multiple example

pineapple

reproductive leaves

plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant

node

point of attachment of leaf to stem

example of floral leaves

pointsetta

sporophytic self-incompatibilty

pollen tube fails to germinate

chitin is a

polysaccharide

shoot apical meristem initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces...

primordia

pollination

process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

monoecious plants

produce male and female flowers on the same plant

dioecious plants

produce only ovules or only pollen

lenticels

produced by the cork cambium. unsuberized cells. permit gas exchange to continue

asexual reproduction

produces genetically identical individuals because only mitosis occurs

seeds .... the young plant when it is most vulnerable

protect

root cap

protects meristem. contains two types of cells that are formed continuously by the root apical meristem. outer and lateral cells. functions mainly in protection of the delicate tissues behind it.

buttress roots

provide considerable stability

collenchyma cells

provide support for plant organs, allowing bending but not breaking. have living protoplasts and may live for many years.

contractile roots

pull plant deeper into soil

primitive flowers are

radially symmetrical

spines

reduce water loss and may deter predators

whole plants can be cloned by

regenerating plant cells or tissues on nutrient medium

in plants, 3-d shape and form arise by

regulating cell division

eudicot leaves have what veins?

reticulate

a vascular plant consists of: (2 things)

root and shoot system

vertical axis

root shoot axis

zone of elongation

roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide. no further increase in length occurs above this zone.

ascomycetes named for their

saclike ascus

vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to the stem's ability for...

secondary growth

basidiocarp are formed entirely of

secondary mycellium

what is produced on both sides of the vascular cambium?

secondary vascular tissues

light dependent pathway

sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each 24 hour period

phyllotaxy

sequential leaves tend to be placed 137.5 degrees apart

multiple

several flowers, each with an ovary develop into small fruits that are clustered or fused together into a larger fruit

glomeromycetes show no evidence of

sexual reproduction

obligate long and short day plants

sharp distinction between short and long nights

long day plants

short night

legumes

simple dry fruit, develops from single carple.

taproot system

single large root with small branch roots

endodermis

single-layered cylinder. impregnated with bands of suberin called the casparian strips (waxy) (water cant go through the strips).

self pollinating plants usually have

small inconspicuous flowers

modified roots

some plants produce modified roots with specific functions

development of the embryo is arrested...

soon after meristems and cotyledons differentiate

alternate

spiral. most common. one leaf at each node, alternating sides of the stem.

most common reproduction and dispersal in fungi

spores

abscisic acid can inhibit

starch breakdown

germination requires energy sources such as:

starch which is stored in a myloplast

meristems act as..

stem cells do in animals

plural of stoma

stomata

food storage roots

store carbohydrates

mycologists

study fungi

mycology

study of fungi

window leaves

succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground. cold, dry areas

corms

superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves

floral leaves

surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

tubers

swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates

bulbs

swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves

lichens

symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic partner

most plants produce either/or:

taproot system or fibrous root system

climbing leaves

tendrils for attachment

zone of maturation

the elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types. no cell division.

germination

the emergence of the radicle from the seed coat

evergreen plants

the leaves drop throughout the year so the tree is never completely bare

leaves

the main site of photosynthesis. almost never grow anything else. they are determinate structures whose growth stops at maturity.

what happens when the seed coat forms?

the metabolic activities cease

parenchyma cells

the most common type of plant cell. may live for many years, functioning in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion. some contain chloroplasts and are chlorenchyma.

stoma

the opening passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide

what is the form of a plant body determined by?

the plane in which its cells divide

primary meristems differentiate while

the plant embryo is still at the globular stage

apical meristems establish

the root shoot axis in the globular stage

fruits contain ... genotypes

three

whorled

three or more leaves at each node

palmately compound

toothed leaf

pinnately compound

toothed leaf

sclerenchyma

tough thick walls. lack living cell protoplasm at maturity. strengthen tissues.

insectivorous leaves

trap insects

true or false: roots have a simpler pattern of organization and development than stems

true

root hairs

tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells

tendrils

twine around supports and aid in climbing

opposite

two leaves at each node

first zygote division results in

two unequal daughter cells

root system

underground, anchors the plant and is used to absorb water and minerals

yeasts

unicellular ascomycetes

palisade mesophyll

usually 2 rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells

monocot vascular bundles

usually scattered throughout ground tissue system

sclerids

variable shape, branched, may occur singly or in groups

second year stem

vascular cambium has developed and produced secondary xylem and secondary phloem

what does the inner procambium develop into?

vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients

example of insectivorous leaves

venus fly trap

temperature dependent pathway

vernalization

oldest xylem starts to not conduct what anymore?

water

dermal tissue example

wax and bark

epidermis has a...

waxy cuticle

water storage roots

weigh 50 or more kg

the radial axis is created

when cells alternate between synchronous cell divisions. produce cell walls parallel to and perpendicular to the embryo's surface

morphogenesis

when the embryonic cells produce cotyledons

dichogamous

when the stamen and pistil mature at different times

zygomycetes are from phylum

zygomycota

sexual reproduction in zygomycetes produces

zygosporangium with which a zygospore develops