quiz 4
other sperm fertilizes the egg to produce
a zygote
secondary growth
add new cells and girth
eudicot vascular tissue
arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue and external ground tissue
asci form within the
ascocarp
ascomycetes are from phylum
ascomycota
apoxmis
asexual development of a diploid embryo in the ovule
fungi reproduce
asexually and sexually
cork + old phloem
bark
basidiomycetes are from phylum
basidiomycota
monocots do not have a vascular...?
cambium
some fungi are ...
carnivorous
cell size depends on growth
conditions
secondary cell walls
found in some cells, grow interior to primary
complete flower
four whorls
parasitic
host benefits
columella cells
inner cells
what guides cellulose deposition as the cell wall forms around the new cell?
microtubles
fungi do not break down ... during mitosis
nuclear membrane
vernalization
period of chilling before flowering
protoplast
plant cell enclosed only by a plasma membrane
fungi have ... spores
sexual
petiole
stalk of leaf
where are veins distributed?
throughout the leaf blades
mesophyll
tissue between the upper and lower epidermis
leaf's surface is covered by...
transparent epidermal cells, most having no chloroplasts
dikaryotic
two nuclei
in order for germination to start...
water and oxygen must reach the embryo
when does the root shoot axis form
when the two unequal daughter cells are formed
veins consist of what?
xylem and phloem
two types of phloem
1) sieve cells 2) sieve tube members
angiosperms undergo 3 other critical events during embryogenesis;
1) storage of food in the cotyledons of endosperm 2) differentiation of ovule tissue to form a seed coat 3) development of carpel wall into a fruit
3 ways leaves may be arranged
1) alterate 2) opposite 3) whorled
woody plants have two types of lateral meristems;
1) cork cambium 2)vascular cambium
3 basic tissue systems in plants
1) dermal 2)ground 3)vascular
3 layers of pericarp
1) exocarp 2) mesocarp 3) endocarp
two types of sclerenchyma ;
1) fibers 2) sclerids
two morphologies of leaves;
1) microphyll 2)megaphylls
most eudicots have 2 types of mesophyll;
1) palisade 2) spongy
ground tissue consists of 3 types of cells
1) parenchyma 2) collenchyma 3) sclerenchyma
2 types of xylem
1) vessels 2) tracheids
3 primary meristems;
1)protoderm 2)procambium 3)ground meristem
how many cotyledons in eudicots? monocots?
2,1
small cell divides repeal forming
a ball of cells that will form the embryo
samaras
a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall uses wind to carry its seeds
the flattening of the leaf blade reflects what?
a shift from radial to dorsal ventral symmetry
in eudicots, what forms between the primary xylem and phloem
a vascular cambium
perennial plants
able to flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons
shoot system
above ground, supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers
primary growth
add new cells and length
gibberellic acid signals ...
aleurone to produce amylase
deciduous plants
all the leaves fall and the tree is bare at a particular period of time
stele
all tissues interior to endodermis
large cell divides repeatedly forming
an elongated structure called a suspensor, which transports nutrients to embryo
axil
angle between leaf and stem
rings in the stump of a tree reveal
annual patterns of vascular cambium growth
internode
area of stem between two nodes
meristem region
area where cells with multiple potentials are restricted as development proceeds
adventitious roots
arise from any place other than the plant's root
in woody eudicots and gymnosperms the cork cambium...
arises in the outer cortex
the first zygote division is
asymmetrical
mutualism
benefit both
commensalism
benefit one fine to other
advanced flowers are
bilaterally symmetrical
lichens are used as
bioindicators
gametophytic self-incompatibility
block after pollen tube germination
periderm
boxlike cork cells on outside and parenchyma-like phelloderm cells on the inside
zygomycetes
bread molds, human pathogens, diverse
cotyledons
bulges in the heart-shaped globular stage
quiescent center
cells divide very infrequently
trichomes
cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis, patterning is under genetic control. keep leafy surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings, some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory.
plant walls consist of...
cellulose
fungi break down
cellulose and lignin
fungi lack ..
centrioles
cell walls of fungi
chitin
chytrids are from phylum
chytridiomycota
basidium are shaped like
clubs
meristems
clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
gynoecium
collective term for carpels
androecium
collective term for stamens
aggregate
compound fruit in which one flower contains several separate ovaries
ascomycetes asexual reproduction occurs through
condia formed at the ends of conidiophores
calyx
consists of flattened sepals
corolla
consists of fused petals
phloem
constitutes the main food conducting tissue in vascular plants. contains two types of elongated cells. living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates. sieve-tube members are more specialized. associated with companion cells.
xylem
constitutes the main water and mineral conducting tissue. vessels are shorter and wider than tracheids. conducts inorganic ions such as nitrates, and supports the plant body. typically includes parenchyma cells in horizontal rows called rays.
simple leaves
contain undivided blades, may have teeth, indentations, or lobes
zone of cell division
contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei. derived from rapid divisions of the root apical meristem. apical meristem daughter cells soon subdivide into three primary tissues.
vessels
continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end to end
tracheids
dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
outer bark
dead cork tissue cells that get impregnated with suberin shortly after they are formed. prevents flow of gases. protects. keeps water in.
autonomous pathway
depend on condition, count nodes and remember node location
what does the outer protoderm develop into?
dermal tissue that protects the plant
shoot primordia
develop into leaves, other shoots, and even flowers.
axillary bud
develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
monocot leaves mesophyll is usually not ...
differentiated into palisade/ spongy layers
transpiration
diffusion of water vapor from a plant
fungi have a ... stage
dikaryon
secondary mycellium
dikaryotic
seeds facilitate .... of the embryo
dispersal
septa
divide hyphae
seeds maintain ... under unfavorable conditions
dormancy
fruits can be:
dry or fleshy, simple aggregate or multiple
3 basic tissue systems arise when?
during the radial axis creation
cell division follows zygote formation by creating the
embryo
How are the bulges produced?
embryonic cells
what varies between plants?
endosperm
one sperm fertilizes central cell and initiates...
endosperm development
obligate symbiosis
essential for fungus survival
the vertical axis becomes
established at a very early age. cells soon begin dividing in different directions producing a solid ball of cells
terminal bud
extends the shoot system during the growing season
pneumatophores
facilitate oxygen uptake
true or false: all stamen and pistils mature at the same time
false
new xylem does what?
fills old xylem
radicle
first root
blade
flattened part of leaf
cladophiles
flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves
berries
fleshy, single ovary, multiple seeds in one or more carples
bracts
floral leaves
seeds provide ... for the embryo until it can produce its own food
food
vascular tissue
for conduction
dermal tissue
for protection, forms the epidermis, covered with a fatty cutin layer constituting the cuticle, contains special cells including guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs
ground tissue
for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
glomeromycetes
form arbuscular mycorrhizae
spindle plaques
form the spindle apparatus within the nucleus
primary cell walls
found in all cells
lateral meristems
found in plants that exhibit secondary growth, give rise to secondary tissues which are collectively called the secondary plant body
zygomycetes sexual reproduction begins with the fusion of ..
gametangia
embryo produces ... acid
gibberellic
gibberellin dependent pathway
gibberellin binds to the promoter of LFY
glomeromycetes are from phylum
glomeromycota
annual plants
go through their cycle and die within one growing season
what does the ground meristem develop into?
ground tissue that forms food and water
compound leaves
have blades that are divided into leaflets
microphyll
have one vein which does not extend the full length of the leaf
megaphylls
have several to many veins
biennal plants
have two year life cycles
epidermal cells
have very thin cuticle; include root hair and nonhair cells
woody plants typically live longer than
herbaceous plants
fungi are ..
heterotrophs
runners and stolons
horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground
rhizomes
horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots
arbuscular mycorrhizae
hyphae penetrate root cell wall. most common
ectomycorrhizae
hyphae surround root cells
deuteromycetes
imperfect fungi. ascomycetes. polyphyletic no sexual stage
the integuments develop into a relatively... seed coat
impermeable
what does flattening the leaf blade do?
increases the photosynthetic surface
radial axis
inner-outer axis
cortex
interior to the epidermis; parenchyma cells used for storage, under the epidermis
prop roots
keep the plant upright
shade leaves
larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun - lit leaves
pinnate
leaflets in pairs along an axis
palmate
leaflets radiate out from a common point
endophyletic fungi
live in the intercellular spaces inside plants
apical meristems
located at the tips of stems and roots; give rise to primary tissues which are collectively called the primary plant body
short day plants
long night
hyphae
long slender filaments
fibers
long, slender cells that are usually grouped in strands
spongy mesophyll
loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between
fibrous root system
many small roots of similar diameter
mycellium
mass of connected hyphae
fruits
mature ovary
conidiophores
modified hyphae
p mycellium
monokaryotic
spore germination in basidiomycetes leads to the production of
monokaryotic hyphae
a germinating seed becomes a vegetative plant through ...
morphogenesis
ascomycetes
most common. yeasts, common molds, plant pathogens.
basidiomycetes
most familiar. mushrooms, puffballs, jelly fungi, rusts and smuts
pericycle
multiple-layered cylinder. gives rise to lateral (branch) roots or the two lateral meristems
mycorrihzae
mutualistic relationships between fungi and plants
vegetative reproduction
new plant individuals are cloned from parts of adults
first year stem
no secondary growth
facultative symbiosis
nonessential
homokaryotic
nuclei are genetically similar to one another
heterokaryotic
nuclei from genetically distinct individuals
hyphae may have more than one ...
nucleus
the lower epidermis contains..
numerous mouthshaped stomata flanked by guard cells
aerial roots
obtain water from the air
karyogamy
occurs within asci and basidia
embryo development begins...
once the egg cell is fertilized
monokaryotic
one nucleus
meaning of morphogenesis
origin of the shape
drupes
outer fleshy part surrounds a shell of hardened endocarp with a seed inside
pericarp
ovary wall
guard cells
paired sausage-shaped cells, flank a stoma. guard cell formation is the result of an asymmetrical cell division that produces a guard cell and a subsidiary cell
monocot leaves have what veins?
parallel
parasitic roots
penetrate host plants
example of deuteromycete
penicillium and aspergillus
before flowers form plants must undergo a ..
phase change
light dependent pathway also termed..
photoperiodic pathway
facultative long and short day plants
photoperiodic requirement is not absolute
multiple example
pineapple
reproductive leaves
plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant
node
point of attachment of leaf to stem
example of floral leaves
pointsetta
sporophytic self-incompatibilty
pollen tube fails to germinate
chitin is a
polysaccharide
shoot apical meristem initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces...
primordia
pollination
process by which pollen is placed on the stigma
monoecious plants
produce male and female flowers on the same plant
dioecious plants
produce only ovules or only pollen
lenticels
produced by the cork cambium. unsuberized cells. permit gas exchange to continue
asexual reproduction
produces genetically identical individuals because only mitosis occurs
seeds .... the young plant when it is most vulnerable
protect
root cap
protects meristem. contains two types of cells that are formed continuously by the root apical meristem. outer and lateral cells. functions mainly in protection of the delicate tissues behind it.
buttress roots
provide considerable stability
collenchyma cells
provide support for plant organs, allowing bending but not breaking. have living protoplasts and may live for many years.
contractile roots
pull plant deeper into soil
primitive flowers are
radially symmetrical
spines
reduce water loss and may deter predators
whole plants can be cloned by
regenerating plant cells or tissues on nutrient medium
in plants, 3-d shape and form arise by
regulating cell division
eudicot leaves have what veins?
reticulate
a vascular plant consists of: (2 things)
root and shoot system
vertical axis
root shoot axis
zone of elongation
roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide. no further increase in length occurs above this zone.
ascomycetes named for their
saclike ascus
vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to the stem's ability for...
secondary growth
basidiocarp are formed entirely of
secondary mycellium
what is produced on both sides of the vascular cambium?
secondary vascular tissues
light dependent pathway
sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each 24 hour period
phyllotaxy
sequential leaves tend to be placed 137.5 degrees apart
multiple
several flowers, each with an ovary develop into small fruits that are clustered or fused together into a larger fruit
glomeromycetes show no evidence of
sexual reproduction
obligate long and short day plants
sharp distinction between short and long nights
long day plants
short night
legumes
simple dry fruit, develops from single carple.
taproot system
single large root with small branch roots
endodermis
single-layered cylinder. impregnated with bands of suberin called the casparian strips (waxy) (water cant go through the strips).
self pollinating plants usually have
small inconspicuous flowers
modified roots
some plants produce modified roots with specific functions
development of the embryo is arrested...
soon after meristems and cotyledons differentiate
alternate
spiral. most common. one leaf at each node, alternating sides of the stem.
most common reproduction and dispersal in fungi
spores
abscisic acid can inhibit
starch breakdown
germination requires energy sources such as:
starch which is stored in a myloplast
meristems act as..
stem cells do in animals
plural of stoma
stomata
food storage roots
store carbohydrates
mycologists
study fungi
mycology
study of fungi
window leaves
succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground. cold, dry areas
corms
superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves
floral leaves
surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
tubers
swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates
bulbs
swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves
lichens
symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic partner
most plants produce either/or:
taproot system or fibrous root system
climbing leaves
tendrils for attachment
zone of maturation
the elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types. no cell division.
germination
the emergence of the radicle from the seed coat
evergreen plants
the leaves drop throughout the year so the tree is never completely bare
leaves
the main site of photosynthesis. almost never grow anything else. they are determinate structures whose growth stops at maturity.
what happens when the seed coat forms?
the metabolic activities cease
parenchyma cells
the most common type of plant cell. may live for many years, functioning in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion. some contain chloroplasts and are chlorenchyma.
stoma
the opening passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is the form of a plant body determined by?
the plane in which its cells divide
primary meristems differentiate while
the plant embryo is still at the globular stage
apical meristems establish
the root shoot axis in the globular stage
fruits contain ... genotypes
three
whorled
three or more leaves at each node
palmately compound
toothed leaf
pinnately compound
toothed leaf
sclerenchyma
tough thick walls. lack living cell protoplasm at maturity. strengthen tissues.
insectivorous leaves
trap insects
true or false: roots have a simpler pattern of organization and development than stems
true
root hairs
tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
tendrils
twine around supports and aid in climbing
opposite
two leaves at each node
first zygote division results in
two unequal daughter cells
root system
underground, anchors the plant and is used to absorb water and minerals
yeasts
unicellular ascomycetes
palisade mesophyll
usually 2 rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells
monocot vascular bundles
usually scattered throughout ground tissue system
sclerids
variable shape, branched, may occur singly or in groups
second year stem
vascular cambium has developed and produced secondary xylem and secondary phloem
what does the inner procambium develop into?
vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients
example of insectivorous leaves
venus fly trap
temperature dependent pathway
vernalization
oldest xylem starts to not conduct what anymore?
water
dermal tissue example
wax and bark
epidermis has a...
waxy cuticle
water storage roots
weigh 50 or more kg
the radial axis is created
when cells alternate between synchronous cell divisions. produce cell walls parallel to and perpendicular to the embryo's surface
morphogenesis
when the embryonic cells produce cotyledons
dichogamous
when the stamen and pistil mature at different times
zygomycetes are from phylum
zygomycota
sexual reproduction in zygomycetes produces
zygosporangium with which a zygospore develops