Anatomy - Semester 1 Final
Stratified squamose epithelium
+2 layers of square cells
Oxytocin
-Pituitary gland targets: Uterus causes: contraction
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Pituitary gland targets: adrenal cortex causes: release in mineral/glucocorticoids
Growth hormone (GH)
-Pituitary gland targets: bone/muscle causes: increases density of tissue
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Pituitary gland targets: kidneys causes: Na+/H2O retention in blood (pee lots)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (THS)
-Pituitary gland targets: thyroid causes: release in T3/T4 (metabolism)
Calcitonin
-Thyroid gland targets: kidneys -secreted when high calcium in blood
T3/T4
-Thyroid gland tells tissue to absorb glucose and convert to ATP
Natural killer cells
-makes pores in pathogen membrane -kill our own cells so infected cells cannot reproduce (Innate immunity)
Muscle fiber
-many nuclei -many mitocondria
Nasal cavity
-moist/warm inhale -dry/cool exhale -increased blood supply (vascularization)
Glucagon
-pancreas targets: liver causes: break down of glycogen releasing glucose (when BG is low)
Insulin
-pancreas targets: liver triggers: absorption of sugar (when BG is high)
Esophagus
-passageway from mouth to stomach - peristalsis allows travel
Rugae
-ridges in stomach -increases SA for nutrients absorption
Mineralocorticoids
-secreted by adrenal cortex -long term stress response targets: kidneys causes: retention of Na+ in blood and return H2O (blood pressure increases)
Glucocorticoids
-secreted by adrenal cortex -long term stress response targets: liver causes: fat to break down to sugar (glycogen - to - glucose)
Epinephrine
-secreted by adrenal medulla -fight or flight (short term stress response)
Melatonin
-secreted by pineal gland targets: brain causes: drowsiness
Simple cuboidal epithelium
1 layer of cube shaped cells
Simple squamose epithelium
1 layer of squished cells
Simple columnar epithelium
1 layer of tall skinny cells
Duodenum
1st region of small intestine -digests
Hair follicle
2 cells, keratinocytes and melanocytes
Papillary/Reticular layers
2 regions of dermis
Bronchi
2 tubes that reach out (one to the left and one to the right) from the trachea
Active transport
ATP moves substances against the concentration gradient
Cell extensions
Cilia and flagellum
Connective tissue
Function: connects, supports, binds and protects (ex. fat, cartilage, ligaments, bone, and blood)
Sweat
H2O, naci (waste), and antibacterial
Pepsin
HCI + Pepsinogen = active form of enzyme that digests protein
Peyer's patches
Lymphatic (WBC) in intestine
Passive transport
No energy; diffusion to osmosis
Ventricles
Pump blood out
Erythrocytes
RBC -carry O2 throughout body
Formed elements
RBC and WBC
Leukocytes
WBC
Microglia
WBC of CNS (neuroglia)
Diapedesis
WBC squeeze through vessels into tissue leaving blood stream (Innate immunity)
Superior/inferior
above/below
Lacteal
absorb lipids -extra screening in villi (SI)
Pancreas
active with sugar consumption (regulates Blood Glucose levels)
Neutrophil (Leukocyte)
acute infection (right now/short lasting)
Alveoli
air sacs in lungs off of bronchioles -wrapped in capillaries -increases SA for gas exchange
Tidal volume
amount of air in normal breath
Blood brain barrier
astrocytes
Chemotaxis
attraction of WBC to infection (Innate immunity)
Glomerulus
ball of capillaries -where non-cellular components/filtrate are forced out of blood
Bolus
ball of food
Perforating canal
big/horizontal; holds blood vessels
Central canal
big/vertical; holds blood vessels
B lymphocytes
bind directly to antigen -make mem cells -secrete antibodies (adaptive immunity)
T lymphocytes
bind to infected cells -destroy infected cells (adaptive immunity)
Astrocytes
blood brain barrier; wrap around capillaries (neuroglia)
Platelets (Leukocyte)
blood clots
Hemocytoblast
blood stem cells -inside red marrow (divide and create blood cells)
Homeostasis
bodies ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though outside is continuously changing
Osteocytes
bone cells; secretes calcium into GCM
Bronchiole
branches off 2 bronchi
Atrioventricular valve (AV)
btw atria and ventricles -prevents back flow
Esophageal sphincter
btw esophagus and stomach
External intercostals
btw ribs -contracts: widens (fills with air) -relaxes: narrows
Pyloric sphincter
btw stomach and small intestine
Semilunar valves
btw ventricles and vessels leaving ventricles
Myocardium
cardiac muscle of heart
Aorta
carries blood (oxygenated) from heart to body
Vena cava
carries blood from body to the heart
Pulmonary arteries
carry blood from heart to lungs
Pulmonary veins
carry blood from lungs to heart
Plasma membrane
cell membrane made up of phospholipid bilayer
Monocyte (Leukocyte)
chronic infection (long term)
Ependymal cells
circulate cerebrospinal fluid (csf) -ciliated (neuroglia)
Lymphatic vessels
circulate lymph
Proximal/distal
closer/farther from origin of attachment of limb to body trunk
Epiglottis
closes over trachea while swallowing
Fascicle
collection of myofibrils
Iris
colored pigment part of eye; controls pupil
Synapse
connection of nerve and muscle
Pericardium
connective tissue around the heart
Endocardium
connective tissue lining heart chambers
Periosteum
connective tissue; surrounds each bone
Systole
contraction
Tympanic membrane
converts sound waves into vibrations
Tropomyosin
covers spots on actin where myosin attaches (blocks myosin from pulling on actin)
Neurotransmitters
cross the synapse and relay message from brain to cell
Stratum Basale
deepest cell layer of epidermis/connects to dermis
Salivary amylase
digestion of carbs in mouth (chemical; first site of digestion of carbs)
Pancreatic amylase
digests carbs (in small intestine)
Lipase
digests fat (in small intestine)
Trypsin
digests protein (in small intestine)
Parietal pleura
directly against chest
Solvent
does the dissolving
Semicircular canals
dynamic equilibrium (horizontal spinning) -fluid in cupula spins and pulls hair cells (inner ear)
Bile
emulsifier; improves solubility of fat -helps lipase digest fat
Positive feedback
end result amplifies process; gets worse and worse (ex. giving birth contractions)
Negative feedback
end result of process stops process from occurring further
Epiphysis
ends of long bone
Glycogen
extra sugar storage in liver
Keratin
fills epidermis function: protects body from water loss
Kidney
filters waste out of blood and releases through urine
Reabsorption
filtrate going back into blood
Tubules
filtrate winds through nephrons through tubules
Cartilaginous joints
flexible; btw 2 bones (ex. vertebras and ribs)
Cupula
fluid in semicircular canals (inner ear); detect spinning
Antigen
foreign/antigen receptors they don't recognize
Oligodendrocytes
forms CNS myelin sheath (neuroglia)
Schwann cells
forms PNS myelin sheath (neuroglia)
Cerebrospinal fluid
found in subarachnoid space
Secretion
from blood into filtrate -eventually peed out
GI tract
function: digestion/absorption -tube connecting mouth to anus -gastrointestinal
Nephron
functioning unit of kidney (1 mil in each kidney)
Sarcomere
functioning unit of muscle
Acid chyme
gastric juice + food = all digested food
Parietal cells
gastric pit cell -secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI)
Mucus cells
gastric pit cell -secrete mucus
Chief cells
gastric pit cell -secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme to digest protein)
Troponin
gate keeper
Pituitary gland
gland in brain; secretes many hormones
Parathyroid gland
gland in neck; controls blood Calcium levels
Arrector pilus
goosebumps; when cold, pulls on hair follicle (thermoregulation, but vestigial in humans)
Epiphyseal line/plate
growth plate, hardens when growth stops
Myocardial infarction
heart attack -blockage in coronary artery
Slow oxidative fibers
high endurance, low output (ex. good for long distance runners)
Junctions
holds cells together
Pupil
hole under smooth muscle control in the eye
Anterior/posterior
in front/behind
Pepsinogen
inactive enzyme to digest protein
Bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi d/t infection and mucus
Arthritis
inflammation of joint
Adrenal medulla
inner core of each adrenal gland
Endoneurium
inner most connective tissue in the nervous system -surround each axon (many axons in a fascicle)
Endomysium
inner most; surrounds each cell/muscle fiber
Visceral pleura
innermost layer of connective tissue in lung
Hypodermis
innermost layer, made of adipose function: protects and insulates
Hemoglobin
inside RBC -bind to O2
Lymph
interstitial fluid btw tissue and cells
Cardiac muscle
involuntary; branch like, striations, single nuclei, intercalated discs
Smooth muscle
involuntary; flattened look, no striations, single nuclei
Solute
is dissolved
Sebum
keeps skin moist
Colon
large intestine -only absorbs water
Macromolecules
large; protein, lipid, carbs, nucleic acid
Gastric pits
lined with 3 cells; produce gastric juice
Plasma
liquid, water, nutrients and hormones
Gall bladder
liver; stores bile
Dermis
living layer; thickest layer, middle layer (contains blood vessels and nerves, glands and hair)
Osteoporosis
low calcium so ECM breaks down (brittle bones)
Fast glycolytic fibers
low endurance, high output (ex. good for sprinting and weight lifters)
Synovial fluid
lubricant for synovial joints
Histamine
make blood vessels porous (inflammation) (Innate immunity)
Tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx catch bacteria
Hormones
messenger molecules
Perinurium
middle connective tissue in the nervous system -surrounds each fascicle
Perimysium
middle layer; surrounds fascicles
Otoliths
mineral deposits in vestibule (inner ear) -stop you from falling over when you look up or down
Solution
mixture of both (solvent and solute)
Embolus
mobile clot
Fast oxidative fibers
moderate endurance and output
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
motor and sensory nerves
Osmosis
movement of H2O from LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
Diffusion
movement of solute from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration
Alveolar sac
multiple alveoli
Retina
nervous tissue in back of eye -rods = grey (peripheral) -cones = color
Acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter released during muscle contraction
Creatine Phosphate
no glucose -15 sec burst of ATP -max output (in steroids)
Fibrous joints
no movement (ex. skull- keeps brain in place)
Fused tetanus
no relaxation btw stimuli (max output)
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
offset layer of tall cells
Olfactory receptor cells
originate from bulb; have special hair receptors
Epinurium
outer most connective tissue in the nervous system -surrounds entire nerve
Epidermis
outer most layer of skin; mostly dead - high potency - single cell layer (cells= keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel)
Adrenal cortex
outer section of each adrenal gland
Epimysium
outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle
Myofibril
overlapping layers of 2 proteins (myosin and actin)
Sinoatrial node
pacemaker (above right atria)
Eosinophil (Leukocyte)
parasitic infection (ex. melaria)
Phagocytes
perform phagocytosis= engulf pathogens then destroy them -large category (Innate immunity)
Hydrophobic/hydrophilic
phobic= repels water; philic= can disolve in water
Melanin
pigment that shades DNA from UV light
Spongy bone
porus and light (stores bone marrow)
Reflex
pre-programed neurological response (reliable)
Ossification
process in which most bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as models
Keratinocytes
produce keratin
Red Marrow
produces formed elements
Melanocytes
produces melanin
Villi
projections in small intestine wall -increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
projections of cell membrane on villi
Articular cartilage
provides cushion
Action potential
rapid change in charge across membrane
Atria
receive blood
Nervous tissue
receive, process, and send info (ex. brain, spinal cord, and nerves)
Dendrite
receives info from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
Trigone
region btw 2 ureter enteries and urethra exit
Diastole
relaxation
Unfused tetanus
relaxation btw stimuli
Cochlea
responsible for hearing and sending it to cochlear nerve (inner ear)
Sebaceous glands
secrete sebum into hair follicle (causes acne)
Antibody
secreted version of antigen receptor -kills antigens
Basophil (Leukocyte)
secretes histamine -triggers inflammation
Apocrine glands
secretes protein/fat mixture in armpits and groin
Neuron
send, receive, and process
Neurons
send/receive info (brain and nerves)
Axon
sends info -sticks off of neuron
Cochlear nerve
sends sound to temporal lobe (inner ear)
Diaphragm
separates thorax (chest) and abs -contracts: long chest (fills with air) -relaxes: pushes agains lungs (forces air out)
Fibrillation
shuddering heart -irregular node activity
Synovial joints
slight movement, 3 parts: - ligaments (stability) - synovial fluid (lubricant) - cartilage (cushion)
Canaliculi
small/horizontal; connects osteocytes
Lacunae
small/vertical; holds osteocytes
Peristalsis
smooth muscle contractions to move food to stomach
Chemoreceptors
specialized cells that bing to chemicals in air/liquid/food
Ligaments
stabilize joints
Vestibule
static equilibrium (vertical) -otoliths (mineral deposits) pull fluid witch pulls the hair cells (inner ear)
Thrombus
stationary blood clot
Hematopoiesis
stem cells dividing into RBC/WBC and platelets
Bladder
storage chambers for urine (smooth muscle)
Nucleus
stores DNA
Yellow Marrow
stores adipose and contains stem cells
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores/releases calcium; smooth ER of the muscle
Optic nerve
structure in eye that sends signals to the brain
Neuroglia
support neurons
Meninges
surround CNS -dura matter -arachnoid -pia matter
Lymph nodes
swollen nodules on vessels; contain WBC - high concentration in neck, armpit and groin
Thyroid gland
targeted by THS (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Parathyroid hormone
targets: bone causes/tells: bone to break down to release calcium into blood
Central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord; job=processing
Olfactory bulb
the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose, sends smell to olfactory nerve and then temporal lobe
Pleural fluid
the fluid between parietal and visceral pleura -helps reduce friction
Reticular layer
the rest of the dermis; contacts hypodermis
Myosin
thick filament; have heads
Actin
thin filament; contains troponin/tropomyosin
Pharynx
throat
Vital capacity
total volume of air (not including residual volume)
Total lung capacity
total volume of air lungs can hold
Medial/lateral
towards/away from middle
Superficial/deep
towards/away from surface
Lens
transparent disc behind pupil -changes shape to focus light on retina
Arterioles
tube from artery to capillary
Venules
tube from capillary to vein
Ureter
tube that carries urine from the kidney to bladder
Urethra
tube that carries urine out of body
Aerobic Respiration
uses O2 and glucose to make ATP -slow process
Anaerobic Respiration
uses glucose for ATP -fast (used when working out) -produces lactic acid
Hair matrix
very bottom of hair follicle; stratum basale (stem cells - regeneration)
Compact bone
very dense; strong and protective (surrounds spongy bone)
Vasoconstriction
vessels close/contract -decreases blood flow
Cardiac veins
vessels transporting blood from cardiac muscle to vena cava
Coronary arteries
vessels transporting blood to cardiac muscle
Larynx
voice box -contains vocal cords and epiglottis
Skeletal muscle
voluntary; long and cylindrical, striations, multi-nuclei
Papillary layer
wavy/increases SA of border (epi/derm) - provides blood access to stratum basale
Lymph capillaries
when pressure in capillaries push fluid out, lymph vessels collect lymph (bring to heart)
Thymus
where T-cells mature; fatty
Spleen
where WBC filter bool (lymphoid organ)
Collecting Duct
where filtrate/urine ends up after nutrients have been reabsorbed into blood
Bowman's Capsule
where filtration takes place
Neuromuscular junction
where nerve meets muscle
Optic disc
where the optic nerve exits the eye
Trachea
wind pipe (hyaline cartilage) -passage from lungs to pharynx -ciliated cells
Myelin
wraps around axon; protects and insulates
Muscle tissue
Contracts/shortens to produce movement - no cell potency - voluntary and involuntary
Epithelial tissue
Covers skin, lines GI tract and glands Functions: protects, absorbs, filtrates, and secretes (Simple/pseudo/stratified AND squamose/cube/column)
Lymphocyte (Leukocyte)
T and B cells -attacks dangerous pathogens
Tachycardia/bradycardia
T- increased heart rate B- low heart rate
Atrioventricular node
Sends SA node impulse to heart
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
Eccrine glands
Sweat; helps thermoregulation (cools body)