Quiz 5 study guide - Gas Exchange

What gas exchange problem is it when the muscles used to breathe are too weak​?

Myasthenia gravis

Which type of anemia causes blood loss, systemic lupus erythematosus​?

Normocytic anemia

What is the best description for asthma?​

Periodic, severe, but reversible, bronchial obstructive episodes

Which complication causes inability to clear mucus from lower airways?

Pneumonia

Which complication causes high pressure in the chest?

Pneumothorax

How do we test for viral pneumonia?

Polymer chain reactive (PCR) testing

What gas exchange problem is it when blood clots in the capillaries or veins​?

Pulmonary emboli

What is known as a blood clot or a mass of material that obstructs the pulmonary artery or a branch of it?

Pulmonary embolus

According to the Centers for Disease Control (2021), asthma is more prevalent in (children/adults), (males/females), and (Blacks/Whites/Hispanics).​

adults...females...Blacks

Pneumonia is caused by (a blood clot/an infection/fluid back-up) in the (alveoli/bronchioles/bronchus/trachea), causing fluid that blocks (bicarbonate/carbon monoxide/oxygen) exchange.

an infection...alveoli...oxygen

Asthma is (a restrictive/an obstructive) disease in which (bronchi/bronchioles/alveoli) constrict due to a (widened/narrowed) airway and (increased/decreased) mucus production.​

an obstructive...bronchioles...narrowed...increased

A pulmonary embolus is a clot that breaks away from a vessel wall, travels through the circulation, and obstructs the (blood/lymph/mucous) flow in the (brain/colon/heart/lung).

blood...lung

Red blood cell production begins in the...?

bone marrow

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a(n) (acute/chronic) disease that is (reversible/irreversible/temporary).

chronic...irreversible

Which are homeostatic mechanisms used by the body when there is a gas exchange problem? Select all that apply.​ A. Increasing respiratory rate​ B. Relaxing the diaphragm​ C. Forcing respiratory muscles to work harder​ D. Changing the pH of the blood​ E. Increasing digestion ​

A, C, & D

With viral pneumonia, because it starts (locally/systemically) symptoms more likely include (chills/fever/muscle aches).​

systemically...muscle aches

Pneumonia may develop from which of the following? Select all that apply. A. Blood clot B. Virus C. Fungus D. Bacteria

B, C, & D

Which of the following pathophysiological changes occurs in someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​ A. Reduced mucus production B. Low oxygen levels to body tissue​ C. Inability to clear mucus from lower airways​ D. High pressure in the pulmonary artery​ E. High oxygen levels to the brain​

B, C, & D

Which are age-related changes that can alter gas exchange? Select all that apply.​ A. Increased surface area of alveoli​ B. Cigarette smoke damage​ C. Less elasticity in the alveoli​ D. Increased respiration E. Decrease in the volume of air inhaled​

C & E

Which causes of anemia are primarily seen in older adults? Select all that apply.​ A. Surgery​ B. Autoimmune​ C. Low dietary iron intake​ D. Alcoholism​ E. Vitamin B12 deficiency

C & E

Which complication causes high pressure in right ventricle?

Dependent edema

Which are increased risk factors for an embolus?

-Cancer -Immobility -Lower extremity surgery​ -Blood clotting disorders​ -Childbirth

What are common symptoms of anemia?

-Fatigue​ -Shortness of breath​ -Chest pain​ -Pallor​

What are some signs and symptoms may indicate that someone has a pulmonary embolus?

-Loss of skin color​ -Chest pain​ -Cough with blood-tinged sputum​

What are some risk factors for increased pulmonary emboli in older adults?

-Medications​ -Surgery -Injury -Immobility

Which vaccinations should someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receive to reduce the risk of increased lung complications?

-Pneumonia​ -Coronavirus​ -Influenza​​

Which symptoms are expected findings in someone with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?​

-Productive cough​ -Wheezing​ -Shortness of breath​ -Barrel shaped chest​

What are some risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

-Smoking​ -Vaping​ -Some people with genetic variants with increased susceptibility​ -Outside workers in urban environments​

What are some signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolus (PE).

-chest pain -shortness of breath -blood pressure and pulse rate are elevated -low oxygen saturation (below 92%)

What are some signs or symptoms that could be consistent with pneumonia?

-not feeling well -shortness of breath -productive cough -yellow sputum -chest pain (when breathing in) -weakness -fever -low oxygen saturation (below 92%)

What are some risk factors for anemia?

-penetrating trauma with blood loss -elevated blood alcohol level -close relative with thalassemia

What are some symptoms or signs that could suggest chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

-productive cough -shortness of breath -low oxygen saturation (below 92%)

What are some symptoms that are most associated with asthma?

-short of breath -Wheezing -cough

What puts a person at a higher risk for developing a pulmonary embolus (PE).

-smokes 1 pack per day of cigarettes -12-hour plane trip -oral contraceptive

What are some factors that put clients at higher risk of acquiring chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

-smokes one pack of cigarettes -asthma -father had emphysema

Which values are the standard range for hemoglobin in males and females?

Men 13.5-18 g/100 mL women 12-16 g/100 mL

Which of the following could trigger or make an asthma attack worse? Select all that apply.​ A. Exposure to an asthma trigger B. Get vaccinated to prevent infections that may make asthma worse C. Take the regular asthma medications as prescribed​ D. Follow a plan of what to do if an attack does occur​ E. Wait for 12 to 24 hours to see if the attack subsides​

A & E

Which is the cause of most pulmonary emboli?​

A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg​

What can cause shortness of breath in someone with anemia?​

A lack of hemoglobin

Which condition can result in normocytic normochromic anemia? Select all that apply.​ A. Chronic illness​ B. Decreased iron in diet​ C. End stage renal disease​ D. Lead poisoning​ E. Aging

A, B, & C

Which of the following can cause alterations in gas exchange? Select all that apply.​ A. Confusion​ B. Low oxygen saturation​ C. Loss of consciousness D. Improved cognitive function E. Red discoloration of the skin​

A, B, & C

What factors contribute to a higher mortality rate as people with asthma get older? Select all that apply. A. Medication side effects​ B. Presence of other heart and lung conditions​ C. Presence of trigger allergens in the community​ D. Normal physiological decrease in lung function​ E. Worsening allergy symptoms​

A, B, & D

Which of the following reduces the risk of pneumonia? Select all that apply.​ A.Air filtration​ B. Handwashing C. Blood thinners​ D. Vaccination against known microorganisms​ E. Reduced fluid intake​

A, B, & D

Which strategies will decrease an individual's risk for anemia? Select all that apply.​ A. Wear respiratory protection when working with pesticides and other chemicals​ B. Increase intake of green leafy vegetables​ C. Exercise 3 to 5 times per week​ D. Reduce alcohol intake​ E. Increase water intake​

A, B, & D

Which of the following may require emergency treatment? Select all that apply.​ A. Cyanosis​ B. No rescue medications available​ C. Able to say a full sentence between breaths​ D. No history of hospitalization with asthma​ E. Severe shortness of breath with no wheezing​

A, B, & E

What do we already know about oxygen?​ Select all that apply. A. Oxygen is vital for cellular metabolism. B. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the lung alveoli. C. Hemoglobin is the transport vehicle for oxygen. D. Each hemoglobin molecule is limited by the amount of oxygen it can carry. E. Oxygen pressure is not used in the transfer of gases. F. Higher altitudes make oxygen exchange easier.

A, B, C, & D

Which clients are at risk for a pulmonary embolus? Select all that apply. A. Someone who does not get out of bed​ B. Mothers during childbirth​ C. Someone who sits for a prolonged period​ D. Someone who does weightlifting​ E. Someone with trauma to an extremity​

A, B, C, & E

Which of the following suggests a gas exchange problem? Select all that apply. A. Chest pain​ B. Shortness of breath​ C. Cough D. Elevated oxygen saturation​ E. Smoker​

A, B, C, & E

Which actions can reduce the risk and impact of pneumonia in an immunocompromised client? Select all that apply.​ A. Administration of vaccinations for the client and anyone in frequent contact with them B. Eating at a buffet C. Ordering groceries for delivery D. Attending a large social event E. Frequent handwashing by anyone in contact with them

A, C, & E

Which of the following strategies could prevent or reduce the likelihood of an asthma attack? Select all that apply.​ A. Get vaccinated for influenza B. Do not take your regular asthma medications if you are not having symptoms​ C. Briskly walk a mile per day while able to talk in full sentences D. Avoid pollen from an olive tree, which is a known trigger for you​ E. Use your inhaler at the first sign of wheezing like your plan directs​

A, C, D, & E

Which of the following can cause alterations in gas exchange? Select all that apply.​ A. Blockage in the blood traveling away from the lung B. Inability of the carbon dioxide to detach from the hemoglobin and enter the cells of the body C. Inability for air to be exhaled from the lung​ D. Inability for carbon dioxide to diffuse across capillaries and into the alveoli​ E. Inability for oxygen to diffuse across the capillaries and into the red blood cell​ F. Blockage of air traveling into the lung​

A, C, D, E, & F

Which actions can prevent pneumonia?​ Select all that apply. A. Handwashing B. Oxygen C. Coughing and breathing deeply​ D. Vaccines E. Air filtration​

A, D, & E

Which actions will help prevent gas exchange problems in the future? Select all that apply. A. Reading the warnings and following them when using bleach​ B. Going out on days when there is a pollution advisory​ C. Smoking a cigar to celebrate an achievement​ D. Walking a mile at a fast pace​ E. Getting an influenza shot yearly

A, D, & E

What causes wheezing during an asthma attack?​

Air passing through narrowed bronchioles and mucus during exhalation​

Which actions will help prevent gas exchange problems in the future? Select all that apply.​ A. Avoiding high levels of outdoor air pollution B. Smoking cessation C. Using an air purifier indoors D. Learning to swim​ E. Getting vaccinated against COVID-19

All of them

Which of the following are risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​ A. A rural area family using a wood-burning stove for heating​ B. A college student who uses a vape​ C. Food server working in a bar where smoking is allowed​ D. Adult female with a genetic predisposition to lung disease​ E. A construction worker in an urban area​

All of them

Where in the lungs does pneumonia attack?

Alveoli

What gas exchange problem is known as not having enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen​?

Anemia

Which complication causes increased left atrial wall volume?

Arrythmias

Blood is drawn from an artery and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other items are measured.​

Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)s

Which statements are true about a pulmonary embolus? Select all that apply​. A. It does not have any effect on oxygen saturation​. B. It reduces the exchange of gases in the capillaries and alveoli​. C. It is only caused by blood clots​. D. It blocks the blood going to the lung capillaries​. E. It travels to the brain causing a stroke​.

B & D

Which type of anemia causes iron deficiency, thalassemia​?

Microcytic anemia

Which of the following suggests that hospitalization may be necessary to decrease the morbidity or mortality of pneumonia? Select all that apply.​ A. Blood pressure of 110/65 mmHg​ B. Heart rate of 122 beats per minute​ C. Client at age 68 ​ D. Respiratory rate of 34 breaths per minute​ E. Temperature of 101.3 Fahrenheit​

B, C, & D

Which are common risk factors for pulmonary emboli (PE)? Select all that apply. A. Actively participating in a sports tournament B. Sitting in a chair all day watching television​ C. A two-day trip on a train in coach seating​ D. Working as a server at a restaurant E. Bedrest after surgery​

B, C, & E

Which of the following pathophysiologic changes occur with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​ A. Underinflation of the lungs occurs due to difficulty inhaling air.​ B. High pressure in the pulmonary system develops over time.​ C. Decreased production of secretions leads to increased bronchial flow.​ D. Breakdown of elastic fibers by elastase causes alveoli to permanently inflate.​ E. Thickening of the bronchial walls leads to narrowed airways.​

B, D, & E

Is the microorganism a Bacterial, Fungal, Parasitic, or Viral type of pneumonia? Streptococcus pneumoniae Respiratory syncytial virus Coccidiomycosis Histoplasmosis Ascaris Toxoplasmosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Influenza

Bacterial -Streptococcus pneumoniae -Mycoplasma pneumoniae Fungal -Coccidiomycosis -Histoplasmosis Parasitic -Ascaris -Toxoplasmosis Viral -Influenza -Respiratory syncytial virus

What is anemia?

Below normal concentrations in the blood

How do we test for fungal pneumonia?

Blood testing for immunoglobulins

How do we test for parasitic pneumonia?

Blood, sputum, stool, or other bodily fluid culture

Which of the following strategies helps to prevent complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.​ A. Vaccination against shingles​ B. Smoking five cigarettes daily​ C. Education on pursed-lip breathing​ D. Avoiding air pollution​ E. Limiting exercise​

C & D

Pernicious anemia

Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and a lack of intrinsic factor needed to bind with the vitamin. The RBCs are very large and are destroyed prematurely, resulting in low erythrocyte count.

What gas exchange problem is partial or full blockage between the mouth and the alveoli​?

Choking

Radio-opaque dye is injected into the venous system and pictures are taken as it moves through the circulation.​

Computed Tomographic (CT) Angiogram

Which complication causes low oxygen levels to the brain?

Confusion

How do we test for bacterial pneumonia?

Culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing

This is a blood test to measure whether clotting is noted in the body. This test can be elevated for a pulmonary embolus or a deep vein thrombosis.

D-Dimer

When gas exchange is impaired, the body compensates. (Increased/Decreased) oxygen levels in the arterial blood signal the body to (increase/decrease) respirations, blood pressure, and heart rate so quicker gas exchange can occur.

Decreased....increased

What is the primary source of pulmonary emboli?

Deep vein thrombosis, primarily in the legs

Which complication causes low oxygen levels to body tissue?

Fatigue

Which best describes the way oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the alveoli and capillaries?

Gases move from a high pressure and concentration to a low pressure and concentration.

What happens when air is trapped in the body as a result of asthma?​

Hyperinflation of the lungs​

A total or partial airway obstruction during an asthma attack may lead to which condition?

Hypoxia

Aplastic anemia

Impairment or failure of bone marrow that leads to stem cell loss, which decreases numbers of erythorocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Sickle cell anemia

Inherited characteristic leading to abnormal hemoglobin formation. This changes the shape of the RBS to a crescent shape. Cells have a much shorter life span. ​

Iron deficiency anemia

Insufficient iron intake decreases hemoglobin synthesis, which reduces oxygen transportation in the blood.

Which type of anemia causes vitamin B12 deficiency, alcoholism​?

Macrocytic anemia

Which is an age-related cause of pernicious anemia in older adults?​

Reduced intrinsic factor​

What is the best description for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?​

Respiratory disorders that include progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction in the lungs

Which area of the lung is most affected by asthma?​

Small bronchi or bronchioles

What is the leading cause of emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

Smoking

What gas exchange problem is known for not having enough oxygen in the environment?

Suffocation

During an asthma attack, what best describes the pathophysiologic process?​

The bronchioles are narrowed by an inflammatory response, making exhalation difficult​.

Empiric treatment of pneumonia means?​

The cause of pneumonia is predicted and the treatment is based on what is suspected.​

Does gas exchange occur in this part of the lungs? Trachea Diaphragm Alveoli Bronchioles

Trachea--gas exchange does not occur Diaphragm--gas exchange does not occur Alveoli--gas exchange occurs Bronchioles--gas exchange does not occur

In an extrinsic asthma exacerbation, which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs?​

Type 1

It uses sound waves to identify clots that may be forming in the legs, which could lead to a pulmonary embolus.​

Ultrasound of the lower extremity

Which complication causes excess mucus production?

Upper respiratory infections

Cause of impaired gas exchange. Ventilation problem or Perfusion problem? Tongue blocking airway Blood loss Muscle weakness Carbon monoxide poisoning No air Sickle cell disease

Ventilation Problem -Tongue blocking airway -Muscle weakness -No air Perfusion problem -Carbon monoxide poisoning -Blood loss -Sickle cell disease

Radioactive material is injected, and sensors watch as the material is absorbed into the lung. Areas in which gas exchange takes place are highlighted, while other areas in which there is blockage do not show the gas exchange.​

Ventilation and Perfusion (VQ scan)

Anemia is caused by an (increase/a decrease) in production or (an increase/a decrease) in destruction of red blood cells before their normal end of life at around (90/120/240) days.​

a decrease...an increase...120

Using an e-cigarette offers (a higher/the same/a lower) risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when compared to smoking cigarettes. Secondhand smoke exposure (is/is not) a risk for COPD. Vape exhalation vapor exposure (is/is not) a risk for COPD. ​

a lower...is...is

Pneumonia causes an increase in fluid or exudate in the lungs. This prevents the transfer of (bicarbonate/carbon dioxide/oxygen) to the capillaries and the movement of (bicarbonate/carbon dioxide/oxygen) into the alveoli. Pneumonia is caused by (a blood clot/an infection/penetrating chest trauma).

oxygen...carbon dioxide...an infection

Reduced oxygen from a pulmonary embolus can force significant pressure changes in the (arterial/lymph/venous) system, causing increased edema, and (right-/left-) sided heart failure. This is due to the increased (resistance/vasodilation) in the pulmonary arteries and (vasoconstriction/vasodilation) from release of chemical mediators. ​

venous...right- resistance...vasoconstriction

A (perfusion/ventilation) problem is when there is not enough oxygen being collected. A (perfusion/ventilation) problem is when something is preventing oxygen from getting from the alveoli to its destination. A (blood clot/Choking) is a perfusion problem and a (blood clot/choking) is a ventilation problem.​

ventilation...perfusion...a blood clot...choking