Quizzes 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
It is estimated that households could save about _________ per person annually from reducing food loss and waste. $370 $1,020 89 Kilograms 60 Kilowatt hours 5-6
$370
In a recent year, there were 690,880 deaths from heart disease in the US. If the estimates from CDC and WHO are correct, then how many of these deaths would be considered preventable? Give an exact number of people, not a percentage.
552,704
Which of the following is true about diabetes prevalence and risk factors in the U.S.? - African Americans (non-Hispanic Blacks) are more likely than Caucasians to have type 1 diabetes as adolescents (10-19y) - Among adolescents (10-19y) of American Indian or Asian/Pacific Island ancestry, most diabetes cases are type 2 - Diabetes prevalence is highest in the Northwest region of the U.S. - Maternal obesity is a stronger risk factor than maternal diabetes for future generation T2D - Among adolescents, Hispanic people are almost twice as likely to have diabetes as Non-Hispanic blacks
Among adolescents (10-19y) of American Indian or Asian/Pacific Island ancestry, most diabetes cases are type 2
According to guidelines from World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, dietary supplements: - Are recommended for cancer prevention - Are not recommended cancer prevention - Are recommended for those with a family history of cancer - Are recommended for cancer treatment - Are not recommended for cancer treatment
Are not recommended cancer prevention
Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship demonstrates which of the 3 core functions of public health? - Assurance - Law enforcement - Policy Development - Assessment - Prevention
Assurance
In the article by Xiao et al (2019), potential ECC interventions included all of the following except: Daily fluoride tablets Daily drops of fluoride water Instruction on avoiding microbe transmission and preventive self-care Oral health promotion information and telephone consultation Basic prevention measures such as oral examination and cleaning plus professional flossing
Basic prevention measures such as oral examination and cleaning plus professional flossing
According to the figure on page 1, _______ appears to be rapidly surpassing all other countries in the growth of meat consumption.
China
According to WHO, all of the following are misunderstandings about chronic disease EXCEPT: - Chronic disease prevention and control is too expensive - Chronic diseases are concentrated among the poor - Chronic diseases cannot be prevented - Chronic diseases mainly affect old people - Low- and middle-income countries should control infectious diseases before chronic diseases
Chronic diseases are concentrated among the poor
According to the information in course notes, which of the following is not true: - Many low-income families cannot afford dental care, which can be seen as an optional expense compared to car payments and other bills - A 2011 survey found that more than 15 percent of American children aged 5-19 had untreated cavities - Community water supplies should contain the optimal fluoride levels as recommended by the Safe Drinking Water Act (a range from 0.7 - 1.2 parts per billion) - One in four children living in poverty had untreated cavities - Among children in the United States, the number of teeth with treated or untreated caries has declined substantially since the 1970s
Community water supplies should contain the optimal fluoride levels as recommended by the Safe Drinking Water Act (a range from 0.7 - 1.2 parts per billion)
Its mission is to understand and address climate change to protect human health and the environment. It develops and enforces regulations that span many environmental topics, from acid rain reduction to wetlands restoration. Clean Air Act Clean Water Act EAT-Lancet Commission The Paris Agreement Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency
According to Htoo et al (2016; in notes): - Complete remission associated with an intensive lifestyle intervention is most common, but partial remission is also possible - Exercise interventions were less likely to be significantly effective than dietary interventions for glycemic control in the Southeast Asian studies reviewed - Lifestyle modification was not effective even in the short term - Exercise interventions were more likely to be significantly effective than dietary interventions for glycemic control in the Southeast Asian studies reviewed - Dietary interventions were more likely to be significantly effective than exercise for glycemic control in the Southeast Asian studies reviewed
Exercise interventions were more likely to be significantly effective than dietary interventions for glycemic control in the Southeast Asian studies reviewed
According to WHO, fewer than half of all diabetes cases are preventable.
False
In the study by Gregg et al (2012; last slide in notes), the prevalence of any remission of type 2 diabetes increased across four years for the intensive lifestyle intervention group.
False
According to Forouhi et al (2018), areas of consensus in guidelines include all of the following, EXCEPT: - Reducing weight and maintaining a healthy weight is a core part of clinical diabetes management - Reducing or avoiding the intake of refined grains, sugars, especially sugar-sweetened beverages - Fruits, potatoes, white rice, and all red meats are clear risk factors for type 2 diabetes - Carbohydrate quality matters, in that whole grains and fiber are better choices than refined grains - The Mediterranean diet is an evidence-based diet for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes
Fruits, potatoes, white rice, and all red meats are clear risk factors for type 2 diabetes
According to WHO, death is inevitable, but: - There is always hope for divine intervention - This is the only way the planet can provide enough food for people - It does not need to be slow, painful or premature - Most people do not want to be around when it happens - It is less of a burden on healthcare when tuberculosis or Ebola are responsible
It does not need to be slow, painful or premature
The US chronic disease burden largely results from key risk factors that could be addressed at the population level through policy, systems, and environmental approaches. These risk factors include all of the following EXCEPT: - Poor diet - Tobacco use - Physical inactivity - Lack of individual responsibility - Uncontrolled high blood pressure
Lack of individual responsibility
According to Crino et al (2016), all of the following are examples of reformulation EXCEPT: - Industry to take up a range of actions (calorie reduction, portion size reformulation) to help individuals consume fewer calories - Government-led reformulation of product portion size aiming to reduce and standardize portion sizes - Industry commitment for reduction in energy density by 12.5 % by end of 2015 - Pledge members to collectively sell 1 trillion less calories in the USA by 2015, by reformulation or introducing more low-calorie products, or smaller portion sizes - Limiting single-serve packages so that only small ones of high-fat, salty, and sweet foods are allowed to be sold in schools
Limiting single-serve packages so that only small ones of high-fat, salty, and sweet foods are allowed to be sold in schools
Successfully aligned national cardiovascular disease prevention efforts around a select set of evidence-based public health and clinical goals and strategies
Million Hearts Initiative
Searchable database of evidence-based cancer control interventions and program materials and is designed to provide program planners and public health practitioners easy and immediate access to research-tested materials
NCI Research Tested Intervention Programs
This food labeling system was designed to provide a summative overall assessment of nutritional quality, on a scale of 1 to 100. - NOURISHING framework - Nutri-score - UK traffic light - NuVal - Healthcheck system
NuVal
According to guidelines from American Cancer Society on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: - People should drink no more than 1 (alcoholic) drink per day for men or 2 per day for women - Breastfeeding is unnecessary after the first 6 weeks of an infant's life. - People should eat at least 5.5 cups of leafy green vegetables and fruits each day - People should be as lean as possible throughout life without being underweight - All of these - None of these
People should be as lean as possible throughout life without being underweight
Which of the following is true about obesity? - In adults, obesity's co-morbid conditions may include sleep apnea, depression, precocious puberty, asthma, and forearm fracture - According to evidence compiled by the National Weight Control Registry, most people who kept weight off successfully reported counting calories instead of physical activity in their weight loss efforts - Recommended strategies from the National Weight Control Registry include maintaining a consistent eating pattern, eating a diet that is low in calories, and being physically active - According to evidence compiled by Deakin University, low carbohydrate products are more effective than low fat diets for weight loss, maintenance, and prevention - According to evidence compiled by Deakin University, exercise referrals are an effective method for weight loss
Recommended strategies from the National Weight Control Registry include maintaining a consistent eating pattern, eating a diet that is low in calories, and being physically active
The findings of the study by Xiao et al (2019) that are based on their systematic review of the included studies included which of the following? - Reduced incidence of early childhood caries and Streptococcus mutans carriage in children whose mothers received prenatal oral health care - ECC is a multifactorial disease with complex socioeconomic, genetic, oral hygiene behaviors, and bacterial and diet factors that affect its risk - Routine oral care during pregnancy has been demonstrated to be safe, and recommendations for prenatal oral care have been disseminated globally - Over 76% of US women admitted to suffering from oral health problems (pain, bleeding gums, and oral infection) during pregnancy, while more than 43% did not have a dental checkup during pregnancy - All of these - None of these
Reduced incidence of early childhood caries and Streptococcus mutans carriage in children whose mothers received prenatal oral health care
It was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S., focusing on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or underground sources. Environmental Protection Agency Clean Water Act World Health Organization Safe Drinking Water Act The Paris Agreement
Safe Drinking Water Act
The article by Xiao et al (2019): - Is a systematic review without meta-analysis - Included studies focused on pregnant women and their children aged 5-10y - Excluded in vivo studies, animal studies, literature reviews, and case-control studies - Searched for case-control, cohort studies and RCTs in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and other databases - Included 4 studies in the qualitative synthesis and 5 studies in the quantitative synthesis
Searched for case-control, cohort studies and RCTs in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library and other databases
disorder of the jaw joints and chewing muscles that causes pain
TMJ/craniomandibular dysfunction
Resource to help you select interventions to improve health and prevent disease in your state, community, community organization, business, healthcare organization, or school
The Community Guide
Which of these is not true about climate change? - Earth is now about 1.1°C warmer than it was in the late 1800s - The last decade (2011-2020) was the warmest on record. - The consequences include, intense droughts, energy scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and increased biodiversity - It refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns - Since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas
The consequences include, intense droughts, energy scarcity, severe fires, rising sea levels, flooding, melting polar ice, catastrophic storms and increased biodiversity
Advantages in the efforts to remove trans fats from the food supply included: - People were already avoiding foods containing a lot of fat - The Governor of New York was a self-described foodie - Trans fats were considered invisible, unnecessary, and unlikely to be missed - The naturally occurring trans fats were considered irreplaceable - All of these - None of these
Trans fats were considered invisible, unnecessary, and unlikely to be missed
Works to improve the health of all Americans by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services
U.S. Preventative Services Task Force
According to Forouhi et al (2018), areas of uncertainty and controversy remaining include: - Whether or not weight management is important - Whether or not the nutrition transition has led to the double burden of malnutrition - Whether or not remission of diabetes is ever possible - Whether or not low-fat dairy products help prevent type 2 diabetes - Whether or not processed red meats are actually foods to avoid
Whether or not low-fat dairy products help prevent type 2 diabetes
increases risk of endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia; greater than 102 cm for men, 88 cm for women
abdominal obesity
lack of resources that lead to hunger and physical deprivation
absolute poverty
According to Crino et al (2016), there is substantial opportunity to take action in reducing the portion size of commonly purchased food and beverages area, these include: - Government-led targets for portion size reduction in key food categories - Portion size caps on unhealthy foods in selective settings, such as schools and hospital - The standardization of declared portion sizes across food categories - Restrictions on the use of price incentives that encourage purchase of larger portion sizes - All of these - None of these
all of these
According to Lauby-Secretan et al (2016), mechanistic data reveal that obesity is associated with substantial metabolic and endocrine abnormalities, including alterations in: - Sex hormone metabolism - Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling - Adipokines or inflammatory pathways - Insulin - All of these - None of these
all of these
According to Lean et al (2019): - Diet-related health could be improved without widening health inequalities through "health-by-stealth" approaches that involve product reformulation - Population-directed educational methods preferentially benefit the better educated and better advantaged - Teaching about calories and energy balance in schools, along with prominent, ubiquitous, calorie labelling of foods, could be cost effective - Government-led initiatives could facilitate reduced consumption of highly energy dense foods and drinks of low nutritional value - All of these - None of these
all of these
Dental caries are: Infectious disease Chronic disease A significant public health burden Decay and crumbling of a tooth All of these None of these
all of these
Dietary Guidelines for Americans call for limits that include - Limiting added sugars to less than 10% of calories per day - Limiting saturated fat to less than 10% of calories per day - Limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300mg per day - Limiting alcoholic beverages - All of these - None of these
all of these
Forouhi et al (2018) recommended in all populations: - Manage weight - Focus on foods, not isolated nutrients - Consider overall eating patterns - Foods/overall diet quantity matters and quality is relevant - All of these - None of these
all of these
In the study by Wolfe et al (2018), open defecation: Had the highest odds ratio among risk factors studied Was an exposure in only 7 case-control studies Included cases where feces are disposed in fields, water, and other open spaces All of these None of these
all of these
Social marketing: - Is an approach used to develop activities aimed at changing or maintaining people's behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole - Combines ideas from commercial marketing and the social sciences - Is a proven tool for influencing behavior in a sustainable and cost‐effective way - Helps you to decide which people to work with and what behavior to influence - All of these - None of these
all of these
Which of these is true about the study by Shan and colleagues? - The researchers included outcomes of incident cases of cardiovascular disease, defined as fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and fatal and nonfatal stroke - Dietary information was the exposure variable, with data collected every 2 to 4 years using food frequency questionnaires that asked how often participants consumed a standard portion size of each food in the past year - Findings support the recommendations of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans that multiple healthy eating patterns can be adapted to individual food traditions and preferences - Researchers used participant self-reported dietary intake to calculate the Healthy Eating Index-2015, Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, Healthful Plant-Based Diet Index, and Alternate Healthy Eating Index, then examined their associations with risk of CVD - All of these are true - None of these is true
all of these
The most important __________ (human-created) greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Meat production results in the emissions of all three and is the single most important source of methane.
anthropogenic
core function that includes implementing and evaluating programs
assurance
Figure 5 shows how the decision to choose meat is influenced by both the ___________ and reflective decisional systems.
automatic
include drops in total cholesterol, fasting glucose, and blood pressure
benefits of weight loss
According to Lauby-Secretan et al (2016), the epidemiological evaluations were based on increased risks associated with excess ___________________ rather than reduced risks associated with preventive interventions. True False Meat consumption Body fatness Mortality
body fatness
About 1 in 8 women will have cancer of the _______, but 5-year survival rate is high cervix stomach brain ovary breast
breast
Decay and crumbling of a tooth or bone
caries
International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that 34,000 cancer deaths per year worldwide are attributable to diets high in processed meat, and if the reported associations with red meat were proven to be _________ then diets high in red meat could be responsible for 50,000 cancer deaths per year worldwide.
causal
In the article by Xiao et al (2019), Figure 1 highlights how maternal attributes could influence oral health outcomes of children. Which of the following factors is not a potentially influential maternal factor? Dental care utilization Genetic endowment Family education Child development Dental insurance
child development
In the article by Xiao et al (2019), subjects/participants in the original studies (that were reviewed) included all of the following except: Pregnant women in Germany, USA, Japan, and Australia Children treated at a private hospital in Adelaide Women and children in Okayama Children examined at ages ranging from 15 months to 5 years Women studied at clinics focused on obstetrics and gynecology
children treated at a private hospital in Adelaide
An example of environmental change within the notes is working toward an increase in acceptance of limiting candy as rewards in ________________ across a ____________________________. - candy - good behavior; school day - classrooms; school district - children; population - offices; corporation
classrooms; school district
As one of the top 3 in men's and women's lifetime probability of developing cancer and also deaths, there is evidence that we can potentially help prevent this type of cancer with whole grain consumption and physical activity. Liver cancer Colon & rectum cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Prostate/Ovary cancer
colon & rectum cancer
certain cancers, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and osteoarthritis
complications of obesity
Including hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, dental disease, and stroke
diabetes complications
Including blurred vision, lethargy, abdominal pain, and polydipsia
diabetes symptoms
Absence or complete loss of all natural teeth
edentulism
According to Lauby-Secretan et al (2016), the strength of evidence presented in table 2 shows these two types of cancers to have the strongest relationship with excess adipose tissue. Lung and liver Esophagus and uterus testis and skin Esophagus and urinary bladder Breast and thyroid
esophagus and uterus
body mass index at 40 kg/m2 or higher
extreme obesity
According to Forouhi et al (2018), a low-carbohydrate diet is most certainly necessary for diabetes management or remission.
false
According to Forouhi et al (2018), medical nutrition therapy was introduced to guide a systematic and evidence-based approach to the management of diabetes through specially formulated nutritional products, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated.
false
According to Lean et al (2018), the success of the willpower-centric view of obesity include that food companies are seen as partly responsible for the obesity epidemic, leaving them free to innovate in helping people to avoid obesogenic products. true or false
false
According to The EAT-Lancet Commission, healthy diets have an optimal caloric intake and consist largely of a diversity of animal-based foods, moderate amounts of plant source foods, contain unsaturated rather than saturated fats, and limited amounts of refined grains, highly processed foods and sodium. True or False
false
According to WHO, children and those in poverty often make bad choices that result in chronic disease; individual responsibility can have its full effect only when these people decide to work toward a healthy life.
false
Among all deaths from various types of heart disease, stroke kills about 16.4%.
false
At 42.4% among adults, The United States has the highest obesity prevalence of any country in the world. true or false
false
Crino et al (2016) described that data from before and after portion size restriction policy in Texas was implemented showed a reduction of 197 kcals per day; similar to the NYC policy that was applied to SSBs, this effect is much too small to have a health impact on the population.
false
Figure 1 in the article by Shan and colleagues (2020) depicts how a 25-percentile incremental increase in dietary scores was uniformly protective when assessing hazard ratios of CVD, CHD, and stroke across 3 prospective cohort studies (statistically adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, physical activity. smoking status, alcohol intake, and more).
false
In looking at health disparities as a function of geography, the southwestern region of the United States often carries a heavier burden of chronic diseases such as stroke, heart disease, and hypertension than other regions.
false
In the study by Wolfe et al (2018), Figure 3 illustrates how all of the individual studies that examined bottled drinking water found it to be a statistically significant protective factor. True or False
false
Lean et al (2019) strongly argued for a personalized dietary management program that is based on genetic and metabolic status to reduce health disparities in obesity. true or false
false
Plaque and tartar damage teeth quickly, but the longer that they are on teeth, the less harmful they become. True or False
false
Regarding sugar consumption and obesity, Lean et al (2018) described the evidence regarding how there is a readily detectable sugar-specific effect on body weight. true or false
false
Removing trans fats from the food supply has not only improved cardiovascular health, but also led to an increased demand for palm oil, which has helped provide the needed funding to make environmental improvements in Malaysia and Indonesia.
false
Shan et al. (2020) used data from 3 large prospective cohorts with up to 32 years of follow-up, and proved that greater adherence to various healthy eating patterns caused less cardiovascular disease.
false
Shape Up Somerville was a city-wide campaign to increase access to healthy foods and increase opportunities for physical activity that targeted children with overweight and obesity in the community.
false
Swinburn & Egger (2002, in notes) argued that host-based preventive strategies (such as education) tend to be the most effective in reducing the existing health disparities for obesity. true or false
false
The implementation of the Nutri-Score by the government in France has been praised as an exemplary template for how governments and industry should work together effectively to improve the eating habits and health of the population.
false
The study findings by Shan and colleagues (2020) failed to support the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which provided part of the reason for many of the recommendations being updated in the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
false
Tucked away in the Affordable Care Act were sections of the law that require all restaurants, supermarkets, and convenience store chains to limit large portion sizes on their menus.
false
This encompasses everything from food production to the processing, packaging, distribution, retail, and consumption of foods, with many critical outcomes vital to sustainable development. Food system EAT-Lancet Commission The Paris Agreement US Department of Agriculture Environmental Protection Agency
food system
This may lead to a 35% to 60% chance of developing diabetes in the next 10-20 years. - Type 1 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes - Generational diabetes - Subcutaneous adiposity - Gestational diabetes
gestational diabetes
when gums become red, swollen and can bleed easily
gingivitis
According to Lauby-Secretan et al (2016), the body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is a _______ _______ for assessing overall body fatness. poor choice rough guide terrible method good proxy starting point
good proxy
The food we buy and share, influenced by our beliefs and values, is part of the way we construct our own identities. In addition to deliberative thinking, the subconscious mind, influenced by the force of _______ and societal norms, influences patterns of meat consumption.
habit
The lesson of tobacco control is that raising awareness of implications for _________ has been crucial in garnering support for policy changes.
health
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
health
the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health
health promotion
For a large proportion of the global population, the price of meat today, relative to their average income, is less than it has ever been in __________.
history
An example of systems change would be making changes in healthcare, with screening for __________________ in hospitals and developing ongoing mechanisms to refer hungry residents to food. - Diabetes - Hunger - Parasites - Cancer - Underweight
hunger
number of new cases over a specified time period out of the total population at risk
incidence
Which type of intervention is likely to make the smallest public health impact? - Individual dietary counseling - A school-based family lifestyle intervention - Community role modeling programs - Policies, practices, laws, and systems - Upstream interventions
individual dietary counseling
According to the Harvard School of Public Health Synthesis, obesity prevention policy and environmental change efforts should focus on facilitating which of the following key behaviors? - Reducing stress, limiting screen time and sleeping 10-11 hours/day - Limiting unhealthy foods such as refined grains and sweets, potatoes, red meat, processed meat - Promoting greater access to sidewalks and parks - Being mentally stimulated to increase energy expenditure - Regularly eating breakfast
limiting unhealthy foods such as refined grains and sweets, potatoes, red meat, processed meat
Including various combinations of problems with blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and large waist girth
metabolic syndrome
Meat production is the single most important source of _________, which has a relatively high warming potential but a low half-life in the environment compared with that of CO2.
methane
state of being ill or diseased
morbidity
According to Lean et al (2018), exercise: - Has a large weight loss benefit when combined with an energy-dense food plan - Has a modestly greater role in weight loss initiation, rather than maintenance - Can be effective in either aerobic or resistance types as a sole strategy for weight loss - Has questionable value for long-term health and preserving muscle mass - All of these - Correct! None of these
none of these
Use your resources to classify the weight status for a male Aged 16yBMI = 18kg/m2 What is his weight status? Wasting Underweight Correct! Normal/healthy weight Overweight Obese
normal/healthy weight
History suggests that change in dietary behaviors in response to interventions is slow, but social ______ can and do change.
norms
Population-level initiatives aimed at preventing risk factors (mostly through primary/secondary prevention) can use a variety of methods, grouped into five categories, based on the approach used by the World Health Organization (WHO 2005). These include all of the following EXCEPT: - Improving the built environment - Nutrition education - Community-based interventions - Tax and price interventions - Laws and regulations
nutrition education
For U.S. cohorts, several studies have found significantly lower risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality, in statistical analyses that model replacement of animal sources of protein—in particular, red and processed meat—with plant sources of protein, such as _______, pulses, and whole grains.
nuts
For an adult male (aged 44y) who is 6 feet in height and 103 Kg would be classified as: Normal weight Healthy weight Overweight Correct! Obese Extremely obese
obese
at or above the 95th BMI percentile for a given age and gender
obesity
excess amount of body weight; at 85th to just under 95th percentile
overweight
Meat production is one of the most important ways in which humanity affects the environment: We cut down forests to create _________ as well as arable land to meet the demand for animal feed.
pasture
loss of enamel
perimolysis
When gums pull away from the teeth and form spaces that become infected
periodontitis
Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend to customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect _______________ preferences, _______________ traditions, and _______________ considerations. - individual; family; time - health; family; knowledge - individual; holiday; equipment - personal; cultural; budgetary - personal; holiday; family
personal; cultural; budgetary
sticky colorless combination of bacteria, mucus, and particles
plaque
Excessive appetite, a symptom of diabetes
polyphagia
WHO "Best Buys" in Population Interventions include replacing trans fat in food with ____________________. - sugar - trans fat - saturates - sodium - polyunsaturated fat
polyunsaturated fat
___________________ in the arid and semi-arid tropics and Asian and African mega-deltas are likely to be the most vulnerable to changes in water availability, leading to negative impacts on agricultural production. Nomadic tribes Poor rural farmers Wealthy urban ranchers Villages and cities Landscapers and golf courses
poor rural farmers
In high-income Western countries, a lower meat intake may be a marker of a health-conscious lifestyle, but in low-income countries, lower meat intakes are more likely to be markers of _______ and associated with other risk factors for poor health.
poverty
Blood glucose levels higher than normal (fasting = 100-125mg/dl)
pre-diabetes
Current evidence suggests that increased consumption of meat, especially red and __________ meats, will adversely affect public health.
processed
associated with lower likelihood of disease, values below 1.0
protective factor
an effort organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people's health
public health
The New York City Health Department was eventually successful in which of these? - Banning soft drinks from SNAP purchases - Removing trans fats from the food supply - Placing a 1.5 cents/ounce tax on soft drinks - Banning containers larger than 16 ounces for soft drinks - All of these - None of these
removing trans fats from the food supply
The global average per capita consumption of meat and the total amount of meat consumed are _______.
rising
WHO "Best Buys" in Population Interventions call for reducing _______ intake and ________ content of food. - Junk food; carbohydrate - Salt; salt - Tobacco; alcohol - Food; vitamin - Alcohol; fat
salt;salt
Which of these is NOT an established risk factor for diabetes? - Impaired glucose tolerance - High blood pressure - Ethnic ancestry - Large waist circumference - Siblings with prediabetes
siblings with prediabetes
the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
social determinants of health
A well-established empirical relationship known as Bennett's law shows the as people become wealthier, their diets change from being largely based on _______ staples to diets that incorporate increasing amounts of refined grains, fruit, vegetables, meat, and dairy.
starchy
The two main culprits that cause cavities are ___________________________, bacteria that feed off sugars left in the mouth and produce acid as a byproduct. Viruses and Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli Cholera vibrio and clostridium botulinum E. Coli and salmonella Listeria and lactobacillus
streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli
common component of periodontitis, obesity, T2DM, CVD, and a risk factor for COVID-19 severity
systemic inflammation
hardened material that builds up on the tooth
tartar
According to Caraher and Coveney (2004, in notes), public health nutrition needs to go upstream by addressing the wider issues of who controls the food supply, if we are seriously to influence food choice. true or false
true
According to Crino et al (2016), public health interventions addressing sodium and trans fat reduction have proven highly effective in reducing their levels in the food supply, and have likely contributed to reductions in cardiovascular disease.
true
According to the Childhood Obesity Intervention Cost-Effectiveness Study (CHOICES) preventive interventions such as eliminating or reducing the tax subsidy on TV advertising would be far more cost-effective than bariatric surgery. true or false
true
Among deaths in America due to cardiovascular diseases, stroke is more common than heart failure.
true
An example of policy change is changing local zoning ordinances so that corner markets can display fresh produce outdoors.
true
An example of the impact of biodiversity loss is that a complete loss of pollinators has been predicted to reduce global fruit supply by 23%, vegetables by 16%, and nuts and seeds by 22%. True or False
true
An untreated cavity can progress into a tooth infection, which can then spread to the face or even to the brain. True or False
true
Changes in temperature and water availability, combined with increased variation in weather conditions and more frequent episodic weather events, will have a direct impact on crop yields, and may indirectly affect fruit and vegetables yields. True or False
true
Crino et al (2016) described a previous review of portion size interventions where the findings showed that people consistently ate or drank more non-alcoholic beverages when offered larger sized portions or packages (as compared to when offered the smaller-sized version), but most of those reviewed studies lasted less than a day and focused on a specific meal time.
true
Evidence and proposed mechanisms of action suggest that periodontal disease contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease, but the relationship (between periodontal disease and CVD) is not a very strong one*. *Let's say very strong = RR or OR > 5.0 True or False
true
Figure 2 in the article by Shan and colleagues (2020) depicts how the pooled hazard ratios of CVD according to the 4 dietary scores across subgroups are consistently protective factors (HR < 1.0).
true
In children, obesity's complications may include sleep apnea, eating disorders, exercise intolerance, asthma, and flat feet. True or False
true
In the study by Wolfe et al (2018), good hygiene--along with the safe storage and transport of water--appear to be more important than improved sanitation for preventing the spread of cholera. True or False
true
On the basis of the available data, Lauby-Secretan et al (2016) concluded that the absence of excess body fatness lowers the risk of most cancers, and that a review of studies suggests a causal cancer-preventive effect of intentional weight loss.
true
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has published a position paper to support optimal systemic and topical fluoride as an important public health measure to promote oral health and overall health throughout life. True or False
true
The NOURISHING Framework identifies three broad domains covering ten areas in which policy actions can be taken: the food environment, the food system, and behavior change communication.
true
The US chronic disease burden largely results from key risk factors (including tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia) that could be addressed at the population level through policy, systems, and environmental approaches.
true
The results of the systematic review and meta-analysis by Wolfe et al (2018) showed that all (100%) of the predicted risk factors were associated with increased odds of cholera (OR = 1.90-5.62), while most (71%) of the predicted protective factors were associated with lower odds of cholera transmission (OR = 0.34-1.37). True or False
true
To help improve Americans' eating patterns, the Dietary Guidelines suggests: Meet nutritional needs primarily from foods and beverages.
true
With depletions in ozone, ultraviolet radiation can damage the DNA, RNA, proteins and membranes of plants and even impair photosynthesis. True or False
true
Lethal infectious disease that can worsen glucose control
tuberculosis
Auto-immune disease that develops when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
type 1 diabetes
Usually this disease results early in life when the body does not make enough insulin. - Type 1 diabetes - Type 2 diabetes - Gestational diabetes - Metabolic Syndrome - Diabetes insipidus
type 1 diabetes
90% to 95% diagnosed cases of diabetes
type 2 diabetes
Meat is a good source of energy and some essential nutrients - including protein and micronutrients such as iron, _______, and vitamin B12.
zinc
