RAD 117 MODULE 2 EXAM

Review the different types of elder abuse

1 out of every 20 elders experience elder abuse. Neglect, mistreatment, exploitation. physical, sexual, emotional, isolation, financial abuse.

Review CPR

1. Circulation 2. Airway 3. Breathing Defibrillation (automatic external defibrillator [AED])

When to start CPR

1. call a code blue 2. start CPR & keep doing it until the code team arrives

What size catheter should be used for: Adult Female

12-14 FR

What size catheter should be used for: Adult Male

14-18 FR

What size catheter should be used for: Pediatric

6-10 FR

What are some Precautions when using contrast?

Allergies and fistulas or perforations

Describe orthopedic devices (hip replacement, knee replacement etc) and the most common complications that come with each.

Arthroplasty. Hip replacements mean the affected leg must not adduct Knee replacements mean the patient is restricted to bear weight. displacement is most common complication.

What is Distributive shock and causes?

Blood vessels unable to constrict and cannot supply blood. Decreased blood pressure, decreased tissue perfusion

Review the two types of head injuries

Closed: varying LOC, changes in vital signs, headache, gait abnormalities Open: •Abrasions, contusions •A break or penetration in the skull or meninges •Basal fractures •Varying levels of consciousness •Subconjuctival hemorrhage •Hearing loss •Periorbital Ecchymosis •Facial nerve palsy

What are signs and symptoms of a partially obstructed airway?

Coughing, wheezing, placing hands on throat, cyanosis, dyspnea, anxious, fearful

Review and understand the differences between depression, dementia, and Alzheimer's Disease

Dementia is not a normal part of the aging process. Depression from seeing loved ones pass away or neglect.

Review what to do if your patient has a DNR

Do not resuscitate

Why are cystograms done?

Done to diagnose pathologic changes in the function of the bladder, anatomic changes, and cystoureteral reflux

Review the different types of child abuse

Emotional, physical and neglect, and sexual.

What is Anaphylactic shock and causes?

Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction (allergic reaction) to re-exposure to an antigen that was previously encountered by the body's immune system •Histamine and bradykinin are released, causing vasodilatation •Produces •Shock •Respiratory failure •Death within minutes after exposure to allergen •The more abrupt the onset of anaphylaxis, the more severe the reaction

What do you do to access the patient

F.A.S.T

What is Syncope

Fainting; passing out

Review Communication with the pediatric patient (and their parent)

Get down to the patients level (language and spirit). Good rapport. Patience, technical knowledge, and communication are important. Patients will often be unable to follow instructions. For parents, answers will need to be more detailed.

Review caring for the high-risk newborn infant (NICU patient)

Hand hygiene, infection prevention, using the nurse for positioning, if radiographer is sick another technologist should do the exam

Alcock catheter placement, removal, why they are used

Has three lumens •For continuous bladder irrigation

What is a Pigg-O-Stat and when is it used?

Immobilizer commonly used during chest x-rays

What is a Papoose and when is it used?

Immobilizer to limit movement during a radiograph

What is a Mummy Wrap and when is it used?

Immobilizer used for radiographing upper or lower extremities

Review the spinal precautions put into place when a patient has a head injury

Keep spine aligned

Negative vs. positive contrast

Negative Contrast: decrease organ density to produce contrast (carbon dioxide and air) •Positive Contrast: increase organ density and improve radiographic visualization (barium sulfate and iodinated preparations)

Pulmonary embolus

Occlusion of one or more pulmonary arteries by a thrombus or thrombi •Thrombus originates in the venous circulation or in the right side of the heart •Most common pulmonary complication of hospitalized surgical patients

Why is retrograde pyelography done

Performed to visualize the proximal ureters and the kidneys after injection of an iodinated contrast

Indwelling catheter placement, removal, why they are used

Placed and allows for continuous drainage •Has a double lumen with an inflatable balloon at one end

Review the catheterization of pediatric patients

Registered nurse or physician who have specialized education in pediatrics

What is Neurogenic shock and causes?

Results from loss of sympathetic tone, causing vasodilatation of peripheral vessels. Spinal cord injury •Severe pain •Neurologic damage •The depressant action of medication •Lack of glucose •Adverse effects of anesthesia

Describe and review the top causes of death for patients over 65 years old.

Stroke, heart disease, cancer

What is Infarction and ischemia

Tissue death or necrosis, inadequate blood supply to organ or part of body

Review diabetic emergencies

Type I: insulin injection Type II: oral hypoglycemic agent Gestational: diet and insulin

Straight catheter placement, removal, why they are used

Used to obtain a specimen or to empty bladder and then is removed •Single lumen tube

Why is contrast used in exams?

Visualize organs or materials typically not visible on radiograph

Trauma

a severe bodily injury; emotional shock

Hemorrhagic stroke

a stroke where the blood loss is caused by the rupture of a blood vessel

Ischemic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

What is Apnea

absence of breathing

Pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

What is Hemorrhage

an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse.

Hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

What is Dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

What is Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

What is Cardiogenic shock and causes?

failure of the heart to pump enough blood to vital organs. Myocardial infarction, dysrhythmia

Review what the image gently campaign is and why it was implemented

through advocacy, to improve safe and effective imaging care of children worldwide. It reflects the ASRT Best Practices in Radiography

TIA stroke

transient ischemic attack

What body position should they not be placed in during a GI exam?

trendelenburg

What is Cyanosis

when tissue does not receive enough oxygen, resulting in blueish lips and nail beds

Barium Sulfate

•Most frequently chosen contrast medium for imaging the GI tract •White crystalline powder that is mixed with water to make a suspension •Administered by mouth, or by rectum

Upper GI exams (patient preparations, precautions, contraindications, your role as a technologist)

•Patient will drink 12 oz of flavored barium •Patient may require a nasogastric/gastric tube •Patient will be placed in many positions during fluoroscopy

Review proper Scheduling Diagnostic imaging examinations

•Procedures that require fasting must be done in the morning •All procedures that do not require contrast (but require fasting) should be done first •Ultrasound and NM need to be completed before administration of contrast medium •Iodine should be given before barium •Lower GI before Upper GI

What should you do if you think your patient is having a stroke?

•Stop procedure immediately •Notify emergency team, physician and nurse •Do not leave patient •Monitor vital signs •Prepare to administer IV fluids and oxygen

Review the different body systems and what kind of changes are normal as we age

integumentary - hair is thinner, skin is thinner changes in head and neck - light sensing threshold, presbyopia (visual acuity), hearing loss, accentuated forward upper thoracic curve may result is kyphosis pulmonary system - lungs, harder to breathe, cough reflex less effective cardiovascular - arteries and veins, artherosclerosis, decline in coronary blood flow gastrointestinal - diverticulosis, secretion, absorption, and motility decrease, hepatic - liver decreases, bile storage reduced, enzyme activity and synthesis of cholesterol decrease genitourinary - weaker bladder, prostate enlargens, musculoskeletal - weaker joints and replacements, intervertebral discs shrink neurological - white matter degenerates, alzheimer's, ability to store information changes, reaction time decreases

What is Hypovolemic shock and the causes?

intravascular fluid decreases. internal/external hemorrhage, loss of plasma from burns, fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea, or medications

What is Septic shock and causes?

most commonly caused by gram negative bacteria. gram positive and bacteria can cause as well. when invaded, body begins immune response

Review why geriatric patients are scared of falling, and some of the reasons an elderly person would be at risk of falling

radiography rooms are dimly lit. they may feel unsteady or unsafe, limitations in mobility, visual impairment, impairment in balance