Radiation Protection Final Exam- PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Which of the following is the effective dose limit for embryo-fetus per month of gestation? 0.1 mSv 5 mSv 1 mSv 0.5 mSv
0.5 mSv
What would be the tissue weighting factor for an exposure that covers the entire body? 1 10 5 100
1
Depending on the area of the body being examined with a fluoroscopic image intensification system, a range of ___________ kVp is generally used for adult patients. 75 to 110 60 to 75 30 to 60 110 to 140
75 to 110
The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 30% of the exposed population in 50 days. 30% of the exposed population in 30 days. 50% of the exposed population in 50 days. 50% of the exposed population in 30 days.
50% of the exposed population in 30 days
The gastrointestinal syndrome is a group of symptoms experienced by an individual that receives a whole-body dose of: 1-5 Gy 6- 10 Gy 50-100 Gy 100- 150 Gy
6- 10 Gy
What is the public's average total annual radiation equivalent dose? 2.0 mSv 3.2 mSv 6.3 mSv 9.6 mSv
6.3 mSv
In standard image intensification fluoroscopy, an x-ray beam half-value-layer (HVL) of 3 to 4.5 mm aluminum is considered acceptable when kVp ranges from 60 to 70. 70 to 80. 80 to 100. 50 to 60.
80 to 100
In standard image intensification fluoroscopy, an x-ray beam half-value-layer (HVL) of 3 to 4.5 mm aluminum is considered acceptable when kVp ranges from 50 to 60. 60 to 70. 70 to 80. 80 to 100.
80 to 100.
The protective tube housing serves as a shield against _____________________ leaving the x-ray tube. high voltage current scatter radiation low voltage current excessive heat
scatter radiation
Atrophy refers to necrosis of the hypodermis from radiation exposure. wrinkling of the skin from radiation exposure. aging of the skin from radiation exposure. shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received.
shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received
-------effects are those that affect the tissues of the body that are not related to reproduction.
somatic
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called carcinogenic mutations. sporadic mutations. spontaneous mutations. stochastic mutations.
spontaneous mutations
Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called carcinogenic mutations. stochastic mutations. sporadic mutations. spontaneous mutations.
spontaneous mutations.
Which type of risk estimate predicts that the excess number of cancers expected from an exposure is constant with an increase in population age Absolute risk Relative risk
Absolute risk
A large, whole body dose of radiation delivered over a short period of time that produces a number of symptoms referred to as:
Acute radiation syndrome
Which of the following is the most effective method for protection of the reproductive organs with any exam? Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest Use of digital imaging equipment Use of a mobile protective shielding device Use of gonadal shielding
Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
Which of the following must always be the first step in protection of the reproductive organs? Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest Use of gonadal shielding Use of a mobile protective shielding device Use of digital imaging equipment
Adequate and precise collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of interest
Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive? Adult nerve cells Immature spermatogonia Lymphocytes Nerve cells in an embryo-fetus
Adult nerve cells
Which of the following can be used in place of grid when one is not available to reduce scatter to the film? mAs distance formula Mass-air technique Air-gap technique Using kVp greater than 90
Air-gap technique
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for: whole-body exposures partial-body exposures individual organs All of the above
All of the above
Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential? Whole body CT screening exam Pre-admission chest x-ray All of the above Pre-employment lumbar spine x-ray examination
All of the above
When a fluoroscopic image is electronically amplified by the use of an image intensification system, which of the following benefits results? All of the above Decreased exam time Increased image brightness Patient dose reduction
All of the above
Which of the following refers to effects that demonstrate an increase in severity of the affect as the dose increases, once a threshold dose has been passed? (past or present terms) Non-stochastic Deterministic Tissue reactions (early or late) All of these
All of these
Which of the following are responsibilities of the radiation safety officer? Developing a radiation safety program Review and maintain radiation monitoring records Implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program All of these are correct
All of these are correct
Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to epithelial cells in the human body. DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult. somatic cells in the human body. all stem cells in the human body.
DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
Which of the following terms refers to biologic damages that occur after a radiation exposure? Somatic effects Genetic effects Radiolysis Quadratic effect
Somatic effects
DLP represents the product of the CTDIVOL and the irradiated scan length. In what unit of measure is it usually expressed? mGy-cm mSv-cm mGy-mSv mSv-mRa
mGy-cm
What can be used in replacement of a properly calibrated automatic exposure control (AEC) to obtain uniform exposures during imaging procedures? estimate technical exposure factors for all radiographic examinations. have the radiologist determine and set up all technical exposure factor charts. use technique charts borrowed from another imaging facility. make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility.
make use of standardized technique charts that have been established for each x-ray unit in that facility.
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage, the period when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems become visible, is called manifest illness. the latent period. recovery. the cytogenic syndrome.
manifest illness
During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome the last stage when symptoms affecting the systems become visible, is called the latent period. manifest illness. the cytogenic syndrome. recovery.
manifest illness.
Which type of cell division is responsible for the production of germ cells?
meiosis
At which phase of cell division can radiation damage to the DNA be evaluated at?
metaphase
Which type of cell division results in two daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each?
mitosis
Which 2 phases of the cell cycle is the cell most radiosensitive?
mitosis and G2
A loss or change of a base sequence in the DNA chain of a genetic cell represents a (an) covalent cross-link. mutation. aneuploidy. bleb.
mutation
A single absorbed dose of _________ can result in reddening of the skin in 24 hours. 0.5 Gy 1 Gy 1.5 Gy 2 Gy
2 Gy
What is the maximum allowable variance between the collimator light source and the produced beam? 1% of the SID 2% of the OID 2% of the SID
2% of the SID
What is the minimum required filtration required for diagnostic imaging equipment exposing at or above 70 kVp? 3.0 mm Al equivalent 0.5 mm Al equivalent 2.5 mm Al equivalent 1.5 mm Al equivalent
2.5 mm Al equivalent
Total filtration of _______________________ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard. 2.0-mm aluminum equivalent 1.0-mm aluminum equivalent 1.5-mm aluminum equivalent 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
Total filtration of _______________________ for fixed x-ray units operating above 70 kVp is the regulatory standard. 1.0-mm aluminum equivalent 1.5-mm aluminum equivalent 2.0-mm aluminum equivalent 2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
How many chromosomes are found in a germ cell?
23
What is the maximum period of time that a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personnel device? 1 hour 1 week 1 year 3 months
3 months
What is the LD 50/30 for the human population without medical support? 10 Gy 3-4 Gy 8.5 Gy 6 Gy
3-4 Gy
What is the LD 50/30 for the human population without medical support? 3-4 Gy 6 Gy 8.5 Gy 10 Gy
3-4 Gy
When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use a minimal source-skin distance of 15 cm. 30 cm. 38 cm. 45 cm.
30 cm
When performing a mobile radiographic procedure, what is the minimal source-skin distance used? 30 cm. 15 cm. 38 cm. 45 cm.
30 cm
A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation? 2 4 12 8
4
What would be the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old. 46 mSv 460 mSv 4.6 mSv 4600 mSv
460 mSv
What would be the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old 4.6 mSv 46 mSv 460 mSv 4600 mSv
460 mSv
Use of gonadal shielding is considered necessary when the reproductive organs are within_________ of the useful beam, no distance 15 cm 10 cm 5 cm
5 cm
During a fluoroscopic examination, a resettable cumulative timing device measures the x-ray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm after what length of time? 1 minute 3 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes
5 minutes
During a fluoroscopic examination, what is the length of time that fluoro may be used before a warning alarm is sounded? 3 minutes 1 minute 10 minutes 5 minutes
5 minutes
Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a male human? 2.0 Gyt 1.0 Gyt 5.0 or 6.0 Gyt 0.01 Gyt
5.0 or 6.0 Gyt
What is the dose considered to be the lowest to cause cerebrovascular syndrome? 1 Gy 6 Gy 10 Gy 50 Gy
50 Gy
Which classification of cells undergo mitosis for replication?
Somatic
To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set. 0.001 mSv/year 0.01 mSv/year 0.1 mSv/year 1.0 mSv/year
0.01 mSv/year
What is the annual negligible individual dose (NID) per source or practice. 1.0 mSv/year 0.001 mSv/year 0.1 mSv/year 0.01 mSv/year
0.01 mSv/year
No conclusive proof exists that says that low-LET doses below _________ increase the risk of malignancy. 0.01 Gy 0.1 Gy 1 Gy 10 Gy
0.1 Gy
Which of the following doses has been shown to cause depression of sperm cells and my suppress menstruation? 0.1 Gy 0.01 Gy 0.001 Gy 1 mGy
0.1 Gy
In general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as 0.1 Gyt. 0.01 Gyt. 0.5 Gyt. 0.05 Gyt.
0.1 Gyt.
Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that damage to the newborn is unlikely for doses below 5 Gy. 2 Gy. 0.5 Gy. 0.2 Gy.
0.2 Gy.
Studies of groups such as the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima have shown that risk to the newborn is unlikely for doses below 0.2 Gy. 5 Gy. 0.5 Gy. 2 Gy.
0.2 Gy.
What is the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately 0.20 mSv. 0.80 mSv. 1.0 mSv. 0.40 mSv.
0.20 mSv
According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the genetically significant dose (GSD) for the population of the United States is approximately 1.00 mSv. 0.80 mSv. 0.40 mSv. 0.20 mSv.
0.20 mSv.
Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years. 2 mSv annually 3 mSv annually 0.5 mSv annually 1 mSv annually
1 mSv annually
Occupational exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years. 0.5 mSv annually 1 mSv annually 2 mSv annually 3 mSv annually
1 mSv annually
What is the annual effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye is 5 mSv. 15 mSv. 50 mSv. 150 mSv.
150 mSv.
Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for: 1. whole-body exposure.2. partial-body exposure.3. exposure of individual organs. 1 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
The cardinal principles of radiation protection include which of the following?1. Time2. Distance3. Shielding 1 only 2 only 3 only 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
The FDA recommends that a notation be placed in the patient's record if a skin dose in the range of ___________ is received. 5-10 Gy 5-6 Gy 2-5 Gy 1-2 Gy
1-2 Gy
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? 1.00 Sv 1.56 Sv 3.00 Sv 5.67 Sv
1.56 Sv
What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? 1.00 Sv 1.56 Sv 5.67 Sv 3.00 Sv
1.56 Sv
Which of the following is considered the doubling equivalent dose based off of the atomic bomb survivors? 1.56 mSv 1.56 Sv 15.6 Sv 156 Sv
1.56 Sv
The millisievert (mSv) is equal to 1/10 of a sievert. 1/100 of a sievert. 1/1000 of a sievert. 1/10,000 of a sievert.
1/1000 of a sievert.
A what point in a pregnancy is the fetus most susceptible to congenital abnormalities from radiation exposure? Third trimester Second trimester 0-9 days after conception 10 days to 12 weeks after conception
10 days to 12 weeks after conception
A personnel monitoring device is required for any individual receiving _________ or more of the annual occupational dose limit of 50 mSv. 5% 10% 25% 30%
10%
Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States. 10% 20% 25% 30%
10%
How much can linearity vary when generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another? 0%. 10%. 20%. 50%.
10%.
When generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another, the most that linearity can vary is 20%. 0%. 50%. 10%.
10%.
Current federal standards limit entrance skin exposure rates of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units with maximum technique factors engaged to a maximum of ________________, as measured at tabletop, with the image intensifier entrance surface at a prescribed 30 cm above the tabletop. 100 mGya/min 300 mGya/min 500 mGya/min 600 mGya/min
100 mGya/min
What is the current federal standards limit for entrance skin exposure rates of general-purpose intensified fluoroscopic units at a prescribed 30 cm above the tabletop. 600 mGya/min 100 mGya/min 500 mGya/min 300 mGya/min
100 mGya/min
Which of the following radiation doses is considered fatal to all subjects regardless of treatment? 3.2 Gy 4.8 Gy 11 Gy 12 Gy
12 Gy
How long do erythrocytes live? 30 days 60 days 90 days 120 days
120 days
The effective dose (EfD) limit for the lens of the eye is 5 mSv. 15 mSv. 50 mSv. 150 mSv.
150 mSv.
Which of the following is highly coiled single strand of DNA in a chromosome that appears during cell division? A curl A centromere A centrosome A chromatid
A chromatid
When changing employment, what should a radiation worker convey to his/her new employer? A report of all procedures performed when "on call" after regular hours A list of all radiographic procedures performed daily A copy of his/her radiation dose history. A list of all fluoroscopic procedures performed daily
A copy of his/her radiation dose history.
Which of the following results from two hydroxyl radicals joining together in a cell? A positively charged water molecule A hydrogen peroxide molecule A negatively charged water molecule A hydroperoxyl radical
A hydrogen peroxide molecule
The entrance exposure from a CT examination may be compared with the entrance exposure received during which of the following procedures? Screening mammography A routine radiographic series of the lumbar spine with five projections A routine radiographic series of the paranasal sinuses with four projections A routine fluoroscopic examination
A routine fluoroscopic examination
What organization was founded in 2007 that continues their pursuit to raise awareness of the need for dose reduction protocols by promoting pediatric-specified scan protocols to be used for both radiology and nonradiology users of CT? U.S. Food and Drug Administration Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging. American Registry of Radiologic Technologists The Joint Commission
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging
Which type of radiation was responsible for the stochastic effects of Thoratrast? X-rays Gamma rays Beta particle release Alpha particle release
Alpha particle release
In what ways are Alpha particles and beta particles different? (select all that apply) Alpha particles have a much greater mass Alpha particles have a much higher Linear Energy Transfer ability Beta particles are larger than Alpha particles Beta particles have a negative charge Alpha particles have a net positive charge
Alpha particles have a much greater mass Alpha particles have a much higher Linear Energy Transfer ability Beta particles have a negative charge Alpha particles have a net positive charge
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made? Aluminum, tin, and copper Aluminum, tin, and lead Zinc, copper, and barium Zinc, copper, and lead
Aluminum, tin, and copper
Which of the following stages of human growth is radiosensitivity the highest? A 5-year-old child An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy A fetus during the third trimester of gestation A mature adult
An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy
Which of the following interactions result in two photons of equal energy traveling in opposite directions and is used in PET? Annihilation radiation Compton scatter Coherent Scatter Characteristic radiation
Annihilation radiation
When performing interventional procedures, where should the second dosimeter be placed? At the collar, under the apron At the collar, outside the apron At the waist, outside the apron At the waist, under the apron
At the waist, under the apron
Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays? Clouds Fog Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth Smog
Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth
When an inner electron is removed from an atom in a photoelectric interaction, thus causing an inner-shell vacancy, the energy liberated when this vacancy is filled can be transferred to another electron of the atom, thereby ejecting that electron, instead of emerging from the atom as characteristic radiation. What is this electron called? Auger electron Compton electron Edison electron Sievert electron
Auger electron
Which of the following is a method of used to explain radiation dose to the public? ALARA BERT ORP NEXT
BERT
Why should the selection of technical exposure factors for all medical imaging procedures always follow ALARA? So that referring physicians ordering imaging procedures do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety. So that radiographers and radiologists do not have to accept responsibility for patient radiation safety. Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease. Because radiation-induced cancer does have a dose level at which individuals would have a chance of developing this disease.
Because radiation-induced cancer does not appear to have a dose level below which individuals would have no chance of developing this disease.
Specific area shielding may be selectively used during some x-ray procedures to protect which of the following? The breast tissue The lower extremities The lens of the eye Both the lens of the eye as well as the breast tissue
Both the lens of the eye as well as the breast tissue
Verifying that the center of the patient coincides with the center of the CT gantry is a significant part of dose reduction strategies that is under the control of the CT technologist. hospital or imaging facility administrator. ordering physician. patient.
CT technologist
Which of the following is not a type of late tissue effect from radiation? Cataract formation Fibrosis Sterility Cancer
Cancer
What is the organic compound that provides short-term energy for cellular function? Salt Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table to make the tabletop as radiolucent as possible? Carbon fiber material Formica Granite Slate
Carbon fiber material
Which of the following materials is commonly used in the tabletop of a radiographic examination table? Carbon fiber material Granite Formica Slate
Carbon fiber material
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome? Carcinogenic syndrome Hematopoietic syndrome Gastrointestinal syndrome Cerebrovascular syndrome
Carcinogenic syndrome
Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome? Gastrointestinal syndrome Carcinogenic syndrome Cerebrovascular syndrome Hematopoietic syndrome
Carcinogenic syndrome
Which of the following is considered a late tissue reaction and not a stochastic effect? Carcinogenesis Birth defects Cataractogenesis Leukemia
Cataractogenesis
Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell? Dose-response curve Cell extrapolation curve Cell survival curve Cell specialization curve
Cell survival curve
Which of the following cells would be most likely to recover from a single low dose-low LET exposure? Cells with low oxygen saturation Cells with high oxygen saturation All cells respond the same regardless of oxygen saturation
Cells with high oxygen saturation
Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom? Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray Bremsstrahlung Photoelectric radiation Primary radiation
Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray
Which two interactions between x-radiation and matter may result in the production of scatter photon with little change in direction? Photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering Coherent scattering and Compton scattering Photoelectric absorption and pair production Coherent scattering and pair production
Coherent scattering and Compton scattering
The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are _____. Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption Compton scattering and pair production Photoelectric absorption and coherent scattering Coherent scattering and Thompson scattering
Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption
Which of the following best describes exposure linearity? Consistency in output in radiation intensity for identical generator settings from one individual exposure to subsequent exposures A measure of the central ray and how it related to bucky alignment Consistency in output radiation intensity at selected kVp settings when generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another A measure of beam quality expressed in mm of Al.
Consistency in output radiation intensity at selected kVp settings when generator settings are changed from one mA and time combination to another
Which of the following legislations provides federal legislation requiring the establishment of minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and the certification of such persons? Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 Food and Drug Administration White Paper Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 Model for the ALARA Concept
Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981
Which of the following is an SI unit of electrical charge? Coulomb Ampere Kilovoltage Gray
Coulomb
What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units? Coulomb per kilogram Milligray Millisievert Sievert
Coulomb per kilogram
What is the unit used to express Exposure (X) in the System International? Coulombs/kg Gray Sievert RAD
Coulombs/kg
___________ and __________plays a key role in attenuation of the photons in body parts.
Density and thickness
Which of the following serves as the blueprints or instructions for messenger RNA (mRNA)? Potassium (K) and sodium (Na) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Nitric acid (HNO3)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
___________ responses increase with dose and are not associated with a threshold. Deterministic Stochastic
Deterministic
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? ALARA concept BERT method Diagnostic efficacy NEXT program
Diagnostic efficacy
Which of the following provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? ALARA concept BERT method Diagnostic efficacy NEXT program
Diagnostic efficacy
Which of the following dosimeters can be read with a USB drive on a computer? OSL TLD Pocket ionization chamber Digital ionization dosimeter
Digital ionization dosimeter
------point mutations will most likely be expressed in an offspring
Dominant
Which of the following can alleviate the patient's uneasiness about the exam and increase the likelihood of a successful procedure? Effective shielding practices Effective collimation Immobilizations of the patient Effective Communication
Effective Communication
Which of the following increases the likelihood for cooperation and successful completion of an imaging procedure? Professional appearance Effective communication Lack of attention Use of gonadal shielding
Effective communication
Which two types of radiation quantities is expressed in Sievert? Effective dose Absorbed dose Exposure Equivalent dose
Effective dose Equivalent dose
Which of the following best describes the difference effective dose and equivalent dose? pick two that match Effective dose is overall risk to the human body from radiation effective dose is based off of the radiation weighting factor of the type of radiation used Equivalent dose uses a radiation weighting factor to compare the effects between two types of radiation Equivalent dose uses a tissue weighting factor to determine overall risk to the human body
Effective dose is overall risk to the human body from radiation Equivalent dose uses a radiation weighting factor to compare the effects between two types of radiation
Which of the following molecules cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell in stressful situations? Acetic acids Hormones Enzymes Nucleic acids
Enzymes
Which organic compound controls the speed of chemical reactions in the cell? Enzymes Lipids Ribosomes Lysosomes
Enzymes
is the science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.
Epidemiology
Which layer of skin is the protective outer layer made of dead cells? Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Hypodermis
Epidermis
High doses of radiation can cause temporary loss of hair referred to as: Eradication Digestion Epilation Desquamation
Epilation
High doses of radiation can cause temporary loss of hair referred to as: Desquamation Epilation Eradication Digestion
Epilation
During the gastrointestinal stage of ARS, which cells are severely depleted leading to death of the individual? Red blood cells White blood cells Epithelial cells Platelets
Epithelial cells
Which of the following units of measurement are use to evaluate the amount of energy transferred to an object from ionizing radiation and is associated with a weighting factor based on the type of radiation used? Absorbed dose Effective dose Equivalent dose Exposure
Equivalent dose
Most of the heat generated at the target is due to _____. Excitation Ionization Friction The cathode
Excitation
The amount of ionization produced in the air when ionizing radiation is present is termed: Exposure Absorbed dose Effective Dose Efficacy
Exposure
Which of the following groups is responsible for oversight of radiation control programs and regulation of product manufacturing of x-ray equipment? OSHA NRC FDA EPA
FDA
Individuals working with radiation after 1950 have been shown to have a shorter life expectancy than non-radiation workers. True False
False
Radiation appears to be highly effective at inducing cancer in humans. True False
False
Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device? Extension cylinder Collimator Cone Filter
Filter
Which of the following is not an x-ray beam limitation device? Cone Collimator Filter Extension cylinder
Filter
Which of the following best describes how x-ray and gamma rays differ? X-rays are significantly higher in energy than gamma rays X-rays are a type of particulate radiation where gamma rays are electromagnetic Gamma rays are produced in the nucleus where x-rays are produced in the electron cloud X-rays react to magnetic field and gamma rays do not.
Gamma rays are produced in the nucleus where x-rays are produced in the electron cloud
What is the SI unit for measuring absorbed dose? Gray Air Kerma Rem Curie
Gray
When 2 OH* created from radiolysis combine they form __________. H2O2 HOH- HOH+ H2O
H2O2
When the crystals contained in a thermoluminescent dosimeter are irradiated, how is the dose read? An intense light is used to release the energy stored in them Heat is applied to the crystals to release the energy stored in them A digital readout give you immediate feedback about the exposure. None of these are correct
Heat is applied to the crystals to release the energy stored in them
During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose? Lower kVp, higher mAs Higher kVp, lower mAs Higher kVp, higher mAs Lower kVp, lower mAs
Higher kVp, lower mAs
During a radiographic examination, which of the following combinations of technical exposure factors reduce patient radiation dose? Lower kVp, lower mAs Higher kVp, lower mAs Lower kVp, higher mAs Higher kVp, higher mAs
Higher kVp, lower mAs
What molecule is signified by OH-? Hydroxyl free radical Hydrogen free radical Hydrogen ion Hydroxyl ion
Hydroxyl ion
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reviews regulations developed by this group to incorporate them into U.S. radiation safety guidelines. UNSCEAR ICRP NAS BEIR
ICRP
What effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient? No change patient dose Reduction in the patient dose by half Increasing the patient dose by twice as much
Increasing the patient dose by twice as much
Which of the following is not a name synonymous with coherent scattering? Classical scattering Elastic scattering Inelastic scattering Unmodified scattering
Inelastic scattering
Which of these is an international organization that recommends public and occupational dose limits? National Academy of Science International Commission on Radiological Protection Nuclear Regulatory Commission OSHA
International Commission on Radiological Protection
In CT when a series of adjacent slices is obtained, some radiation will also scatter from the slice being made into the adjacent slices. What is this radiation called? Forward scatter Backscatter Interslice scatter Side scatter
Interslice scatter
Which of the following radioactive material released from the Chernobyl disaster is responsible for increased thyroid cancer? Uranium 238 Carbon 14 Iodine 131 Iodine 123
Iodine 131
X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation? Environmental Ionizing Internal Nonionizing
Ionizing
Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes? Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation Subatomic radiation Ultrasonic radiation
Ionizing radiation
What property of a free radical makes it chemically unstable? It has a negative electrical charge It is not considered chemically unstable It has an unpaired valence electron It has a positive electrical charge
It has an unpaired valence electron
Which of the following is the amount of kinetic energy released in a unit of mass? Absorbed dose Exposure Kerma Effective dose
Kerma
Which of the following measurements is considered most ideal for determining the lethal effects of a radiation exposure? LD 10/30 LD 50/30 LD 50/60 The all provided the same accuracy
LD 50/60
Which of the following areas should be shielded, if possible, from the useful beam? select all that apply Lens of the eye Reproductive organs Thyroid gland Breast tissue
Lens of the eye Reproductive organs Thyroid gland Breast tissue
What stochastic effect demonstrated a peak incidence in Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb blasts 7-10 years after exposure? Hair loss Skin erythema Leukemia Thyroid cancer
Leukemia
Studies of leukemia, breast cancer, and heritable damage from the bombings at Nagasaki reveal that a _____________ curve accurately represents their occurrence in humans. Linear quadratic non-threshold Linear non-threshold non-linear threshold Linear quadratic threshold
Linear quadratic non-threshold
Which material is found in a TLD and is responsible for storing energy from the accumulated dose till it can be read? Lithium Fluoride Barium Halide Sodium calcate Calcium tungstate
Lithium Fluoride
What is the detector element used in thermoluminescent dosimeters? Aluminum oxide film Lithium fluoride An ionization chamber
Lithium fluoride
Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources? Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground The sun and beyond the solar system Airport surveillance systems and electron microscopes
Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth
Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive? Muscle cells Adult nerve cells Lymphocytes Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
In which phase of mitosis can the damage to the DNA of a cell be evaluated? Anaphase Metaphase Telophase Prophase
Metaphase
In which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindles form between the centrioles?
Metaphase
What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose? Coulomb per kilogram Milligray Millisievert Microsievert
Millisievert
The National Research Council Committee on the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation is and advisory group established under which organization? ICRP NAS NCRP NRC
NAS
Agreement States are those that closely follow the regulations of this group and are in a contractual agreement to regulate the use and dispersal of radioactive materials. OSHA FDA EPA NRC
NRC
Which of the following U.S. groups deals mainly with radioactive materials and how they should be handled? NRC NAS NCRP FDA
NRC
Which of the following agencies is responsible for developing regulations and licensing laws for the use of nuclear power plants? FDA NCRP ICRP NRC
NRC
Which of the following organizations mandates the formation of a radiation safety program and the installment of a radiation safety officer? UNSCEAR NRC OSHA FDA
NRC
Of the two sources of ionizing radiation listed below, which source remains fairly constant from year to year? Manmade Natural
Natural
Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation? Erythema, cataract formation, and cancer Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders Male and female sterility, embryologic defects, and cancer Blood disorders, fever, and genetic effects
Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders
If the DNA in a cell receives multiple hits from ionizing radiation, what is the most likely consequence for the affected cell? Disruption of cell chemistry only Increased pressure on the cell membrane leading to immediate rupture Loss of all intracellular fluid Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die
Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die
What compounds found in the nucleus are responsible for cell function and found in a very specific sequence? Ribosomes Lysosomes Nucleic acid bases Hydrogen bonds
Nucleic acid bases
Which of the following groups is responsible for regulating occupational exposure to radiation? OSHA NRC FDA EPA
OSHA
Which of the following dosimeters are capable of measuring dose as low as 10 microSieverts? OSL's TLD's Pocket ionization chambers film badges
OSL's
If a protective lead apron is not being worn, where should a dosimeter be placed for accurate dose measurement? At waist level On the apron On the collar In the control area
On the collar
Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector? Thermoluminescence device Film badge Optically stimulable phosphor Geiger-Mueller counter
Optically stimulable phosphor
Which type of dosimeter consists of an aluminum oxide detector element? Film badge Thermoluminescent detector Optically stimulated luminescence Pocket ionization chamber
Optically stimulated luminescence
What crucial process occurs in the embryo between 10 days to 12 weeks after conception? Cataractogenesis Preimplantation Organogenesis Fetal stage
Organogenesis
What is any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called? Osmosis Oxidation Metabolism Synthesis
Oxidation
Which of the following interactions between x-ray photons with matter involve an annihilation reaction? Compton scattering Coherent scattering Pair production Photoelectric absorption
Pair production
Which of the following is frequently a problem in diagnostic pediatric radiography? Lack of cooperation of parents or guardian Lack of availability of appropriate pediatric immobilization devices Patient motion Finding imaging equipment that can accommodate pediatric imaging
Patient motion
___________ and __________ are the only photon/tissue interactions that contribute to radiographic image production?
Photoelectric Absorption and Compton Scattering
______________ is the relationship between the movement or advancement of the patient couch and the x-ray beam collimator dimension. Dose distribution Iterative reconstruction Pitch Tube current modulation
Pitch
-------- cells are the precursor cells of the hematopoietic system.
Pluripotential stem
Which of the following dosimeters has to be charged prior to use? Film badge OSL's TLD's Pocket ionization chamber
Pocket ionization chamber
Which of the following personnel dosimeters resembles an ordinary fountain pen externally? Personnel digital ionization dosimeter Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter Pocket ionization chamber Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Pocket ionization chamber
Which of the following automatically narrows the usable beam down to the size of the IR? Positive Beam Limitation Device Cylinder Devices Cone Devices Light-localizing variable-aperture collimator
Positive Beam Limitation Device
Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities? Computed tomography Digital mammography Positron emission tomography Computed radiography
Positron emission tomography
Severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea lasting up to 24 hours after exposure are symptoms consistent with this stage of ARS?
Prodromal
During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to produce the mitotic spindle? Metaphase Prophase Anaphase Telophase
Prophase
Which of the following is/are responsibilities of a health care facility's radiation safety committee (RSC)? None of the above Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program Provide guidance for the radiation safety program Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
Provide guidance for the radiation safety program Facilitate the ongoing operation of the radiation safety program
Which legislation was passed to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwave ovens, color televisions, and includes diagnostic x-ray equipment? Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981 Food and Drug Administration White Paper Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 OSHA act of 1986
Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968
Which of the following refers to the beneficial aspect or result to groups of individuals from continuing exposure to small amounts of radiation? Deterministic effect Stochastic Effect Radiation Hormesis Acute Radiation Syndrome
Radiation Hormesis
In a hospital setting, which of the following professionals is expressly charged by the hospital administration with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program? Assistant administrator of the facility Chief of staff Radiation Safety Officer Student radiologic technologist
Radiation Safety Officer
What radioactive isotope was responsible for the cancers found in workers who painted watch dials in the 1920's? Uranium Radium Plutonium Pitchblend
Radium
Which of the following elements is responsible for most of the public's radiation dose from natural background sources? Thoron Thallium Uranium Radon
Radon
Which of the following is a gaseous emission found in limestone rock that can lead to the development of cancer in susceptible individuals? Oxygen-15 Uranium-238 Boron Radon
Radon
Which radioactive gas is the product of uranium decay? Radon Radium Rotundum Rickets
Radon
Which of the following is considered by the EPA to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States? Annual PA and lateral chest radiographic images Cosmic ray exposure Radon exposure A fluoroscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract
Radon exposure
Which of the following risk models has been supported by studies of the atomic bomb survivors? Absolute risk Relative risk
Relative risk
Which of the following risk models predicts the number of excess cancers will increase as age increases? Absolute risk Relative risk
Relative risk
Which of the following is not a phase of mitosis? Prophase Anaphase Telophase Retrophase
Retrophase
During mitosis, which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period? M S G1 G2
S
Which of the following types of gonadal shielding provide maximal gonadal protection for a male patient when AP, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained? Flat contact shield containing 1 mm of lead Shadow shield Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead None of the above, because gonadal shielding is unnecessary for male patients of any age
Shaped contact shield containing 1 mm of lead
Which effect of radiation on DNA is most easily repaired by enzymes in the cell? Mutations Double-strand break Covalent cross-link Single-strand break
Single-strand break
A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt to the skin is likely to cause: Cataracts 12 hours after irradiation. Skin erythema 1 hour after irradiation. Cataracts 6 hours after irradiation. Skin erythema in 24 to 48 hours after irradiation.
Skin erythema in 24 to 48 hours after irradiation
Early injuries from medical imaging radiation included Skin injuries Malignant tumors Leukemia Bone loss
Skin injuries
Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms? Solar and manmade Artificial and galactic Natural background and artificial Solar and galactic
Solar and galactic
What adverse effect is the most likely to occur to a fetus from a high radiation dose in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy? Spontaneous abortion Organ damage Organ mutations Severe cognitive impairment
Spontaneous abortion
Which of the following effects will the probability of the effect occur with greater radiation dose? Somatic effect Non-somatic effects Stochastic effects Deterministic effects
Stochastic effects
Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation? Early tissue reactions Change in white blood cell count Reddening of the skin Stochastic event
Stochastic event
During which cellular life cycle phase does the chromosome replicate into two sister chromatids?
Synthesis
Which of the following dosimeters can only be worn for 3 months or less prior to being read? OSL's TLD's film badges Digital ionization chamber
TLD's
What effect does increasing oxygen have on cells when they are exposed to radiation? The cells are less radiosensitive the effect is not measureable No effect The cells are more radiosensitive
The cells are more radiosensitive
What process is used to "read" OSL's? the detector element is heated to release light which is measured by a photometer The detector element collects electrical charge from the exposure which is read by a computer The detector builds up a charge that determines the intensity of the exposure and is displayed on a digital readout The detector element is exposed to laser light which causes it to release light that is measured by a photometer
The detector element is exposed to laser light which causes it to release light that is measured by a photometer
Which of the following is considered indirect damage resulting from ionizing radiation? Excitation of the atoms of the biologic macromolecules The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules Enzymes released from biologic macromolecules The recombining of a positively charged water molecule with an electron
The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules
What effect does a repeat image have on the radiation dose received by the patient? The patient receives no additional radiation dose. The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose. The patient's critical organs receive a radiation dose that is 10 times greater than the initial radiation dose. The patient's superficial tissues only receive a radiation dose that is four times as great as that of the original radiation dose.
The patient's skin and possibly the gonads, if they were in the included imaged area, receive a double radiation dose.
________________________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. Molybdenum and rhodium filters Thermoluminescent dosimeters Lead-impregnated filters A sequence of aluminum equivalent filters of varying thicknesses
Thermoluminescent dosimeters
________________________ are the sensing devices most often used to measure skin dose directly. Thermoluminescent dosimeters A sequence of aluminum equivalent filters of varying thicknesses Lead-impregnated filters Molybdenum and rhodium filters
Thermoluminescent dosimeters
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common? Nothing They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy. They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired. They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations
Pitchblende is the raw material in which ______________ is found. Plutonium Radium Uranium Americium
Uranium
What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common? Nothing They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired. They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations. They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.
They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations
Which of the following best describes the qualities of alpha and beta radiation? They both contain the same amount of energy They are similar in mass They both have the same Linear Attenuation Transfer ability They both are particulate type of radiation
They both are particulate type of radiation
Which of the following nucleic acid bases are not found in RNA? Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
Thymine
Which organ in children was treated with high doses of radiation to reduce its size resulting in higher incidence of cancer? Thyroid Thymus Lungs Pituitary
Thymus
Which of the following indicates the ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue as compared to uniform whole body radiation? Tissue weighting factor Organ weighting factor Partial body exposure index Equivalent dose
Tissue weighting factor
Which of the following factors are needed to determine effective dose? pick as many that apply Tissue weighting factor Radiation weighting factor Thickness of the material being exposed Radiation absorbed dose
Tissue weighting factor Radiation weighting factor Radiation absorbed dose
Which of the following factors are needed to determine effective dose? pick as many that apply Tissue weighting factor Radiation weighting factor Thickness of the material being exposed Radiation absorbed dose
Tissue weighting factor Radiation weighting factor Radiation absorbed dose
What is the function of mRNA in the cell? To provide all of the instructions for a cells function To direct the production of proteins To transfer genetic code from the cell nucleus to ribosomes To provide structural support for the cell
To direct the production of proteins
What is the function of mRNA in the cell? To provide all of the instructions for a cells function To transfer genetic code from the cell nucleus to ribosomes To provide structural support for the cell To direct the production of proteins
To direct the production of proteins
What is the purpose of the aluminum, tin, and copper filters in a dosimeter? To discern a dynamic versus static exposure To discern the energy level of the exposure To provide chemical stability of the detector There are not filters used in dosimeters
To discern the energy level of the exposure
What is the purpose of radiographic beam filtration? To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by removing all the lower-energy photons from the homogeneous beam. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing all of the higher-energy photons from the homogeneous beam. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the higher-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam. To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam.
To reduce exposure to the patient's skin and superficial tissues by absorbing most of the lower-energy photons from the heterogeneous beam
Which of the following DNA mutations is indicative of radiation damage when seen with greater frequency? Translocations Chromosomal fragments Restitution Deletion
Translocations
When a pregnant patient must undergo a radiographic procedure, which of the following practices will minimize radiation exposure? Precisely collimating the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest and shielding the lower abdomen and pelvis when this area does not need to be included in the area to be irradiated Two of these are correct Selecting technical exposure factors that are appropriate for the part of the body to be radiographed Opening the x-ray beam collimator shutters as wide as possible to ensure complete coverage of the image receptor
Two of these are correct
Which of the following this the most effective method of technical factor manipulation to reduce patient dose? Use of High kVp and high mAs Use of high mAs and low kVp Use of high kVp and low mAs Use of Low kVp and low mAs
Use of high kVp and low mAs
Which of the following in not an organic compound? Lipids Proteins Water Carbohydrates
Water
When obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a foot, which of the following types of filters should be used to provide a greater uniform density of the anatomy? Thoraeus filter Bilateral wedge filter Wedge filter Trough filter
Wedge filter
Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation that are most similar to each other in energy? Ultraviolet and X-ray Ultraviolet and gamma Microwaves and gamma X-rays and gamma
X-rays and gamma
Differential absorption is dependent on (the) _____. kVp of the exposure density of the absorber atomic number of the absorber all of the above
all of the above
Proteins are formed from a long chain of ------ in a specific sequence.
amino acids
Proteins are formed from a long chain of _______ _______ in a specific sequence.
amino acids
During the process of coherent scattering, an incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with a single inner-shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit. a single outer-shell electron, ejecting it from its orbit. an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. a scattered photon of lesser energy, annihilating it.
an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. no organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. only the reproductive organs in male and female humans are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. only critical organs in the human body are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. only the reproductive organs in male and female humans are vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. no organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy less than the energy that holds the atom together. 10 times as great as the energy that holds the atom together. as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit. equal to or greater than 1.022 MeV, regardless of the energy that holds the electron in its orbit.
as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit.
Although coherent scattering is most likely to occur ____________, some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog. at less than 10 keV between 30 keV and 60 keV between 60 keV and 90 keV above 100 keV
at less than 10 keV
When using digital fluoroscopy systems, making use of the last image hold feature can be an effective dose reduction technique. eliminate the need to collimate the primary beam. eliminate the need for body or part immobilization. lead to a 50% reduction of technical exposure factors.
be an effective dose reduction technique
The control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected and visually displayed for the equipment operator, must be located at the foot end of the radiographic examining table. at the head end of the radiographic examining table. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure. behind any regular wall that has a regular glass window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.
behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure
The control panel, where technical exposure factors are selected and visually displayed for the equipment operator, must be located behind any regular wall that has a regular glass window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure. at the foot end of the radiographic examining table. at the head end of the radiographic examining table. behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.
behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure.
The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the Auger syndrome. cerebrovascular syndrome. bone marrow syndrome. cytogenetic syndrome.
bone marrow syndrome.
If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily because of convulsive seizures. meningitis. edema in the cranial vault. catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track, resulting in the death of the exposed person within 3 to 5 days from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance.
catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track, resulting in the death of the exposed person within 3 to 5 days from a combination of infection, fluid loss, and electrolytic imbalance
What is the name given to center portion of the chromosome where the chromatids join together?
centromere
Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a cumulative effect. sigmoidal effect. quadratic effect.
cumulative effect.
In digital radiography the number of different shades of gray that can be stored in memory and displayed on a computer monitor is termed shadows. pixels. grayscale. contrast matrix.
grayscale
The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the director of human resources of a health care facility. designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility. radiologic technologist in charge of quality control. hospital administrator.
designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility
Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an) mistake has been made in recording the equivalent dose. equivalent dose higher than the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time. maximal equivalent dose has been exceeded during that time.
equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time
What type of dosimeter is used the monitor exposure to the hands during nuclear medicine preparation or interventional procedures? Collar dosimeter extremity dosimeter waist dosimeter No dosimeter is needed
extremity dosimeter
Neutrophils play an important role in preventing hemorrhage. initiating the circulation of blood through the human body initiating blood clotting fighting infection
fighting infection
The mass of an alpha particle is approximately two times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 2. four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron. six times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a negative charge of minus 1. eight times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge four times that of an electron.
four times the mass of a hydrogen atom and a positive charge twice that of an electron
Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved. equal to the risk involved. less than the risk involved. typically, people are not willing to accept risk no matter how great the benefit may be.
greater than the risk involved
Tube current modulation in CT scanning can increase patient dose significantly. increase patient dose only slightly. help to reduce patient dose. not affect patient dose.
help to reduce patient dose.
Which of the following is the most radiosensitive organ system in humans? hematopoietic system gastrointestinal system nervous system muscoskeletal system
hematopoietic system
Which of the following has the highest probability of producing a direct effect on a cell? low-LET radiation such as gamma rays. high-LET radiation such as alpha particles. low-LET radiation such as x-rays. nonionizing radiation such as microwaves.
high-LET radiation such as alpha particles.
Beta particles are actually gamma rays. high-speed electrons. protons. x-rays.
high-speed electrons
When LET increases, the chance of producing a significant biologic response in the radiosensitive DNA macromolecule decreases slightly. remains constant, not increasing or decreasing. decreases considerably. increases.
increases
Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure, but also increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter. decreases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. increases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. decreases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.
increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.
Reducing the field size to the anatomic features of interest not only reduces patient exposure, but also decreases recorded image quality by increasing scatter. increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter. decreases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter. increases recorded image quality by increasing scatter.
increases recorded image quality by decreasing scatter.
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose decreases. increases. remains the same. there is no survival time for persons with the hematopoietic syndrome.
increases.
For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose increases. decreases. there is no survival time for persons with the hematopoietic syndrome. remains the same.
increases.
In acute radiation syndrome, the prodromal stage is the manifest illness period. latent period. initial stage. recovery period.
initial stage.
What is the removal of an electron from an atom termed? ionization excitation pair production irradiation
ionization
The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between health care education and radiation research. ionizing and nonionizing radiation. ionizing radiation and potential risk. radiation dose and health care spending.
ionizing radiation and potential risk.
What property of the technique controls the acceleration of the electrons? mA time mAs kVp
kVp
The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter is "read out" by using a (an) densitometer. ionization chamber. thermoluminescent analyzer. laser light at selected frequencies.
laser light at selected frequencies
Which of the following models should be used to extrapolate the risk for leukemia from high dose data? linear linear quadratic
linear
According to the BEIR, the most accurate dose response relationship curve to assume for most types of cancer is: linear threshold linear non-threshold non-linear threshold Non-linear non-threshold
linear non-threshold
Which characteristic of a dose response indicates that no level of radiation is safe from biologic harm? linear threshold linear-quadratic threshold non-linear threshold linear non-threshold
linear non-threshold
Which type of dose response curve should be used to determine most stochastic risks from low-let radiation such as X-rays? linear threshold linear non-threshold non-linear threshold non-linear non-threshold
linear non-threshold
Leukemia, breast cancer, and heritable damage is thought to follow which of the following response curves? linear threshold linear-quadratic non-threshold linear-quadratic threshold non-linear threshold
linear-quadratic non-threshold
For mammography molybdenum filters allow a (an) _________________ than rhodium filters. higher energy window lower energy window equal energy window comparable energy window
lower energy window
As a result of technologic advances since the 1970s and strict regulations imposed within the United States by the FDA regarding consumer products containing radioactive material, the radiation exposure of the general public from such produces may now be considered substantial. moderate. significant negligible.
negligible.
Early tissue reactions are common in diagnostic imaging. not common in diagnostic imaging. a result of irradiation of acellular tissue. a result of grenz rays in a diagnostic x-ray beam.
not common in diagnostic imaging
The probability of causing early tissue reactions are a result of irradiation of acellular tissue. not common in diagnostic imaging. common in diagnostic imaging. a result of grenz rays in a diagnostic x-ray beam.
not common in diagnostic imaging
To define ALARA, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States, a level I is traditionally set at one twentieth one tenth one half three tenths
one tenth
The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term background equivalent radiation time (BERT). equivalent dose (EqD). diagnostic efficacy. optimization for radiation protection (ORP).
optimization for radiation protection (ORP).
The steps, or rungs, of the DNA ladder-like structure consist of complementary chemicals that are pairs of nitrogenous bases. fatty acids. acetic acids. sugar-phosphate compounds.
pairs of nitrogenous bases
In CT because of higher effective energy of the x-ray beam, both ____________ and _______________ interactions contribute substantially to the image. coherent; photodisintegration classical; pair production photoelectric; Compton Compton; photodisintegration
photoelectric; Compton
Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called chromatid mutations. chromosome mutations. molecular mutations. point mutations.
point mutations.
Which of the following compounds is responsible for structural support, repair, and influencing certain activities within the body? proteins lipids salts Nucleic acids
proteins
Which of the following compounds is responsible for structural support, repair, and influencing certain activities within the body? salts lipids proteins Nucleic acids
proteins
During mammography, axillary projections should be done only on request of the ordering physician. patient. radiologist. technologist performing the examination.
radiologist.
The effect of radiation striking a water molecule resulting in disassociation of the molecules is termed
radiolysis
If a patient asks a radiographer a question about how much radiation he or she will receive from a specific x-ray procedure, the radiographer can respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received. avoid the patient's question by changing the subject. tell the patient that it is unethical to discuss such concerns. refuse to answer the question and recommend that he or she speak with the referring physician.
respond by using an estimation based on the comparison of radiation received from the x-ray to natural background radiation received.
Digital mammography units with the ability to enhance contrast with image gray-level manipulation offer substantial improvement for patients with small breasts. substantial improvement for patients with microcalcifications in small breasts. substantial improvement for patients with dense breasts. poor quality images for patients with dense breasts and microcalcifications.
substantial improvement for patients with dense breasts.
In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the administrator of the hospital or imaging facility should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose
In the event that a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated the radiographer performing the examination should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the imaging department manager should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose. the administrator of the hospital or imaging facility should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
the radiation safety officer or the medical physicist should perform the calculations necessary to determine fetal dose.
If a tissue reaction to radiation does not occur until a specific amount of dose is received, this is termed: threshold non-threshold risk assessment cataractogenesis
threshold
Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship. nonthreshold, nonlinear nonthreshold, linear threshold, linear threshold, nonlinear
threshold, nonlinear
What is the purpose of a dose-response estimate? to determine which type of response a person will have to radiation exposure. to determine the type of response a human will have to a single large dose of radiation to determine the risk of cancer to a human population exposed to low dose radiation to determine the dose requirements for an exam
to determine the risk of cancer to a human population exposed to low dose radiation
The ability of electromagnetic radiation to travel through space in the form of a wave but can also interact with matter as a photon is referred to as: wave attenuation capability. wave-particle interchange ability. wave-particle duality. wave-particle phenomena.
wave-particle duality