Radiation Protection Unit 1 Exam

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Acute symptoms from an Uranium bomb?

-Blood disorders -Cerebral Edema -Death

Who was the first fatality due to x-ray exposure and when?

-Clarance Dally -1904

Processes of Interactions

-Coherent Scattering -Photoelectric Absorption -Compton Scattering -Pair Production

Which TWO consist of the remant beam (image forming)?

-Compton -Direct transmission

What are some examples of ionizing radiation?

-X-rays -Gamma rays -High energy UV

What is the average amount of Radon we receive a year?

About 2.0 mSv

The transference of energy FROM an x-ray beam TO the atoms of matter:

Absorption

Transference of energy to the atoms of the body?

Absorption

ALARA

Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable

What are some examples of particulate radiation?

Alpha and Beta

What occurs during Brem's radiation production?

An electron approaching a positive nuclear charge changes direction and loses energy

When the ______ in the body tissue increases there are more photoelectric interactions

Atomic number

The reduction in the intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through material is termed:

Attenuation

Radiation protection

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safegaurd patient, personnel from unnecessary exposure

SV

SI unit measure for EqD

Characteristic Radiation

-10% of primary beam -Occurs when electron interacts with inner shell tungsten atom

Absorption

-A total loss of radiation energy -If there is transference of electromagnetic energy to the atoms of the material

What are some examples of Cosmic radiation?

-Alpha particles -Atomic nuclei -Mesons -Gamma Rays -High energy electrons

Compton Scattering

-Also known as incoherent, inelastic, or modified scattering -Is responsible for most of the scattered radiation produced during radiologic

Chernobyl

-April 26, 1986 -Near Kiev in Ukraine in the former USSR -World's worst nuclear power accident -Thyroid Cancer, Leukemia

What are the 3 possible fates for an x-ray photon?

-Attenuation -Absorption -Scatter

What is BERT?

-Background -Equivalent -Radiation -Time

What are some examples of changes when radiation interacts at the atomic level?

-Blood changes -Erythema -Temporary Sterility -Death

Examples of Man-made radiation?

-Consumer products -Air travel ( airplane is man made) -Nuclear fuel for power -Nuclear Fallout from weapons testing -Nuclear power plant accidents

Amount of energy absorbed per unit mass is referred to as what?

-Dose (D) -Gray

Characteristics of X-rays

-Electromagnetic waves -Short wavelengths -Ionizing

What are the basic radiaiton quantities?

-Exposure (X) -Air kerma -Absorbed dose (D) -Equivalent dose (EqD) -Effective dose (EfD)

For Staff

-In-service education on radiation safety topics -Facts-to-remember sheets -Emails highlighting most important topics

As X-ray energy increases...

-Increased direct transmission -Increased Compton

Phase 1 for Patients

-Informational posters placed -Brochures describing imaging procedures: simple terms -Basic information on website designed for patient education -Wallet size card for radiation exposure to be recorded and tracked

Significance of X Ray absorption and 2 outcomes of interactions

-Interact with atoms of biologic material -Pass through without interactions

How does Altitude affect dosage?

-Living at high elevations above sea level, there is less atmosphere to absorb cosmic rays -Eg: Colorado

What are some examples of Non ionizing radiation?

-Low energy UV -Visible light -Infrared -Radiowaves

Three Mile Island, Unit 2 Accident (TMI-2)

-MOST SERIOUS US commercial nuclear plant operating history -Nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania -March 28, 1979 was a meltdown -Small amount of I- 131

Photoelectric Effect

-Most important mode of interaction -X-ray photon and inner shell electron -Results in patient dose -Responsible for "contrast"

Fukishima Nuclear Plant Crisis

-No fatalities linked to radiaiton due to the accident -The accident is expected to be around 130-640 people in the years and decades ahead

Compton Effect

-Occupational dose -"Fog" on image -Contributes to density

Phase 2 - in order to accommodate technologic enhancements

-Operational / capital budget e.g. acquiring CT dose reduction technology -Utilization of tools for recording and reporting dose -Providing notification for excessive radiation dose

Direct transmission

-Primary x-ray photons that transverse the object without interacting -These photons reach the radiographic image receptor

What are some things that increase cosmic radiation dose?

-Prolonged space flights -Living in Denver -Climbing mountains -Airline personnel....

kVp

-QUALITY -Penetrating power, affects quantity in the beam

How does radon cause lung cancer?

-Radon daughter particles are electrically charged and can stick to floors and lungs! -Alpha particles released. -Slow and large but... -Breaks lung tissue

ALARA Examples for Patients:

-Reduce the beam on time -Use as much SSD as possible -Shield

ALARA Examples for Personnel:

-Reduce time in room -Increase distance from source -Wear shield

Which would increase in probability with an increase in kVp?

-Scatter -Small angle scatter -Backscatter -Direct transmission

Coherent/Classical Scatter

-Sometimes called Elastic or unmodified scattering -A relatively simple process that actually results in no loss of energy as x-rays scatter

What conditions are necessary for X-ray beam production?

-Source of electrons -Potential difference -Deceleration of electrons

Types of natural background radiation?

-Terrestrial -Cosmic -Internal

What happens when radiation safety principles are correctly applied?

-The energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited -Reduces the potential for adverse biologic effects

For Non Radiologist Physicians

-Through discussions, create increased awareness of radiation dose for specific procedures -Establish goals for lowering radiation dose for patients, assisting personnel and self. -Radiographers informing physicians when they have reached specific dose: fluoroscopist decide to continue or stop procedure

What are the 3 Cardinal rules?

-Time -Distance -Shielding

Dose from other man made radiation

.1 mSv

How much Cosmic radiation do we get per year?

.3 mSv per year

For a typical diagnostic x-ray unit, the energy of the average photon in the x-ray beam is about ______ the energy of the most energetic photon.

1/3

How does Air Travel affect dosage?

10 hours on an aircraft during a normal sunspot activity is equal to one chest x ray

Leakage radiation must not exceed how much?

100 mR/hour

What is the total amount of inherent filtration?

2.5 mm AL

Radium atomic number

226

Thorium atomic number

232

Uranium atomic number

238

EPA considers radon to be what?

2nd leading cause of lung cancer

Dose of natural radiation

3.0 mSv

Dose from medical imaging

3.2 mSv

How much radiation is received from Medical Radiation?

3.2 mSv

If an exposure of 90 kVp was used, what would the average photon energy be?

30 keV

EPA suggests no more than how much of air??

4 picocuries/liter

Total Average Effective Dose

6.3 mSv

Scatter

A change in direction of travel that may also involve a partial loss of radiation energy as the beam passes through the object in its path.

EgD

A radiation quantity that is used for radiation protection purposes when different types of radiation is received.

What are some examples of Internal radiation?

Bananas and table salt

What is somatic damage?

Biologic damage to the body of the exposed individual caused by exposure to ionizing radiation

Genetic Damage

Biologic effects of ionizing radiation on generations unborn

An interaction between x-rays and matter would NOT be:

Brems

What occurs when ELECTRONS interact with an inner shell tungsten atom?

Characteristic

What is Radon?

Colorless, Odorless, Heavy radioactive gas

Radiographers are most concerned about exposure due to the _____ effect?

Compton

Alpha Particle

Contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons/ extremely ionizing

Biologic Effects

Damage to living tissue of humans exposed to radiaiton

As x-ray energy increases the photoelectric effect will

Decrease

Diagnostic Efficacy

Degree to which the diagnostic study accuracy reveals the presence or absence of disease.

The passage of x-ray photons without interaction is called?

Direct transmission

The process of x-ray photons passing through an object without interaction is called:

Direct transmission

Non Ionizing Radiation

Does not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from the atom

What is the unit of measurement for Energy?

EV

Examples of natural background radiation?

Earth and Cosmic rays

Dose limitation 1991-Present

Effective Dose

Dose limitation 1977-1991

Effective Dose Equivalent

What is radiation protection?

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.

Electromagnetic wave

Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space

Radiation

Energy that passes from one location to another

What is the responsibility of the Radiation Safety Officer?

Execution, enforcement and maintenance of records and maintaining ALARA

Direct transmission and small angle scatter photons comprise:

Exit radiation

Small angle scatter results in:

Fog

Organic Damage

Genetic or somatic changes in a living organism caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to radiation

What is the purpose of the Toshiba Dose Tracking system?

Gives clinicians the flexibility to track X-ray skin dose exposure in real time during interventional procedures.

Pair Production

Happens in PET Scanning

What is the unit of measurement for Frequency?

Hertz (cycles per second)

What is Cosmic radiation?

High energy protons from nuclear interactions that take place in the sun and stars

Differential absorption is _____ with lower kVp.

Increased

Introduction of contrast medial will result _______ photoelectric absorptions

Increased

The probability of the occurrence of photoelectric absorption ______ as the atomic number of the irradiatied material _____.

Increases, Increases

Cellular Damage

Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation on the molecular level

How are frequency and wavelength related?

Inversely proportional

X-rays cause biological damage to tissue by a process known as:

Ionization

Why is ionizing radiation damaging?

It ejects electrons from atoms in tissue

Why do we use Tungsten Rhenium in the Anode?

It has a high atomic number and high melting point

What is the purpose of the Cathode?

It is the source for electrons

What is the purpose of the Anode?

It is the target for electrons

What is Radiation?

Kinetic energy that passes from one location to another and can have many manifestations

Long term symptoms from an Uranium bomb?

Leukemia

Terrestrial Radiation

Long lived elements such as Uranium, Radium, and Thorium

Terrestrial Radiation

Long lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the Earth's crust

Photoelectric interactions will occur more often with ______ kVp.

Low

Examples of man-made radiation?

Mainly X-rays

Dose limitation 1950-1977

Maximum Permissible Dose

What is the unit of measurement for Wavelength?

Meters

BERT

Method for comparing the amount of radiation received compared with natural background radiation received over a given period

What happens when radiation interacts at the atomic level?

Molecular change

As tissue atomic number increases...

More Photoelectric effect

Internal Radiation

Natural internal radionuclides within the body deposited in the body through natural processes such as ingestion of foods or inhaled particles in the air.

ALARA is synomymous with what?

ORP (Optimization for Radiation Protection)

Bremstrahlung radiation

Occurs when electrons undergo deceleration by interaction within the nuclei of the target atoms

Which interaction is responsible for radiographic contrast?

Photoelectric

Which interactions of radiation with tissue results in the complete absorption of the x-ray photon?

Photoelectric effect

Which of the following interactions between x-ray and matter result in the highest patient exposure?

Photoelectric effect

Between 80 and 100 kVp, only 10% of the primary beam is composed of:

Photoelectric photons

The x-ray beam is described as being _______ in nature.

Polyenergetic

Before interacting with matter, an incoming photon may be referred to as _______.

Primary beam

Brems is one interaction that makes up the ________.

Primary beam

Before interacting with matter, an incoming x-ray photon may be referred to as which?

Primary photon

Ionizing Radiaiton

Produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter

mAs

Product of electron tube current ( mA) and amount of time in seconds

Fallout

Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants

EFD

Radiation quantity that takes into account the dose of all types of radiation to tissues and the various types of radiation

EqD

Radiation quantity used for radiation purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of radiation

What is Natural Background Radiation?

Radiation received from natural environmental sources

What is Ionizing radiation?

Radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions)

Cosmic Rays

Rays extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions in the sun and stars

What is Erythema?

Reddening of the skin due to x-ray exposure

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves

What does exit radiation strike?

The image receptor

Atomic Number

The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom

What justifies the use of ionizing radiation to produce a radiographic image?

The potential benefit outweighs the risk

Risk can be defined as:

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity.

Attenuation

The reduction in the number of primary photons in the x-ray beam through

Dose limitation 1930-1950

Tolerance Dose

Exposure (X) is defined as:

Total electrical charge per unit mass that x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts generate in DRY AIR

Rem

Traditional unit of measure for EqD

What is the anode composed of?

Tungsten Rhenium

Dose limitation 1900-1930

Unit of Skin Erythema Dose

What is used as a source of power production in Nuclear Fuel?

Uranium

The highest energy level of photons in the X-ray beam is represented by what?

kVp

When ______ is increased the patient receives a lower radiation dose, but image quality may be compromised

kVp

What is MOST of the concern for contributing to patient exposure?

mAs


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