Radiology Registry review
Minification gain formula
(Input)2/(output)2
Linearity variation cannot exceed
+ or - 10%
In beam restriction, the light to radiation field must be within
+ or - 2% of the SID
Reproducibility must be within
+ or - 5%
Normal creative level
.7- 1.3mg/dL
3phase 6 and 12 pulse never reach
0
Binding energy of tungsten of N shell is
1
Mitotic delay can occur by as little as
1 RAD (.01Gy or 10 mGy)
GI syndrome occurs between _____, symptoms _____ and death occurs
1,000-5,000 RADS (10-50 Gy); Nausea/vomiting, fatigue; Death one week following exposure
Primary protective barrier requires
1/16 inch pb (.16cm or 1.6 mm); Wall must extend 7 ft up (210cm)
When increasing KVP by 15%, what happens to mAs
1/2 mAs
Secondary barrier located parallel to primary beam require______pb and overlap by
1/32 in pb (.08cm); 1/2 inches (1.25cm)
In males doses of how much can result in genetic mutations
10 RADS (.1 Gy) * 10x.01= .1 (100mGy)
1 cm =
10 mm
40 inches = ____cm
100
Radiation that is emitted through the metal protective housing is called leakage and should not exceed
100 mR/hr at 1 meter; (1 mgy)
Voltage ripple effect of half wave is
100%
Voltage ripple of full wave is
100%
Hemopoietic syndrome occurs with doses ranging between___ and death occurs
100-1000 RADS (1-10 Gy) to whole body; Death occurs between 3-6 weeks following exposure; Also known as bone marrow or hematologic
KVP for single contrast exam should be
100-125
Routine PA/Lateral chest in a department is
110-25 KVP
The binding energy of tungsten target of L shell is
12
Normal respiratory rate for Adults
12-20 per min
Voltage ripple of 3phase 6 pulse is
13%
AP pelvis, the feet are internally rotated how many degrees
15-20°
AP Oblique Mortise, the ankle is internally rotated
15°-20°
CR angle for Pa Axial of clavicle
15°-30° Caudad
CR angle for AP Axial of clavicle
15°-30° cephalic
IV bags should be placed
18-24 inches (45-60cm) ABOVE level of vein
72 inches = _____cm
180
Frequency and wavelength is equal to
186,000 miles/sec ; (3x10^8 meters/second)
Bleach to water ratio when using as disinfectant in radiology department
1:10
Matrix is a
2 dimensional array of pixels
The ET tube should be how much above the carina
2 inches (5cm)
In beam restriction, the positive beam limitation must be within
2% of SID
1 inch = ___ cm
2.5
In AP hip the CR is directed perpendicular to IR to a point
2.5 inches (6cm) Distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between pubic symphysis and ASIS
Breathing technique is approximately how long?
2.5-4 seconds
1 inch equals
2.5cm
Bowels pre-exam instructions
24 hrs prior to exam enema kit; No solids; NPO 8hrs prior
Standard protocol for pts taking Metformin
24-48 hr after exam (best answer); 48 hr (second best)
Axiolateral Oblique Mandible CR is
25° cephalic through mandibular ramus CLOSEST to IR
Formula for bit depth
2^n; Ex: 2^4= 16; 2^8= 256
Formula for valence number
2n^2
Binding energy of tungsten target of M shell is
3
KVP is increased by how much for FIBERGLASS cast
3-4
Logrolling due to spinal injury, metastatic disease, Fx, and subluxation require how many people
3-5 people; 2 on each side of pt and 1 at pt head
A minimum of what % is needed to produce a noticeable receptor exposure change
30 mAs
Normal respiratory rate for children
30-60 per min
In a Medial Oblique foot the plantar surface forms what degree to IR
30°
In PA Waters projection the OML forms what angle to the IR; CR exits where
37° and CR exits acanthion
Voltage ripple of 3phase 12 pulse is
4%
Gonadal shields should be used when gonads are within
4-5cm of primary beam
Fluoro time must be monitored by
5 minute cumulative timer (300 seconds)
In males what are the radiation exposure range that can cause PERMANENT sterility
5-6 Gy
KVP is increased by how much for DRY cast
5-7
How much ANNUAL exposure can a 49 y/o occupational worker receive?
50 mSv
Normal Heart Rate Vital signs for adults
60-100
The binding energy of Tungsten K shell is
69.5
1 byte = ______ bits
8
KVP is increased how much for Wet cast
8-10
Normal BUN
8-25mg/dL
Normal Heart Rate vital signs for infants
80-120
KVP for a double contrast Exam should be
90-100
Normal Heart Rate vital signs for children
90-100
Normal GFR
90-120 mL
AP knee CR angles for: Less than 19 cm, (thin) 19-24 cm, Greater than 24cm (large)
< 19cm - 3°-5° Caudad; 19-24- 0 degrees; > 24cm- 3°-5° cephalic
Velocity is
A constant factor
The best predictor of a possible reaction to contrast media is
A history of a previous allergic reaction
Gastograffin is used when
A perforation of bowel may exist; Water-soluble
Bit (binary digit)
A single unit of data; (0,1) values; 0- neutral/whites; 1- blacks
Name of the bag used in CPR
AMBU bag
Projection that will demonstrate the maximum interspaces of the carpal bones
AP
Cervical obliques for AP and PA
AP (posterior) is 15°-20° Caudad ; PA (anterior) is 15°-20° Cephalic
5 exams that use a breathing technique
AP scapula; Sternum; Transthoracic lateral (Lawrence); T-spine; Soft neck tissue upper airway
KVP for barium (single) contrast
Above 90-100 for double contrast; 100-125 KVP for single contrast
What type of innominate bone is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Acetabulum
Acute vs. Chronic effects, which one is more harmful
Acute- large dose delivered over short period of time
Radiolucent
Air; Negative contrast; Doesn't show up in X-rays
Schedule/Sequence of exams
All Noncontrasts come first; KUB; IVU; BE; UGI
DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)
Allows network devices to exchange images and information between modality, archives, and viewing stations
Interphase death
Also known as APOPTOSIS; Cell dies WITHOUT dividing
Transformers operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction and requires
Alternating Current (AC); Regulates voltage
Air gap technique is
Alternative to grid use; Requires long SID with increased OID; Does not result in a decrease in production of secondary (scatter)
Negative contrast results in
An increase in density in image parts filled with negative contrast agent
Tort
An intentional act or unintentional act resulting in injury to Pt
Y Scapula view dislocations: If humeral head is under coracoid then it is
Anterior dislocation
The tibia is located ______ and _____ to the fibula
Anteriorly and Medial
Enema tip insertion is directed; Pt is in which position
Anteriorly and Superiorly; Sims Position
2 most common Sites for insertion of venous catheters
Anticubital vein- bend in arm (most common); Basilic vein- back of hand (2nd most common)
Where is the origin source for KVP located in the X-ray tube
Autotransformer
CR is angled 40° to the long axis of the foot entering at level of base of 3rd metatarsal described what exam
Axial projection (Plantodorsal) of the calcaneus
Brightness gain formula
BG= minification x flux
During drug administration, a pt.s pulse and BP should be taken
Before, During, and Post (prior to releasing pt)
NCRPV#102 requires how much total filtration operating: below 50 KVP, 50-70 KVP, and above 70 kvp
Below 50- .5 mm Al; 50-70- 1.5 mm Al; Above 70 KVP- 2.5 mm Al **FULL EQUIVALENCY** Ex: 2.5 mm/Al/Eq
Medication administered to a Pt. during allergic reaction
Benadryl; **Decadron **
High risk Pt presents with allergic to iodinated contrast, what should pt be given
Benadryl; Prednisone
When is the axiolateral inferosuperior projection performed (Clements-Nakayama Method)
Bilateral hip fractures
Heparin and Coumadin/Warfarin are
Blood thinners (Anti Coagulant)
Deviation of metacarpal is
Boxer's fracture at 4th or 5th metacarpal
Thyroid cartilage is at the level of
C4-5
AP or PA Axial of sigmoid, the CR and best demonstrates what
CR 30°-40° cephalic for AP; CR 30°-40° Caudad for PA; Best demonstrates RECTOSIGMOID colon
Epinephrine is given for
Cardiac arrest; Anaphylaxis
An ET (endotracheal) should not extend past the
Carina (T-5)ish
When pt is unconscious where is best site to take pulse
Carotid (neck)
Mitotic (genetic) death
Cell division (mitosis)
Pixel pitch is measured from
Center to center
Another name for Lateral Swimmers of C-Spine
Cervicothoracic projection
Nitroglycerin is given for
Chest pain
How to prevent motion for voluntary movements
Communication
Example of secondary protective barrier
Control booth
Output phosphor
Converts electrons sent from photocathode into light photons; Made of zinc cadmium sulfide
Another name for cross table Hip
Danelius-Miller Method
High exposure areas appear
Dark (display lighter)
Negative contrast appears
Dark; Black; Reduces/Decreases attenuating ability of structures filled with gas
Increase in frequency = ___________ wavelength
Decrease
An Increase in Beam Filtration results in ___________ receptor exposure and __________ contrast
Decrease in RE; Decrease in Contrast
Increase in Beam Restriction ( collimating/field size) results in ___________RE and _______ Contrast
Decrease in RE; Increase in KVP
An increase in DEL, spatial resolution
Decreases
As Pixel size increases, spatial resolution
Decreases
As pixel pitch increases, spatial resolution
Decreases
Pulsed Fluoro
Decreases pt exposure because beam turned off while scanning image; Stores last image
Slander
Defamation by SPOKEN words
Libel
Defamation by WRITTEN or PRINTED words
Mitotic delay death
Delay(Threshold); Mitotic activity resumes after short delay
Direct square law is used to maintain
Density with changes in SID *** intensity never shows up in direct***
When one side of image is all white with no exposure is caused by
Detented; Bucky and tube not properly aligned
Bit depth
Determines number of shades available per pixel (grayscale)
For TibFib turn cassette
Diagnonally
Values of interest (VOI)
Digital data set of info that's arranged into a histogram distribution
Rescaling
Digital processing technique that's used to modify (change) an overexposed or underexposed image; It's automatic
On an image of a IVU what side would show a pathology, the dilated side filled with contrast, or the side with no contrast
Dilated side filled with contrast because means there is a blockage if the contrast is not going through
Fluoro mA is _________ proportional to brightness
Directly
mAs and receptor exposure are________ proportional
Directly
Electrostatic lens
Directs or focuses path of electrons from photocathode to surface of output phosphor screen; Located along full length of tube
Most effective method of personnel protection
Distance
Beneficience
Doing goodness, kindness or charity
Reproductive failure cells
Don't die but loses ability to procreate; Can result from doses 100-1000 RADS (1-10 Gy)
When decreasing KvP by 15%, what happens to mAs
Double mAs
When performing an ERCP what is the access point
Duodenal papilla
During a double contrast study what does the recumbent RAO best demonstrate
Duodenum; Duodenal bulb; C-loop
Prioritizing patient wait times
ER pts; Fasting Pts; Peds/geriatric that are NPO; Diabetics having to put off insulin due to NPO
Lasix is given for
Edema
Another name for Voltage
Electromotive force (EMF)
Phosphor (active) layer in a cassette base image plate is made of
Europium-activated barium fluoride
Entrance exposure is greater than
Exit exposure
Non-verbal communication
Eye contact; Touching; Facial expression; Physical appearance; Meta communication (tone of voice, body language, gestures)
Matrix size is dependent on
FOV; Pixel Deny
Anterior position is when pt is
Face down; Angle down; Side down (Anterior side is closet to receptor) (PA projection)
Negligence
Failure in providing reasonable Carr and caution; Results from something I failed to do
Lateral elbow best demonstrates
Fat pad sign; Olecranon process
What two structures form the knee joint
Femur; Tibia
Another name for Scoliosis series
Ferguson Method
Step down transformer is known as
Filament transformer; Low voltage; Mutual induction; Precision resistors (mA station)
Retrograde Urography exam and what is it purpose
Filling of the structures in a direct opposite to normal flow; "Filling defect"
Technique used for nasal bones is same for
Finger
Lateral hand fan lateral best demonstrates
Fingers with no superimposition
Minimum SSD CODE of Federal Regulations (21 CFR) for fixed units and mobile units
Fixed 15 inches (38cm) Mobile 12 inches (30cm)
When performing Dens in open mouth where does it lay?
Foramen magnum
Lateral hand with fingers in extension best demonstrates
Foreign body
Spondylithesis
Forward slipping of l-spine usually at L5-S1 joint space
Bennett's fracture is
Fracture of base of 1st metacarpal
Jone's fracture is
Fracture of base of the 5th metatarsal of the foot
Another name for AP Dens
Fuch's Method
HIS (Hospital Info System) contains
Full Pt. Information
Voiding Cystogram is a ________ study
Functional
Meiosis
Germ cell division; ** sex reproductive cell**
Pt experiencing spasmatic colin should be given
Glucagon
Window width determines
Gray scale presentation; Image contrast
Examples of Neutrogenic precautions are what kind of Pt.s
HIV pt, chemotherapy, burn pts; Reverse Isolation
Smith's fracture is
Hand is anteriorly displaced
Laser image receptor uses what type of beam for conversion of ADC
Helium neon
3 types of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)
Hemopoietic; GI; CNS
Primary pathology associated with Myelography is
Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
The trendelemburg position will best demonstrate the presence of
Hiatal Hernia
Valsalva Maneuver is most commonly performed for
Hiatal Hernias; Esophageal reflux; Esophageal Varices
Step up transformer is
High voltage; Output side; Works on mutual induction
Vial
Holds multiple doses
Ampule
Holds single dose
Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Reaction times
Hyper- occurs slowly; Hypo- occurs rapidly
Infusion Administration
IV Drip; Administered through gravity; Ex: Cystogram procedure (PC pump)
Bolus Injection
IV push; Large amount of contrast media or drug that is administered Rapidly into an existing IV line
Another word for remnant beam is
Imaging form beam; Exit beam
The inverse square law is used to calculate a change
In beam intensity with changes to SID ** intensity only shows up in inverse square law***
The tip of the Swanz-Ganz catheter is placed
In pulmonary artery
Positive contrast agents
Increase attenuation of structures containing positive contrast; Results in a decrease in density
Magnification results in
Increased pt dose; Better spatial; Better contrast
Matrix size and FOV are ________ proportional
Indirectly
Scotty dog leg represents
Inferior articulating process
Magnification of fluoro image is a function of which phosphor size
Input
Magnification of the fluoro unit is a function of the
Input phosphor size
Converts incoming X-ray photons into light
Input phosphor; Comprised of cesium iodine
Ghost image is caused by
Insufficient erasure; Faint image in background
For Hyperglycemic pts, give
Insulin; Glucaphage/Metformin
Latent image is the
Invisible image contained in Analog form
Another name for PA Dens
Judd Method
Main controlling factors for Subject Contrast
KVP
Umbilicus is at level of
L3-4
Iliac crest is at level of
L4-5
Single best way to demonstrate spondylithesis
L5-S1 spot lateral
The body and tail of the pancreas is located in what region
LUQ
Main controlling factor for Image contrast
LUT
Scotty dog body represents
Laminate/spinous process
A compressed fx of a bone best demonstrated in
Lateral
30° Medial Oblique of the foot best demonstrates which structures
Lateral structures of foot (cuneiform, talus and navicular
What exam best demonstrates the longitudinal arch of the foot
Lateral weight bearing; Done bilaterally
What projection of the nasal bones best demonstrates a break
Lateral; Bilateral
Minimum lead equivalency (NCRP 102) for lead in department, lead on portable, gloves, Bucky slot cover
Lead in department- .5 mm pb; Lead on mobile- .2 mm pb; Gloves- .25 mm pb; Bucky slot cover- .25mm pb **Recommended lead - .5 mm pb**
Position that will emphasize the mucosa lining of the medial wall of the descending colon
Left Lateral Decubitus
3 Times exams
Left Lateral Decubitus (5min); Small Bowel; IVU
High Frequency voltage ripple
Less than 1%
Recording systems CINE fluoro device is exposed by
Light from output end of Image intensification tube ; HIghest pt dose (10x)
Low exposure areas appear
Light( display darker)
Vignetting
Loss of detail and fall off of brightness along the periphery EDGES (pin cushion distortion) on a monitor
What to do to each technical factor to yield Greatest Receptor Exposure: GR, SID, KVP, mAs
Low GR; Short SID; High KVP; High mAs
Authorized to order radiographic exam
MD; Nurse with MD's signature
Magnification factor formula
MF= input(1)/output(2)
Lateral skull: the MSP is_______ to IR the IPL is ______ to IR the IOML is ______ to IR
MSP parallel; IPL perpendicular; IOML perpendicular
For L5-S1 spot lateral of L-spine what are angles for make and female
Male: 3-5° Caudad; Female: 5-8° Caudad
What is the nerve that gets pinched and causes pain of the carpal tunnel (Gaynor Hart Method)
Median nerve
Artificial man made source of radiation
Medical imaging (xrays) most common; Nuclear fallout; Consumer products
AP weight bearing bilateral knees best demonstrates
Menisci; Joint spaces; Cartilage
Which network configuration is most advanced
Mesh
Most sensitive cell phase
Metaphase
Equalization
Method of image processing using histogram of image to adjust contrast
Reciprocity law can be used to maintain a desired amount of radiation while
Minimizing the duration of exposure
Mobile occupational distance is
Minimum 6 feet (2 meters) (180cm)
Moire effect may occur if there is a
Misalignment of the pixels
Wave like or watery appearance of image is
Moire effect; Occurs when 2 linear grids are placed on top of one another
UGI pre-exams instructions
NPO 8 hrs prior to exam
Medical Imaging principal of radiation is based on
Non-threshold Linear dose radiation
Cystogram is a _________ study
Nonfunctional
Formula for transformer primary/secondary turns and primary/secondary voltage
Ns/Np= Vs/Vp
Atomic number is equal to
Number of protons in nucleus; Z
Spatial frequency filtering (smoothing)
Occurs by averaging all pixel frequency with surrounding pixel values to remove noise
Formula for direct square law
Old mAs/new mAs= old SID^2/new SID^2
Valence number
Outermost shell; Max is 8
Edge enhancement
Outlines things on the edges
The Fluoro intensifier is positioned
Over pt table
AP Upright Abdomen, to effectively demonstrate free air the CR should remain ______ to floor
Parallel ( horizontal beam)
What projection of the Nasal Bones best demonstrates a displaced or deviated nasal septum
ParietoAcanthial projection (Waters)
Scotty dog neck represents
Pars interarticularis
Scotty dog eye represents
Pedicle
Based on the role that the network components play, they can also be classified into what two groups
Peer-to-peer; Server-Client
Converts light photons from the input phosphor into free electrons
Photocathode
Bright light vision
Phototopic; Cone cells
Responsible for determining Pt chief complaint or single most important issue
Physician
Double contrast shows
Polyps
Why is a Cervical lateral flexion and extension performed?
Post cervical fusion; Post whiplash
Y view scapula dislocation: If head of humerus is under acromion then it is
Posterior dislocation
PA chest should demonstrate which side of ribs
Posterior ribs
Elevated lab results of BUN, GFR indicate
Potential renal failure; 1 exception is the elderly 55+ is that GFR drops for renal failure
Verbal and written communication
Presentation of material; Attitudes; Voice tone or volume; Effective listening
Autotransformer is located
Primary/Low Voltage side; Operates on SELF induction; Determines amount of voltage that will be sent to step up transformer
Teleradiology
Process of remote transmission and viewing of images
Attenuation
Progressive absorption (reduction of intensity) of X-ray beam as it passes through matter; (Sum of absorption and scatter)
Disadvantages of MOVING grids
Prohibits use of very short exposure times; Increases Pt dose
Atomic mass number is equal to
Protons and Neutrons in nucleus; A
Greater trochanter is at level of
Pubic symphysis
Rectifiers convert AC to
Pulsating direct; Unidirectional; DC
Rules of Body mechanics: Push vs Pull
Push object ( stretcher, wheelchair); Pull Patients (in transfer to table)
The head of the pancreas is located in what body region
RUQ
When a pt is conscious where is best site to take pulse
Radial (wrist)
Secondary beam is
Radiation after interaction with Pt; (Characteristic); Remnant- exit beam
Elbow/Humerus unites with
Radius- Capitulum; Ulna-Trochlea
Largest source of natural radiation
Radon (most common); Cosmic; Terrestrial
Fill factor
Ratio of pixels light sensitive area to the pixels total area; ex: empty house filled with furniture
Primary purpose of filtration is to
Reduce ESE (entrance skin exposure)
Cystogram and Voiding Cystogram commonly performed to R/O
Reflux in children
Extravasation can be treated by
Removing needle; Applying warm compression; Elevate
Use of Grids
Requires more exposure; Improve contrast
Pulmonary artery ( Swan-Ganz) catheters are used to diagnose
Right and left VENTRICULAR failure and pulmonary disorders, and monitor effects of specific meds
AP Scapula the arm is abducted to form
Right angle with chest
Autonomy
Right to refuse medical treatment
Frequency
Rise and fall of photon; Measured in hertz
The single most common contrast medium is
Room Air (chest X-ray more common)
Body of Mandible best demonstrated if Pt.s head is
Rotated 30° TOWARD table
Mentum (symphysis) of Mandible is best demonstrated when Pt.s head is
Rotated 45° TOWARD table
Exposure term S, EI, LgM relationship of amount of exposure
S- indirect; EI- direct; lgM- direct
ASIS is at level of
S-1
Low light/night vision
Scotopic; Rod cells
Dilantin is given for
Seizures
2 types of Induction
Self; Mutual
Empathy
Sensitivity to the needs of others that allows you to meet those needs in a constructive manner
How to prevent involuntary movements
Shortest exposure time
DEL consists ok what 3 things
Size; Pitch; Fill factor
Pulse palpitation sites: Skull Neck Upper extremity Groin Lower extremity
Skull- temporal artery; Neck- carotid; Upper extremity- radial Groin- femoral Lower extremity- dorsal pedis
Increasing the sampling frequency results in laser moving a
Smaller distance giving an increase in detail
Photon
Smallest bit of electromagnetic energy
Short term somatic effects occur
Soon after exposure; Ex: epilating, nausea/vomiting, erythema, fatigue
What is the difference between X-ray and gamma rays
Source of origin
RIS (Radiology Info System) contains
Specific info about Pt modality work list
Open Mouth Waters demonstrates
Sphenoid sinus
What sinus is seen through open mouth
Sphenoid sinus
Where voltage becomes kilovoltage
Step up transformer
Label Front to Back on lateral chest X-ray
Sternum (most anterior); Heart; Trachea; Esophagus; Thoracic aorta; Spine (most posterior)
Uniform appearance of lead strips appearing in entire image what is the cause
Stopped grid
In Myelography, contrast is administered by spinal puncture into
Subarachnoid space (Intrathecal)
Scotty Dog ear represents
Superior articulating process
Xiphoid process is at the level of
T-10
Sternum angle is at the level of
T4-5
Inferior angle of the scapula is at the level of
T7
After BE exam , the technologist may tell Pt to drink lots of fluids, colored stool may exist, and contact doctor if no bowel moment but never tell the pt to
Take any laxatives
Bone age study (Greulich and Pyle Method) is a single PA projection of
The Nondominant hand; Left hand and wrist
Occlusal plain is
The baseline of open mouth
Window level determines
The brightness
Incident reports must be reported directly to
The supervisor
Primary beam is
The useful beam; Prior to interaction with Pt; Also called "incident photons"
To demonstrate the wall of the esophagus what type of barium should be used
Thick
Half value layer
Thickness of an absorbing material required to reduce intensity by 1/2 its original value
In a transthoracic lateral trauma (Lawrence Method) the CR is directed across the
Thoracic cavity to the SURGICAL neck of affected humerus
How is a Pt. Head positioned in AP Open Mouth
Tip of mastoid process and lower margin of upper incisors perpendicular to IR (occlusal plain)
LUT is used
To evaluate raw info and correct mess ups
3 ways to express the 10° angle of the foot
Toward calcaneus; Posteriorly; Cephalad
AP Skull name, angle, best demonstrates
Townes Method; CR 30° Caudad; Occipital bone/posterior region
Lateral Patella best demonstrates what type of Fx
Transverse
Scotty dog nose represents
Transverse process
Collie's fracture is
Transverse/posterior displacement of hand; Ulnar styloid
What is the best position for the Pt to demonstrate Esophageal Varices from best to least
Trendelenburg; Supine; Recumbent
Ramus is best demonstrates if Pt.s head is
True Lateral
For under the table fluoro shields should be placed
Under pt on table top
The Fluoro tube is positioned
Under table
Another name for Alternating Current (AC) is
Unrectified
When both ends of image is cut off what is the cause
Upside down grid
Tangential views always demonstrates what type of fx
Vertical
Manifest image is the
Visible image by exposure to a small beam from high energy laser
As the number of turns INCREASE, what happens to Voltage (EMF)
Voltage (EMF) INCREASES
Viscosity (thickness) is reduced by
Warming
In Myelography what kind of contrast is used
Water soluble contrast into subarachnoid space
Malpractice
When Pt is injured due to error from something I actually did
AC joint (Pearson Method) are normally done
With and without weights
Reason not to do a PA forearm
Would superimpose proximal bones, joints
Image Intensifier coverts in what sequence
X- xray; L- light; E- electrons; L- light; M- monitor
Long term somatic effects occur
Years after exposure; Ex: cancer (leukemia), cataractogenesis, life span shortening
What bones are included in a BLOWOUT fx; What projection best demonstrates this
Zygoma; Palatine; Maxilla; Best demonstrated in a MODIFIED PA
Example of a variable resistor of a precision resistor
mA station
Main controlling factor for are receptor exposure (density) is
mAs; Quantity
In RAO sternum projection the sternum is demonstrated
over the heart shadow to the LEFT of the vertebral column; 15°-20° obliqued
Proper positioning of AP Skull (Townes) will demonstrate
the Dorsum Sellae and posterior Clenoid within foramen magnum