RADR 2431 Chapter 8 part B

apophyseal joints

zygapophyseal joints were once called by the older term ____________ _________

costovertebral joint

Each facet or combination of two demifacets accepts the head of a rib to form a ______________ ____________

superior facet

Each of the left and right C1 superior articular processes presents a large depressed surface called a ___________ ________ for articulation with the respective left and right occipital condyles the skull

C2

Embryologically, the odontoid process is actually the body of C1, but it fuses to _________ during development.

inferior

T1 has a full facet and a demifacet on its ____________ margin

lower

T2 through T8 have demifacets on their upper and ____________ margins.

thoracic vertebrae

T5-T8 are considered typical ____________ ______________

pedicle and laminae

Where does the transverse process arise from on a typical vertebra?

synovial; diarthrodial (freely moveable); plane (gliding)

R and L atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) is classified as ______________; mobility type _____________ ; movement type _____________ (gliding)

posterior tubercle

Rather than the two laminae and a spinous process found in typical vertebrae, C1 has a posterior arch that generally bears a small __________ ___________ at the midline.

T1 and T2

Rib 1 articulates with T1 only, rib 2 articulates with ____ and ____, and so forth.

full

T10 through T12 have ____________ facets

costovertebral joints

T11 and T12 do not have facets at the ends of the transverse process for rib articulations. Ribs 11 and 12 however, articulate only at the _______________ _______________

upper

T9 has only one demifacet on its ___________ margin

intervertebral foramen

When the vertebrae are stacked, the superior and inferior vertebral notches line up; these two half moon shaped areas form a single opening the __________________ ______________

pedicle and body

Where does transverse process arise from on typical cervical vertebra?

transverse foramen

cervical vertebrae- This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus.

articular pillar; lateral mass

cervical vertebrae- between the superior and inferior processes is a short column of bone that is more supportive than the similar area in the rest of the spinal column. This column of bone is called the ___________ _________, sometimes called the _________ _____, when one is referring to C1

cervical articular processes

cervical vertebrae- located behind the transverse process at the junction of the pedicle and lamina are the _____________ _____________ __________

synovial; diarthrodial; plane (gliding)

costotransverse joints (T1-T10) are classified as ______________; mobility type ______________; movement type __________________

synovial; diarthrodial

costovertebral and costotransverse joints are closely spaced and are enclosed in _________________ capsules; These synovial joints are ____________ and allow slight gliding movements.

synovial; diarthrodial; plane (gliding)

costovertebral joints (T1-T12) are classified as ________________; mobility type____________; movement type ____________

transverse foramina

the transverse processes of C1 are smaller but still contain the ____________ __________ distinctive of all cervical vertebrae

foramina; bifid spinous; vertebral bodies

the typical cervical vertebrae has 3 unique characteristics: transverse__________ _________ ___________ process overlapping ____________ _________

lateral

the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which projection?

posterior

thoracic zygapophyseal joints best visualized on _____________obliques (LPO); upside joints visualized

3; 6; inferior

typical C___ to C_____ cervical bodies are small and oblong in shape, with the anterior edge slightly more __________, which causes slight overlapping of vertebral bodies

C1-C2; body

vertebrae separated by fibrocartilaginous disks except between ____-______ because C1 has no __________

ribs

vertebrae with two demifacets share articulations with the heads of ___________

costal joints

where 12 ribs articulate with transverse processes and vertebral bodies

synovial; diarthrodial (freely movable); plane

zygapophyseal joints are classified as _________________; mobility type______________; movement type _____________ (gliding)

superior vertebral notch; inferior vertebral notch

along the upper surface of each pedicle is a half moon shaped area termed the ________ __________ __________, and along the lower surface of each pedicle is another half moon shaped area called the ________ ________ _________

atlantooccipital joints

articulations between the superior articular facets of the atlas and occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull

synovial; diarthrodial (freely moveable); ellipsoid

atlantooccipital joint (skull-C1) is classified as _______________; with mobility type _____________; movement type __________________ (condyloid)

two; nerves; vessels

between every two vertebrae are _________ intervertebral foramen, one on each side, through which important spinal __________ and blood _________ pass.

true lateral

intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine is best demonstrated on a ______ __________ position

cartilaginous; amphiarthrodial

intervertebral joints (C2-T12) are classified as _________________; mobility type __________________ (slightly moveable)

synovial; diarthrodial; trochoid

medial atlantoaxial joint (odontoid process of C2 and anterior arch of C1) is classified as _____________; mobility type______________; movement type ________________ (pivot)

foramina (left and right transverse foramina and vertebral foramen)

one unique characteristic of all cervical vertebrae is that each has three _______________ that run vertically

annulus fibrosis

outer layer of intervertebral disc

T11 and T12

ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with ________ and _________

pivot

rotation of the head primarily occurs between C1 and C2, with the odontoid process acting as a _____________

dens; spinal cord

severe stress as the possible result of a forced flexion-hyperextension, the so-called whiplash type of injury, may cause fracture of the _________. Any fracture of the vertebral column at this level could result in serious damage to the _________ ________ as well.

nucleus pulposes

soft gel like center of an intervertebral disc

superior facets

the __________ ___________ of the superior articular processes that articulate with the skull also assist in rotation of the head

inferior articular process

the ___________ ____________ ___________ for articulation with C3 lies inferior to the lamina

odontoid process; transverse atlantal ligament

the ____________ ________or dens is part of the second cervical vertebra, but a superior perspective of C1 shows its location and how it is held in place by the ______________ ___________ ________________

zygapophyseal joints; right angles

the ______________ _____________ of the second through seventh cervical vertebrae are located at _________ __________, or 90 degrees, to the midsagittal plane and thus are visualized only in a true lateral position

costotransverse joints

the articulation between the costal tubercle of the rib and the costal facet of the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra (T1-T10)

open mouth

the atlantoaxial (zygapophyseal ) joints between C1-C2 are demonstrated on what projection?

atlas

the first cervical vertebra, the ____________, a name derived from the Greek God who bore the weight of the world on his shoulders least resembles a typical vertebra

45; 15

the intervertebral foramina are situated at a _________ degree angle to the midsagittal plane. They are also directed at a _________ degree inferior angle because of shape and overlapping of the cervical vertebrae.

pedicles

the intervertebral foramina can be identified by the _____________, which form the superior and inferior boundaries of these foramina.

Amphiarthrodial

the intervertebral joints are classified as:

vertebra prominens; spinous process

the last, or seventh, cervical vertebra, the ________ __________, has many features of thoracic vertebrae, including an extra long and more horizontal _________ _________that can be palpated at the base of the neck.

axis; odontoid process or dens

the most distinctive feature of the second cervical vertebra, the _________, is the clinically important ____________ ___________ or ________

right; 90

the openings of the intervertebral foramina on the thoracic vertebrae are located at __________ angles, or ______ degrees, to the midsagittal plane

atlantoaxial joints; open mouth

the other cervical zygapophyseal joints, those between C1 and C2 _______________ ______________ are visualized only on an AP ___________ __________ projection

intervertebral disks and zygapophyseal joints

The vertebral column would be rigidly immovable without the __________ ___________ and _________________ ______________

downside

anterior oblique _____________ foramina visualized and open

head

Because the lateral masses of C1 support the weight of the ____________, these portions are the most bulky and solid parts of C1

body

C1 has no ____________

facets

In addition to costovertebral joints, all of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae also have ________________________ ( one on each transverse process) that articulate with the tubercles of ribs 1 through 10

joints

In addition to the body and vertebral arch the _______ are a third important aspect to the vertebral column

70; 75

In the thoracic vertebrae the zygapophyseal joints form an angle of _______ degrees to ______ degrees from the midsagittal plane.

upside

LPO- posterior oblique ______________ foramina visualized and open

intervertebral foramina

On each side, between any thoracic vertebrae, are ______________ _____________, which are defined on the superior and inferior margins by the pedicles

anterior arch; anterior tubercle

On the atlas there is no body but simply a thick arch of bone called the ________ ____________, which includes a small ____________ ____________

third; sixth

The __________ through the ______ cervical vertebrae are typical cervical vertebrae.

zygapophyseal joints; intervertebral foramina

The ___________ __________ and the ___________ __________ must be demonstrated radiographically by the appropriate projection in each of the three major portions of the vertebral column.

intervertebral

The _______________ disks that are located in the intervertebral joints are tightly bound to adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability, but allow flexibility and movement of the vertebral column

lateral masses

The articular pillars (segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes) for C1 are called:

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

The condition in which the inner part of the disk protrudes through the outer layer; also called "slipped disk"; presses on the spinal cord and nerves and causes pain and numbness

inferior; superior

The head of the fourth rib straddles or articulates with demifacets on the vertebral bodies of both T3 and T4. The superior portion of the rib head articulates with the demifacet on the _______________ margin of T3, and the inferior portion of the rib head articulates with the demifacet on the ___________ margin of T4.

obliques

The intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on which projection?

lumbar vetebrae

The lower four thoracic vertebrae are larger and share characteristics of the _________ _________

2; 6; bifid tips

The spinous processes of C___ through C__ are fairly short and end in double pointed or ________ ________

zygapophyseal

The superior articular processes and the inferior articular processes are shown to connect the successive thoracic vertebrae to form the _____________ joints.

articulating surface

The term facet is sometimes used interchangeably with zygapophyseal joints but facet is actually only the ___________ ____________ instead of the entire superior and inferior articular process

inferiorly

The thoracic vertebrae spinous processes are projected _____________

cervical vertebrae

The upper four thoracic vertebrae are smaller and share features of the _________ ___________

caudally

Thoracic spinous processes are pointed ___________

respiration

_________ could not occur without the spine, which serves as a pivot point for arclike movement of ribs

intervertebral joints; amphiarthrodial

_______________ _________ are located between vertebral bodies and are ________________ joints-slightly moveable joints

facets; ribs

a key distinguishing feature of all 12 thoracic vertebrae is their __________ for articulation with ________

odontoid process or dens

a process projecting upward from the body of the axis vertebra, around which the atlas rotates

larger

each cervical vertebra and vertebral body continues to get __________, progressing down to the seventh cervical vertebra

demifacets

each thoracic vertebra has a full facet or two partial facets, called ________________ on each side of the body.

oblique (45 degrees)

for cervical vertebrae intervertebral foramina is demonstrated on a ________________ projection

lateral

for cervical vertebrae the zygapophyseal joint is demonstrated on a ________ projection

lateral

for the thoracic vertebrae the intervertebral foramina is demonstrated on a ________________ projection

oblique (70 degrees ;upside demonstrated on a posterior)

for the thoracic vertebrae the zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on a _____________ projection

zygapophyseal joint

formed by superior and inferior processes

intervertebral foramen

formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of pedicles (half moon shaped area) when vertebrae are stacked

cushion; shock absorber

function of the intervertebral disk: provides a _________ between the vertebrae and acts as a ________ _________