RADR 2431 Chapter 8 part B
apophyseal joints
zygapophyseal joints were once called by the older term ____________ _________
costovertebral joint
Each facet or combination of two demifacets accepts the head of a rib to form a ______________ ____________
superior facet
Each of the left and right C1 superior articular processes presents a large depressed surface called a ___________ ________ for articulation with the respective left and right occipital condyles the skull
C2
Embryologically, the odontoid process is actually the body of C1, but it fuses to _________ during development.
inferior
T1 has a full facet and a demifacet on its ____________ margin
lower
T2 through T8 have demifacets on their upper and ____________ margins.
thoracic vertebrae
T5-T8 are considered typical ____________ ______________
pedicle and laminae
Where does the transverse process arise from on a typical vertebra?
synovial; diarthrodial (freely moveable); plane (gliding)
R and L atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) is classified as ______________; mobility type _____________ ; movement type _____________ (gliding)
posterior tubercle
Rather than the two laminae and a spinous process found in typical vertebrae, C1 has a posterior arch that generally bears a small __________ ___________ at the midline.
T1 and T2
Rib 1 articulates with T1 only, rib 2 articulates with ____ and ____, and so forth.
full
T10 through T12 have ____________ facets
costovertebral joints
T11 and T12 do not have facets at the ends of the transverse process for rib articulations. Ribs 11 and 12 however, articulate only at the _______________ _______________
upper
T9 has only one demifacet on its ___________ margin
intervertebral foramen
When the vertebrae are stacked, the superior and inferior vertebral notches line up; these two half moon shaped areas form a single opening the __________________ ______________
pedicle and body
Where does transverse process arise from on typical cervical vertebra?
transverse foramen
cervical vertebrae- This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus.
articular pillar; lateral mass
cervical vertebrae- between the superior and inferior processes is a short column of bone that is more supportive than the similar area in the rest of the spinal column. This column of bone is called the ___________ _________, sometimes called the _________ _____, when one is referring to C1
cervical articular processes
cervical vertebrae- located behind the transverse process at the junction of the pedicle and lamina are the _____________ _____________ __________
synovial; diarthrodial; plane (gliding)
costotransverse joints (T1-T10) are classified as ______________; mobility type ______________; movement type __________________
synovial; diarthrodial
costovertebral and costotransverse joints are closely spaced and are enclosed in _________________ capsules; These synovial joints are ____________ and allow slight gliding movements.
synovial; diarthrodial; plane (gliding)
costovertebral joints (T1-T12) are classified as ________________; mobility type____________; movement type ____________
transverse foramina
the transverse processes of C1 are smaller but still contain the ____________ __________ distinctive of all cervical vertebrae
foramina; bifid spinous; vertebral bodies
the typical cervical vertebrae has 3 unique characteristics: transverse__________ _________ ___________ process overlapping ____________ _________
lateral
the zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which projection?
posterior
thoracic zygapophyseal joints best visualized on _____________obliques (LPO); upside joints visualized
3; 6; inferior
typical C___ to C_____ cervical bodies are small and oblong in shape, with the anterior edge slightly more __________, which causes slight overlapping of vertebral bodies
C1-C2; body
vertebrae separated by fibrocartilaginous disks except between ____-______ because C1 has no __________
ribs
vertebrae with two demifacets share articulations with the heads of ___________
costal joints
where 12 ribs articulate with transverse processes and vertebral bodies
synovial; diarthrodial (freely movable); plane
zygapophyseal joints are classified as _________________; mobility type______________; movement type _____________ (gliding)
superior vertebral notch; inferior vertebral notch
along the upper surface of each pedicle is a half moon shaped area termed the ________ __________ __________, and along the lower surface of each pedicle is another half moon shaped area called the ________ ________ _________
atlantooccipital joints
articulations between the superior articular facets of the atlas and occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull
synovial; diarthrodial (freely moveable); ellipsoid
atlantooccipital joint (skull-C1) is classified as _______________; with mobility type _____________; movement type __________________ (condyloid)
two; nerves; vessels
between every two vertebrae are _________ intervertebral foramen, one on each side, through which important spinal __________ and blood _________ pass.
true lateral
intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine is best demonstrated on a ______ __________ position
cartilaginous; amphiarthrodial
intervertebral joints (C2-T12) are classified as _________________; mobility type __________________ (slightly moveable)
synovial; diarthrodial; trochoid
medial atlantoaxial joint (odontoid process of C2 and anterior arch of C1) is classified as _____________; mobility type______________; movement type ________________ (pivot)
foramina (left and right transverse foramina and vertebral foramen)
one unique characteristic of all cervical vertebrae is that each has three _______________ that run vertically
annulus fibrosis
outer layer of intervertebral disc
T11 and T12
ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with ________ and _________
pivot
rotation of the head primarily occurs between C1 and C2, with the odontoid process acting as a _____________
dens; spinal cord
severe stress as the possible result of a forced flexion-hyperextension, the so-called whiplash type of injury, may cause fracture of the _________. Any fracture of the vertebral column at this level could result in serious damage to the _________ ________ as well.
nucleus pulposes
soft gel like center of an intervertebral disc
superior facets
the __________ ___________ of the superior articular processes that articulate with the skull also assist in rotation of the head
inferior articular process
the ___________ ____________ ___________ for articulation with C3 lies inferior to the lamina
odontoid process; transverse atlantal ligament
the ____________ ________or dens is part of the second cervical vertebra, but a superior perspective of C1 shows its location and how it is held in place by the ______________ ___________ ________________
zygapophyseal joints; right angles
the ______________ _____________ of the second through seventh cervical vertebrae are located at _________ __________, or 90 degrees, to the midsagittal plane and thus are visualized only in a true lateral position
costotransverse joints
the articulation between the costal tubercle of the rib and the costal facet of the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra (T1-T10)
open mouth
the atlantoaxial (zygapophyseal ) joints between C1-C2 are demonstrated on what projection?
atlas
the first cervical vertebra, the ____________, a name derived from the Greek God who bore the weight of the world on his shoulders least resembles a typical vertebra
45; 15
the intervertebral foramina are situated at a _________ degree angle to the midsagittal plane. They are also directed at a _________ degree inferior angle because of shape and overlapping of the cervical vertebrae.
pedicles
the intervertebral foramina can be identified by the _____________, which form the superior and inferior boundaries of these foramina.
Amphiarthrodial
the intervertebral joints are classified as:
vertebra prominens; spinous process
the last, or seventh, cervical vertebra, the ________ __________, has many features of thoracic vertebrae, including an extra long and more horizontal _________ _________that can be palpated at the base of the neck.
axis; odontoid process or dens
the most distinctive feature of the second cervical vertebra, the _________, is the clinically important ____________ ___________ or ________
right; 90
the openings of the intervertebral foramina on the thoracic vertebrae are located at __________ angles, or ______ degrees, to the midsagittal plane
atlantoaxial joints; open mouth
the other cervical zygapophyseal joints, those between C1 and C2 _______________ ______________ are visualized only on an AP ___________ __________ projection
intervertebral disks and zygapophyseal joints
The vertebral column would be rigidly immovable without the __________ ___________ and _________________ ______________
downside
anterior oblique _____________ foramina visualized and open
head
Because the lateral masses of C1 support the weight of the ____________, these portions are the most bulky and solid parts of C1
body
C1 has no ____________
facets
In addition to costovertebral joints, all of the first 10 thoracic vertebrae also have ________________________ ( one on each transverse process) that articulate with the tubercles of ribs 1 through 10
joints
In addition to the body and vertebral arch the _______ are a third important aspect to the vertebral column
70; 75
In the thoracic vertebrae the zygapophyseal joints form an angle of _______ degrees to ______ degrees from the midsagittal plane.
upside
LPO- posterior oblique ______________ foramina visualized and open
intervertebral foramina
On each side, between any thoracic vertebrae, are ______________ _____________, which are defined on the superior and inferior margins by the pedicles
anterior arch; anterior tubercle
On the atlas there is no body but simply a thick arch of bone called the ________ ____________, which includes a small ____________ ____________
third; sixth
The __________ through the ______ cervical vertebrae are typical cervical vertebrae.
zygapophyseal joints; intervertebral foramina
The ___________ __________ and the ___________ __________ must be demonstrated radiographically by the appropriate projection in each of the three major portions of the vertebral column.
intervertebral
The _______________ disks that are located in the intervertebral joints are tightly bound to adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability, but allow flexibility and movement of the vertebral column
lateral masses
The articular pillars (segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes) for C1 are called:
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
The condition in which the inner part of the disk protrudes through the outer layer; also called "slipped disk"; presses on the spinal cord and nerves and causes pain and numbness
inferior; superior
The head of the fourth rib straddles or articulates with demifacets on the vertebral bodies of both T3 and T4. The superior portion of the rib head articulates with the demifacet on the _______________ margin of T3, and the inferior portion of the rib head articulates with the demifacet on the ___________ margin of T4.
obliques
The intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on which projection?
lumbar vetebrae
The lower four thoracic vertebrae are larger and share characteristics of the _________ _________
2; 6; bifid tips
The spinous processes of C___ through C__ are fairly short and end in double pointed or ________ ________
zygapophyseal
The superior articular processes and the inferior articular processes are shown to connect the successive thoracic vertebrae to form the _____________ joints.
articulating surface
The term facet is sometimes used interchangeably with zygapophyseal joints but facet is actually only the ___________ ____________ instead of the entire superior and inferior articular process
inferiorly
The thoracic vertebrae spinous processes are projected _____________
cervical vertebrae
The upper four thoracic vertebrae are smaller and share features of the _________ ___________
caudally
Thoracic spinous processes are pointed ___________
respiration
_________ could not occur without the spine, which serves as a pivot point for arclike movement of ribs
intervertebral joints; amphiarthrodial
_______________ _________ are located between vertebral bodies and are ________________ joints-slightly moveable joints
facets; ribs
a key distinguishing feature of all 12 thoracic vertebrae is their __________ for articulation with ________
odontoid process or dens
a process projecting upward from the body of the axis vertebra, around which the atlas rotates
larger
each cervical vertebra and vertebral body continues to get __________, progressing down to the seventh cervical vertebra
demifacets
each thoracic vertebra has a full facet or two partial facets, called ________________ on each side of the body.
oblique (45 degrees)
for cervical vertebrae intervertebral foramina is demonstrated on a ________________ projection
lateral
for cervical vertebrae the zygapophyseal joint is demonstrated on a ________ projection
lateral
for the thoracic vertebrae the intervertebral foramina is demonstrated on a ________________ projection
oblique (70 degrees ;upside demonstrated on a posterior)
for the thoracic vertebrae the zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on a _____________ projection
zygapophyseal joint
formed by superior and inferior processes
intervertebral foramen
formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of pedicles (half moon shaped area) when vertebrae are stacked
cushion; shock absorber
function of the intervertebral disk: provides a _________ between the vertebrae and acts as a ________ _________
