RBT 40 Hour (1) and (2)

Positive Behavior Support

An approach to supporting people who have challenging behavior that utilizes applied behavior analysis aligned with the values of normalization and person-centered care. (carr)

reflex

An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs in all members of a species. Also called an unconditioned response (UR).

Motivating Operation

An event or condition that alters the value of consequences and the probability of behaviors that have been previously associated with such consequences. MOs may be categorized as establishing or abolishing.

Commonly Addressed Skill Acquisition Areas

Communication Self-Care Social Skills Academics

ways we measure behavior

Count It Time It Use a Ruler or Measuring Device on It

reinforcers

Desired consequences that result in repetition of the behavior that led to them. Stimulus change that follows a behavioral response and increases the likelihood that response will occur again (strengthens the behavior).

function

How a behavior is used to meet the reinforcement needs of the person exhibiting it. The purpose of a behavior.

purpose of behavior analysis

How behavior is initially established How behavior changes Ways we can intervene to help behavior change more quickly or in a desirable direction.

gerontology

In gerontological settings, ABA is used to practice skills the person is at risk of losing, as well as establishing environments that are ripe with cues to assist people in knowing what to do and when to do it, enabling them to be less dependent on caretaker direction.

working as an rbt

Must have a BCBA or BCaBA Supervising You If you do not have a supervisor on record with the BACB, you cannot work as an RBT. Close May not work as an independent contractor. Because RBTs are required to work under someone else's supervision, they do not qualify to be independent contractors under IRS guidelines. Whether working for an agency or for the BCBA supervising them, RBTs should be classified as employees. Close No formal continuing education requirements Because you are working under supervision, it is expected that you are continually learning new skills. However, it is always good to read and attend skill building workshops! Close Must adhere to the RBT Code of Ethics Available on the BACB website

scientific method

Observe Define Hypothesize Test Conclude

Radical behaviorism

School of behaviorism that views behavior as a natural event resulting exclusively from interactions with the environment.

behavior analysis

The science of human behavior

Behavior Analysis is used for a variety of reasons. The most well known is the treatment of ______________________________ .

autism

Pavlov's dogs demonstrated the process of

classical conditoning

I know you are hungry because I heard your stomach growl is a(n) ________________ argument.

empirical

Jon Bailey's primary contribution to the field of ABA is in the area of

ethics

Skinner's Book: verbal behavior

explanation of mands and tacts

Behaviors that do not allow the individual to contact reinforcement in the environment are eliminated over time through the process of __________________.

extinction

Behavior analysts only work with individuals; never large groups.

false

Reflexive responses are elicited by conditioned stimuli.

false

Skinner's theory cannot explain complex human behavior such as language.

false

Organizational behavior management OBM

is a branch of ABA that works with companies to develop systems that capitalize on proven techniques for teaching skills (such as BST), keeping people performing mastered skills as a high level, and ensuring high performing people receive the right kinds of reinforcers to continue working for the company.

EMPIRICISM

m The theory that knowledge derives from sensory experience.e.g., sight, hearing, or touch

What kind of response does a neutral stimulus elicit?

no response

Which of the following is NOT a good way to measure behavior?

rating scale

Consequences can be divided into two types:

reinforcers and punishers

Which component of Darwin's theory of evolution was particularly important for the development of behavior analysis?

selection

Sidney Bijou

studied under Skinner. focused on applying his methods to the treatment of children

What is the fourth step in the scientific method

test your hypothesis

What do behavior analysts mean by the word function?

the purpose of behavior

A stimulus is any environmental event that elicits a behavioral response.

true

precision training

(PT) and Direct Instruction (DI) are ABA-based academic instruction methods that involve teaching basic skills to fluency and charting performance to track rate of learning and deciding when to move to the next learning objective.

3 reasons people seek behavior analytic services

1. to eliminate problem behaviors 2. to acquire missing behaviors 3. combination of both

Delay / Denial Tolerance

A component of functional communication training that teaches the learner to first accept delays in receiving requested items/activities, then to accept denials, without displaying problem behavior.

Functional Communcation Training

A differential reinforcement technique that teaches the person to engage in communicative responses as a replacement for problem behavior.

ABC recording

A method of descriptive data collection in which the antecedents and consequences surrounding a behavior of interest are recorded.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that takes on the eliciting properties of an unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairings with that unconditioned stimulus.

functional behavior assessment

A process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior.

Skill Acquisition Plan

A set of teaching procedures for achieving goals that have been broken down into benchmark objectives.

neutral stimulus NS

A stimulus that does not elicit the response of interest.

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.

tenet

A widely held principle or belief

Behavior Reduction Plan (BRP) / Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

A written set of instructions for teaching behavioral skills to replace problem behavior.

Supervision from a behavior analyst is __________________________________.

A. behavior analytic

Behavior analysts who work with individuals usually focus on skill acquisition and/or ______________________________.

A. behavior reduction

sports performance

ABA can be used to improve sports performance by shaping specific skills (such as running faster or swinging a bat more accurately) or by identifying situations in which errors typically occur in order to teach a new response to make in that situation.

generalization

An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs in all members of a species. Also called an unconditioned response (UR). Conditioned responding that happens with novel neutral stimuli that was never paired with other conditioned or unconditioned stimuli.

stimulus

Any environmental event that elicits a behavioral response.

behavior

Any human action that can be observed and measured.

Defining your research question is what step in the scientific method?

B. 2

Which of the following statements is true?

B. A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

personal counseling

Behavior analytic personal counseling is delivered by a counselor, social worker, or psychologist with specific training in applied behavior analysis. Common modalities include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Clients are taught to identify antecedents to the behaviors they would like to change, new behavioral responses they could exhibit instead, and reinforcers for making choices that align with their behavioral goals. Reinforcers may take the shape of immediate gains, as in having more time for family, or long-term delayed gains, as in making decisions that align with their personal values.

Skinner's Book: the behavior of organisms

Behavior change is based on selection by consequences

Three-Term Contingency

Behavior is explained by analyzing it according to the antecedent stimuli and the consequences that follow; i.e., antecedent - behavior - consequence.

Edward Thorndike Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by pleasant consequences are likely to be repeated. Behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are not likely to be repeated.

The Little Albert studies demonstrated that what was possible?

C. Conditioning of emotions in humans

What is the difference between a behavior reduction plan and a behavior intervention plan?

C. There is no real difference. Schools use one term while clinics tend to use the other.

Which of the following was an early version of Skinner's principle of reinforcement?

C. Thorndike's Law of Effect

Functional Analysis

Direct form of functional behavior assessment in which antecedents and consequences are systematically tested to determine the controlling variables of a specific target behavior.

CONCLUDE

During testing, we collect data, and that data is what we use to draw conclusions. So, it is very important that we note and consider any variations from the design of our study. For example, if Fred was sick and ate in his room, or if a holiday occurred during the week and many of his housemates left, we could not say that fewer attempts at aggression were attributable to fewer people in the dining room with him while he ate.

The theory that knowledge derives from sensory experience is known as

EMPIRICISM

Skinner's Book: schedules of reinforcement

Effective use of reinforcement to shape behavior

ABA services must be provided 1:1.

False

Behavior analysts do not believe thoughts and emotions exist.

False

The first step in the scientific method is to form a hypothesis.

False

BF Skinner

Father of Behavior Analysis. Operant Conditioning. Everything in ABA comes back to Skinner

When an organism begins to respond to previously neutral stimuli without direct conditioning, what has happened?

Generalization

animal training

If you have ever gone to Obedience school with your dog, you have experienced ABA. This type of animal training uses ABA principles to ensure owners learn behavior analysis techniques to train their dogs. This is generally accomplished through BST - the trainer teacher the owner what to do and why, allows the owner to practice the skill, and provides corrective feedback and reinforcement until the owner has mastered the teaching technique.

health related behaviors

In heath care settings, ABA can be used to help people develop the self-management skills necessary for lifestyle behaviors that impact their health, such as eating healthy and stopping smoking. After receiving information about why a change is necessary, patients are assisted in setting up a program to create an environment in which change is possible, set goals to gradually change their behavior, monitor their progress, and deliver reinforcement for engaging in key activities.

FBA components

Information from Interviews and Previous Records Direct Observations Direct Testing

Is this a behavioral statement? Elizabeth is being bossy.

No, it is neither observable nor measurable.

scientific method - observe

Observation often begins with something a person happens to notice in the course of their work, but proceeds as a more systematic form of observation. For example, I might notice Francis attempts to hit people more often right after meals. To conduct a more systematic observation, I will plan to observe Francis at scheduled intervals throughout the day and record how often he tries to hit.

TEST

Once the hypothesis is formed, we consider how we can design one or more scenarios to determine if it has merit. Suppose we want to test the hypothesis that Fred hits more at breakfast and supper because the dining room is more crowded. At lunch, some of his housemates at the group home are at work or day programs. What scenarios would be useful to design for testing?

parent training

Parent training can be a component of intensive ABA services. It may also be a stand-alone services. ABA-based parent training is not just lecture-based. Behavioral Skills Training (BST) is a specialized form of ABA-based teaching in which information is given about a skill, the learner practices the skill, and the teacher provides immediate corrective feedback and/or reinforcement for correct performance.

A stimulus change that strengthens behavior is a

REINFORCER

Single Subject Design

Research method in which treatment effectiveness is shown by demonstrating change from one condition to the next in an individual or small group.

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

Responding is conditioned through manipulation of consequences according to the law of effect. Or, behavior is learned based on it's consequences

Don Baer

Single Subject Design

developmental disabilities

Some young children with DD may qualify for intensive ABA, similar to that provided to children with Autism. ABA is also used across the lifespan for people with Autism and Intellectual Disabilities to teach functional skills and reduce challenging behaviors. This is usually provided through Medicaid or Medicaid waiver programs. Applications of ABA are also used in school settings to teach behavioral skills to students with other forms of DD, such as ADHD.

science

Systematic study of worldly phenomena through observation and experiment.

hypothesize

Taking the definition of the problem we have formed, we now speculate about factors that contribute to it and form one or more hypotheses to test. This process is driven by previous experience (ours and others' - so we do our research!). For Fred, we may begin by pondering what is different about lunch? Maybe Fred takes (or does not take) a medication at lunch; maybe the types of foods served are different; maybe the location is different.... We seek additional information to determine which hypotheses are plausible enough to tes

operant

The basic unit of behavior

applied behavior analysis

The scientific practice of applying the principles of behavior analysis to solve socially meaningful human problems.

confirmation bias

The tendency to lend credence to facts that support our beliefs and dismiss those that do not.

punishers

Undesirable consequences that result in decreases in the behavior that led to them Stimulus change that follows a behavioral response and decreases the likelihood of the response recurring (weakens the behavior).

Ivar Lovaas

Used improperly, the greatest of tools can cause immense harm.

Skinner's Book: Walden Two

Utopian society based on application of behavioral principles

define

We define what we observed in order to form a hypothesis to test. Defining precisely is crucial, as any variances in definition will affect the study's outcomes. Recall that behaviorists use observable, measurable definitions. If Fred had an increase in hitting at 8 am and 6 pm, but not at noon, we might define his hitting attempts not as occurring not at "mealtimes" but as "breakfast" and "supper."

autism treatment

Young children with Autism are taught language and behavioral skills using intensive ABA therapy, sometimes up to 40 hours per week, in clinic, home, or school settings.

Token Economy

a system of behavior change in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens, which can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers. (tedd Ayllon)

Jack Michael

advanced behavioral analysis. helped define what they did and their procedures. founder of motivating operations

behavioral economics

based on the tenet that it is easier to engage in behaviors that yield an immediate reinforcer (such as purchasing a cool jacket) than it is to engage in behaviors that yield a delayed reinforcer (such as putting the money into a mutual fund). Behavioral economists work with industries such as investment companies and insurance companies to help set up systems that will encourage people to make those hard choices. Their work is also applicable on an individual level, as people struggle personally with these decisions on a daily basis.

An FBA might include direct testing, parent interview, and

c both a and b A. direct observations B. record review C. both a and b

The last step in the scientific method is to

draw a conclusion

Data collection is useful if you can work it in, but ABA plans do not require it.

false

John B. Watson

father of behavioral psychology. conditioning of humans.

classroom behavior management

focuses on group systems, such as token economy in which students earn tokens for displaying certain behaviors and trade them in for reinforcers. It also includes antecedent controls, such as teacher signals and practicing classroom routines to fluency, which minimize triggers for problem behavior.

Behaviors differ from thoughts and emotions in that they are ___________________ and ___________________.

observable and measurable

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

salivation of dogs. Learning process in which a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US).