reading and literacy
How many phonemes or distinct speech sounds are in the word know?
2
Reading problems have multiple causes and the research by Vellutino establishes that the percentage of children with a true disability is about:
3%
How many phonemes or distinct speech sounds are in the word lodge?
4
Many experts argue that students should focus on academically related tasks. When we teach students to read, how much time each day should students read connected texts—books, magazine, articles, websites?
45 minutes a day
How many spoken syllables are in the word nationality?
5
Why is the proportion of extended words, difficult words, in a text an important factor to consider when selecting books or helping students select books?
A high proportion of extended words makes comprehension difficult.
Why is vocabulary knowledge essential to effective word recognition?
A just decoded word is more likely to be retained if the reader can link phonology, orthography, and meaning.
A syllable is:
A unit of speech organized around a vowel sound
What is the opposite of efferent reading?
Aesthetic reading
The Matthew Effect (Stanovich, 1986) tells us that the rich get richer. The classroom implication of this theory is:
All students need to read extensively, not just the strong readers.
Why is it vital for a teacher of reading to have a comfortable understanding of the reading process?
All the specifics of teaching reading stem from an understanding of how children read and learn to read.
Comprehension is a process of constructing meaning. Why is prior knowledge essential to the act of construction?
All written text has holes and it is the reader's task to fill in these holes with knowledge.
Why does the physical arrangement in the classroom have an important influence on achievement? The physical arrangement in the classroom:
Allows the teachers to work with the whole class, small groups, and individuals.
The Publisher's Criteria overrode the Common Core State Standards by emphasizing different aspects of reading instruction. All of the following were stressed by the Publisher's Criteria except:
Analyzing text structure
Why are anchor charts and other teacher-made materials an important type of print to have in the classroom?
Anchor and concept charts help students remember concepts and strategies and how to implement them.
After a 1-minute fluency assessment you should always:
Ask the student to finish the passage and assess comprehension.
You introduce a new consonant sound by discussing three words from a story that begin with the same sound—busy, baby, and bad. Next, you place a letter card with a b in a pocket chart and each time you point to it the students say its sound. Your next step in the instruction will be:
Ask the students to discriminate words that begin with b and others that do not.
It is important to keep a record or chart of a student's reading fluency so that the student can:
Attribute success to practice.
Fluency is an essential component of reading because it enables the reader to read:
Automatically, freeing the mind to focus on meaning.
When planning small group instruction, teachers should:
Be flexible in how often and for how long to meet with groups.
You are a teacher in a high poverty school, where the majority of the parents have a high school education or less. Why is modeling reading specifically essential to these students' success?
Because they have likely seen few adults in their lives reading
Which of the following is an example of a triggered situational interest.
Bobby brings his pet garter snake to school and the students want to pet it.
How does a book leveling system such as the one developed by Fountas and Pinnell differ from a readability formula?
Book leveling systems consider a wider range of factors than readability but still yield one score.
Why does the QRI-6, as part of the comprehension assessment, include the option for a student to retell the selection and answer comprehension questions?
Both allow the teacher to examine the student's ability to extract and construct meaning.
Listening is much easier than reading because the communication between the speaker and listener is more contextualized than between author and reader. Contextualized means that the speaker and listener
Both employ immediate feedback, visual cues, and shared background.
According to James Hoffman, what was the most significant change in beginning reading texts from 1986/87 to 1993?
Children had to read more unique words with fewer repetitions per word.
When students enter the consolidated alphabetic phase, they recognize words by:
Chunking letters into larger units and attacking words one chunk at a time.
A teacher reads a big book interactively with the class, pointing at each word moving from left to right while reading. What is one skill the teacher is developing through this activity?
Concept of print
Fred, a second grader, rarely chooses to read, yet his reading scores are at grade level. What would you do first to motivate him to read?
Conduct a reading conference
When a child is engaged in decoding by analogy, he is most likely in what developmental phase of word learning?
Consolidated Alphabetic
To ensure that students read and write often, a teacher should:
Create extended thematic reading and writing projects.
A group of second graders is having difficulty with words like tiger, banter, serpent. What approach to decoding would you take?
Decoding by analogy
When a teacher begins the direct explanation of a reading strategy or skill she typically:
Defines the strategy and explains how, when, and why to use it.
Both No Children Left Behind and Race to the Top mandated what similar educational policy reform?
Employing high stakes testing to reward and punish schools
Children have increased access to screens and digital text outside of school. Teachers should:
Find more ways to incorporate digital reading into the daily literacy environment.
Fluency oriented reading instruction (FORI) incorporates all these components of fluency instruction except:
Fluency assessments
During morning message, using interactive writing, the teachers stops on the word lunch and asks the students to help her spell the word. What question or statement might she begin with to scaffold the students' spelling?
Help me stretch or segment the word.
High-stakes testing began with No Child Left Behind and its purpose was to:
Hold schools accountable and raise achievement.
Why is it important to learn the properties of informal reading inventories before selecting one to use with your students?
IRIs differ in passage difficulty and their ability to assess comprehension.
Matching students to the "just right text" is most important:
In the primary grades.
The first major reform movement in reading stemmed from the report written by James Coleman after the passage of the 1965 Civil Rights Act. According to Coleman what could the nation do to close the African American and White achievementgap?
Integrate the schools so that children of different backgrounds learn together
Which of the following is designed to develop concepts of print?
Interactive reading of big books
Students who struggle to learn to read frequently forget what was taught the day before. These students need:
Judicious review and priming of background knowledge.
How does a knowledge of narrative structure, or a schema, enable reading comprehension?
Knowledge of narrative structure gives the child a structure for remembering and retelling a story.
In what ways might a computer-adaptive assessment system undermine a teacher's effectiveness in the classroom?
Leads her to doubt her own insights and abilities.
Mr. Schneider sits and talks with Joan, a student who consistently does not read and says she hates it. Joan says that there is no point in trying to read because she is a bad reader and it will never change. Joan is likely exhibiting the characteristics of:
Learned helplessness.
In the response to intervention (RtI) model, it is assumed that students who cannot make progress learning to read with Tier 2 and Tier 3 intervention:
May be eligible for special education
Which of the following words has an adjective suffix?
Natural
According to the research, why do most children need direct instruction in phonics?
Only a small proportion of students can figure out the letter-sound correspondences on their own.
A word wall can be organized alphabetically by initial letter, a, b, c, etc. or by rimes beginning with the rime's vowel—a, e, i, o, u and y. Why would a teacher organize a word wall by rimes?
Organizing a word wall by rimes helps the student use the vowel and what follows to decode new words.
What is the relationship of phonics to the code of written English?
Phonics teaches children the code of written English.
Word play in which the initial sounds of words are substituted in order to make different words or nonsense words is an excellent way to develop what skill? ("If I take the /d/ off of dog and begin it with /f/, what word did I make?")
Phonological awareness
How do the findings of Spichig and her colleagues support the long-term trends in the NAEP data?
Poor comprehension-based silent reading efficiency among high school students probably effect their NAEP scores.
An informal reading inventory allows the teacher to explore the relationship between a student's prior knowledge and her reading comprehension. Based on the data presented in the chapter what best describes this relationship?
Prior knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to insure inferential comprehension.
High stakes testing at the state level has changed classroom instruction in all of the following ways except:
Promoting more authentic reading.
The method of repeated readings can be implemented with a small group if the teacher:
Provides time for partner reading during the week.
According to Delpit, schools can best compensate for the lack of literacy experiences in the home by:
Providing direct explicit instruction in foundational skills.
Megan, a third-grade student, has a reading rate within normal boundaries, but she exhibits poor comprehension. She reads with little prosody. Which of the following techniques would you select to improve her reading ability andcomprehension?
Readers theater
In what way can Reading First and No Child Left Behind be considered a reaction to whole language?
Reading First emphasized a back-to-basics philosophy emphasizing phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency.
The components of fluency are:
Reading rate, accuracy, and prosody.
You can assess a student's reading fluency by selecting a grade level passage and measuring:
Reading rate, accuracy, and prosody.
Most children become fluent readers by:
Regularly reading engaging and easy material.
Which of the following words has a prefix?
Replace
For kindergarten and first grade students, comprehension exceeds word recognition. What factors should teachers consider when picking books for reading aloud to these students?
Select texts that build vocabulary and prior knowledge
Based on the research by Patricia Mathes in 2005, we can reach the following conclusion.
Several different forms of intervention might be equally effective.
When you introduce a new letter sound it is important to contrast it with another letter sound. Assume that your first graders are starting to learn the short a pattern. What letter sound would serve as its contrast?
Short i
It could be argued that the gradual release of responsibility model and teaching for transfer represent the same goal. What is this common goal?
Skillful independent reading
According to Jeanne Chall, as the child learns to read, she goes through several stages of development. Fluency develops in:
Stage 2
Why is selecting texts for reading instruction a complex decision?
Students need a variety of texts to grow as readers.
Why is the reading of connected text an essential component of the word study lesson?
Students need the opportunity to transfer, or try out in context, the word study principles they have learned.
When teachers manage time in their classroom they should insure that:
Students spend as much time as possible reading and writing.
Grouping students by ability or skill helps a teacher differentiate instruction. This positive outcome is sometimes outweighed by the fact that being in a lower reading group is stigmatizing. Which of the following procedures would help to minimize the stigmatizing effect of small group instruction?
Teach effectively so that students in the low group consistently move up to the higher groups
Many experts argue that students should focus on academically related tasks. When we teach students to read, how much time each day should students read connected texts—books, magazine, articles, websites?
The basals included too much isolated skill instruction with inauthentic texts.
How does an interactive read-aloud with the adult modeling the use of strategies help develop the young child's comprehension?
The child attempts to try out the same strategies the adult has modeled.
Why does phonemic awareness not come naturally to all children?
The child must attend to the structure of words not their meaning.
Hiebert outlines seven factors that a teacher should consider when selecting books for instruction. What factor(s) should a teacher consider first?
The goals of instruction
Using context is one of the three generative processes for pronouncing unknown words. Why is context an unreliable way to identify unknown words?
The important words, the content words, are not very predictable from the context.
How does knowing the names of the letters help the child develop phonemic awareness and spell words?
The names of many letters contain the sound the letter makes.
How is being a researcher in your own classroom similar to the process of formative assessment?
The teacher is collecting data, analyzing that data, and making decisions about instruction.
A school system has adopted a computer-assisted assessment system, and the administrators want the teachers to use it diagnostically. In this system, the students take the fewest number of test items possible. Why will that be a problem?
The test sacrifices breadth of knowledge necessary for diagnostic decisions in exchange for efficiency.
How does an organized and well-stocked classroom library help to develop students' interest and motivation to read?
The volume of books in the room, their organization, and display promotes reading.
Why is predictable text, like Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?, a poor choice for beginning reading instruction?
The words and phonics patterns lack sufficient repetition to promote word learning.
Why is it difficult for children whose first language is Spanish to learn to spell English words?
There are many irregular spelling patterns in English.
Benchmark or interim tests became a problem because
They narrowed the curriculum, and school districts used them as summative tests.
What is one of the factors that limits the validity of curriculum-based measurement?
Thought is sacrificed for speed.
Data driven instruction is based on the belief that the right data will help the school identify the best instructional practices. The weakness in this argument is:
Too often we do not measure the right dimension of schooling.
When children are conducting research on the Internet, what factor applies more to websites than to published print books or magazines?
Trustworthiness
An important component of motivation is the value a student places on the work his teacher designs and assigns. In which of the following activities would a reluctant and disengaged student find the greatest value?
Tutoring a younger student and reporting on the student's progress.
Which of the following activities would NOT be an example of the cognitive view of reading?
Using flashcards to drill and memorize the meaning of words
Readability formulas assess text difficulty by measuring:
Vocabulary difficulty and syntactic complexity.
The simple view of reading argued that word recognition and listening comprehension were the two components of reading. How has that view changed?
Vocabulary knowledge influences both the quality of word recognition and listening comprehension.
When selecting texts for developing reading comprehension the teacher should first consider:
What content or ideas are going to be the focus of the unit.
Formative assessment can be considered the feedback process
Within the gradual release of responsibility model.
When children are provided with an initial environment in which they are allowed to create invented spelling patterns, the fact that children's spelling follows consistent patterns of development indicates that children:
make logical hypotheses about the structure of written language.
According to Neuman and Roskos (Neuman, Roskos, 2005), letters and sounds should be presented in the context of:
meaningful activities.
The readability formula that best predicts students' oral reading fluency is:
Dale-Chall.
A running record is a useful assessment tool for determining
Fluency, decoding strategies, and reading levels.
A considerate text makes comprehension and learning from text easier. What four factors did Anderson and Armbruster stress in developing their concept of considerate text?
Structure, coherence, unity, audience appropriateness
According to research conducted by the American College Testing Association, what factors within the ACT test best predict future success in college?
Student's success with complex texts.
According to the research of Connor and her colleagues, students in the primary grades who find it easy to learn to read should spend more time in:
Student-centered, meaning-focused activities.
