Reading quiz 1-5
Which of the following is not considered an important channel of influence for drug prevention and treatment programs?
AA
In the early 1900s, the French government passed a law requiring all children to attend school. This law was a problem for teachers because the teachers did not have an objective way to place students in terms of regular classes or special education classes. As an answer to this problem, ________ provided a more modern form of intelligence testing than had been done before by developing questions that would predict children's future progress in the Paris school system.
Alfred Binet
Application of _________ work has been applied to self-improvement. His work helps you to change your behavior by stating a realistic goal, monitoring how often you engage in your desired behavior, systematically reinforce the desired behavior, and then reducing the rewards gradually.
B.F Skinner
The survey is a research method in which:
a representative sample of the individuals are questioned regarding their behaviors an attitudes.
When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response, __________ has occurred.
acquisitions
Which of the following statements is not considered a psychological and social-cultural Influence on drug use?
adopted children are at greater risk if one or both of their biological parents have a history of it
An approach to problem solving that is uses a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantee solving a particular problem. This approach is very time consuming, exhausting all possibilities before arriving at a solution. This approach is described as:
algorithm
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and related to emotion, specifically fear and aggression.
amygdala
A(n) _______ is a molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter's action.
antagonist
Where is the temporal lobe located?
behind the forehead
Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Sen. Johnson was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported him in past elections remain convinced of his political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates:
belief perservance
Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that:
both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores
The ______ is the brain's oldest and innermost regions; it begins where the spinal cord enters the skull and contains the medulla and reticular formation. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.
brainstem
Our daily schedule of waking and sleeping is governed by a biological clock. Further, there are over 100 bodily processes that rhythmically peak & dip each day such as blood pressure, hormone secretion, pain sensitivity, temperature, and wakefulness that occur on a 24-hour cycle. This process is best described as:
cardiac rhythm
The brain and spinal cord make up the:
central nervous system
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinate manner. She has probably suffered damage to her
cerebellum
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center is termed:
cerebral cortex
Of all the emotions, fear is most central to trauma. Fear is a response to a clear-cut imminent danger. Fear conditioning contributes substantially to re-experiencing trauma. For example, John has an angry and raging father who is an alcoholic. The raging parent is an unconditioned stimulus. The unconditioned response is fear. The smell of alcohol is a ________. However, after the smell of alcohol is associated with the fear, the smell of alcohol now becomes the _______.
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
When we selectively notice or focus upon evidence which tends to support the things we already believe or want to be true while ignoring that evidence which would serve to disconfirm those beliefs or ideas is best described as:
confirmation bias
To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem-solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the _______ group
correlation
Which of the following statements about correlation are false?
correlation proves causation.
Drugs that reduce brain activity and slow body functions are described as
depressants
Which of the following are true about the effects of sleep loss:
depressed immune system increases weight gain increase in the frequency of accidents
Prolonged exposure to media violence causes people to become indifferent to violent brutality in real life. This best illustrates that one effect of viewing media violence is
desensitization
The _________ theory argues that hypnosis is more than imaginative acting. This theoryproposes that hypnosis relieves pain by dissociating the pain from conscious awareness. This theory suggests that the split between different levels of consciousness is more extreme than the everyday dissociations that occur in information processing such as driving a car and having a conversation.
divided consciousness theory
Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
dreaming is an attempt to escape social stimulation
Based on the Wisdom lecture, John is known to engage in prosocial behaviors i.e., behaviors intended to help other people. John has a concern for the rights, feelings, and welfare of other people. He feelsempathy and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people. John has never abused substances and he shows skills in leadership. Psychologists would say John is high in
emotional intelligence
When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of:
emotional intelligence
The body's "slow" chemical communication system - made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream is termed:
endocrine system
After Pavlov had conditioned the dog to salivate to atone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, _______ occurred.
extinction
Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in his mouth. Each morning, Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch. Each time Samantha opens the door to bell rings. Now, Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings. Which of the following is the unconditional stimulus in this example?
food
The notion that one form of intelligence underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. For example, those who score high in one area, such as verbal intelligence, typically score higher than average in other areas, such as spatial or reasoning ability. This concept best describes:
general intelligence (g)
A year after surviving a major car accident at a highway on-ramp, Kim still responds with terror when he enters a highway ramp. This reaction best illustrates
generalization
Based on the Wisdom lecture, IQ is helpful for productive living but it is not enough; to be successfully intelligent one must think well in three different ways: Analytically, Creatively, and Practically. Practical intelligence involves knowing when to adapt, shape, or select. In this scenario, Susan is married to an abusive man. The abuse has gone on for 25 years. If Susan focuses only on adaptation instead of balancing adaptation, selection, and shaping, then she is at risk of
her own personal needs remaining unmet and constructive change never occuring
Based on the Wisdom lecture, distinguishing features of good leaders according to Dr. Goleman include all of the following except:
high analytic IQ
________ is an example of the limitations of intuition and common sense. It is "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. It is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. For example, many people believe that most mothers are depressed for a time after their children leave the nest. Your intuition might say this is true, but in fact it is actually not true.
hindsight bias
In research, we start off with a theory or a set of ideas which helps us explain something we are curious about. For example, a theory about depression could be that low self-esteem feeds depression. Then, our theory must be put to the test; this is accomplished through constructing a testable prediction or _________. Our testable prediction could be that people with low self-esteem are more apt to feel depressed.
hypothesis
Which of the following statements are not true about hypnosis?
if you are truly a hypnotizable person you will lose your free will and your control over your behavior
We all are eager to perceive order in events, even random events. We are more likely to notice and remember when two events occur together that are unusual. For example, many people erroneously believe that a relationship exists between weather changes and arthritis. This concept is best described as _________. This concept also helps to explain superstitious beliefs.
illusionary correlation
Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for
imitation
With regard to trauma, a person may or may not be able to actually retrieve an explicit (or conscious) memory that helps him or her to make sense of their feelings. Instead the trauma can take the form of a conditionedemotional response or trigger. The person can become conditioned to respond automatically with fear to stimuli (or triggers) associated with traumatic experiences, and these triggers can evoke fear responses in a fraction of a second -- far faster than the person can think. This best illustrates:
implicit memory
_____________ is a condition of limited mental ability (as indicated by an intelligence test score below 70). The child must also have difficulty in adapting to the demands of independent living.
intellectual disabillity
A donut shaped system of neural structures located at the border of the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres. It is associated with emotions (such as fear and aggression), drives (such as hunger and sex), and memory. It includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
limbic system
Based on the lecture on Self-Control, there are limits to self-control. Coping with stress and attempting to control negative emotions depletes limited willpower reserves. You are more likely to relapse when tired or under heavy work pressures. It is best not to try to control too many things at once. The demands on one area of your life can tax self-control efforts in other areas. This summary best describes which concept from the lecture on self-control?
limited resource
Bandura's experiments indicate that _______ is important in the process of learning.
modeling
A major contribution to the field of psychology was ______. This process allows a species to better adapt to its environment by changing the genetic makeup from one generation to the next. If a species lacks a certain trait that will allow it to survive, there are two options: Either the species dies out or it develops the missing trait. Sometimes challenges within an environment create a need for a species to adapt in order to survive. Those that adapt live on to pass on their genes. For example, for our ancestors, in a time of drought, someone who had a genetic makeup that allowed her to walk farther to get to a water source may have had a better chance of surviving and then reproducing over someone who didn't. This concept is best described as:
natural selection
Mark can't go to his baseball practice this week because he lied to his parents about something that he did with his friends. Removing baseball practice is an example of
negative punishment
What is the term for the neural "cables" containing many axons. These "cables," which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
nerves
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons are termed:
neurotransmitter
Acquiring new responses by watching the behaviors of a teacher is called
observant learning
Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates:
overconfidence
The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy is termed:
parasympathetic nervous system
Tabitha is much taller than her classmate Elena. The height of each girl is controlled by the release of hormones by the
pituitary gland
In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a
placebo
The capacity of the brain area to develop new neural pathways as it adjusts to good and bad experiences is known as
plasticity
From a behavioral viewpoint, ____________ plays a major role in the development of procrastination, because the procrastination behaviors (watching TV, hanging out with friends) enable students to avoid unpleasant but necessary work.
positive punishment
Mandisa always picked up her infant daughter when she screamed because she couldn't have the toys she wanted. As a result, her daughter screams whenever she doesn't get her way. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) _____________ for screaming.
positive reinforcement
Dr. Robert Sternberg also agrees that there are multiple intelligences. He describes a triarchic theory of three intelligences. One of the three types of intelligence in his theory emphasizes an intelligence that is required for everyday tasks. For example, he created a test of practical managerial intelligence that assesses things like writing effective memos, motivating people, and delegating tasks. This test was highly predictive of high salaries and high performance ratings. This type of intelligence is best described as:
practical intelligence
Based on the lecture on Self-Control, __________ is defined as the tendency to put off or completely avoid an activity under one's control.
procrastination
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masake longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of
punishment
Shere Hite's book Women and Love reported that 70% of women married 5 years or more were having affairs. She based her findings on a 4.5% response rate from mailings to an unrepresentative sample of 100,000 women. Not only was her response rate low, but also the women initially contacted were members of women's organizations. Another psychologist applied improved research methods and found that in fact only 1 in 7 (14%) report having had an affair during her current marriage. The critical research method that this psychologist used to get a more accurate statistic was called ____________.
random sampling
According to the lecture on Wisdom, Dr. Sternberg describes six characteristic behaviors of wise people. One of these characteristics involves the ability to problem solve, use a logicalmind, and apply a large store of information to particular problems. This characteristic is best described as:
reasoning ability
Drug tolerance refers to the:
reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular use
A __________ is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows (either by giving something positive or by reducing something negative.)
reinforcer
Consider the reaction of some non-Arab travelers soon after 9/11, when a young male of Arab descent boarded the airplane. The young man fit their "terrorist" prototype. His presence evoked anxiety among his fellow passengers - even though nearly 100% of those who fit this prototype are peace-loving citizens. This example best illustrates which of the following:
representativeness heuristic
Based on the lecture on Self-Control, which of the following statements about procrastination as a special case of misregulation is false?
research indicates that transcendence or the process of stepping back to see beyond the immediate here and now to long-range goals is not helpful in overriding current distress.
According to the lecture on Wisdom, there are many ways to develop wisdom. Which of the following statements is not one of the ways to develop wisdom?
seek professional career advancements that lead to more income
Which of the following statements is false about what we dream?
sexual dreams tend to occur in high frequency in both men and women
On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time. On Wednesday, she gave him cookies only after he played quietly for a full half hour. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through
shaping
Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of
skepticism
________ is a sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. It is common in overweight men over the age of 50. Special mouthpieces, weight loss, and surgery can be helpful.
sleep apnea
Sleep serves many functions. The notion that our ancestors were out of harm's way when sleeping in a cave at night instead of attempting to hunt and gather food in the dark best describes which function of sleep?
sleep protects
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new copper spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates
spontaneous
During early, light sleep the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta brain waves. Theta brain waves look more irregular. This stage of sleep is characterized by brief light sleep. A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Further, hallucinations tend to occur during this stage such as the sensation of falling or of floating weightlessly. This description best describes:
stage 1 sleep (NREM-1 or N1)
Scores on a test are meaningless without having a comparison. In order to get a comparison, the test company must give the test to a large number of people. These scores provide a normative or standardized sample from which one can compare his or her score. These scores tend to fall according to the normal curve. This process is best described as:
standardization
The _______ is the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it receives information from the sensory neurons and sends that information to various places, meaning that the information is sent to the higher brain regions that are involved with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching.
thalmus
Another error in intuition described in the Wisdom lecture involves believing that you can do whatever you want and that others will never be able to hurt you or expose you. This illusion makes the person feel that he or she will always be protected. This error in intuition is best described as
the Invulnerability
Based on the lecture on Self-Control, which of the following statements is false?
the adolescents who delayed gratification as preschoolers in the marshmallow test were less confident, dealt within stress and did not persevere in face of difficulty....
Based on the Wisdom lecture, the essential goal of wisdom is to serve a common good. Wisdom is not simply about maximizing one's own or someone else's self-interest. Instead, wise people balance intrapersonal (self-interest), interpersonal (interests of others), and extrapersonal (city, country, environment) interests. This understanding of wisdom is best described as
the balance theory of wisdom
The Wisdom Lecture described errors in intuition. One case involves thinking that the world revolves, or at least should revolve, around you, and acting in ways that benefit yourself, regardless of how that behavior affects others. This error in intuition is best described as:
the egocentrism fallacy
Dr. Branch would like to study the relationship between room lighting and college students test performance. He randomly assigned students to one of two groups. The first group takes an exam in a dimly lit room; the second group takes the same exam in a regularly lit room. Which is the experimental group?
the group of students who were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions
Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?
the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior
Advertisers use classical conditioning to manipulate its consumers. For example, many beer ads prominently feature attractive young women wearing bikinis. The young women naturally elicit a favorable, mildly aroused feeling in most men. The beer is simply associated with this effect. In this scenario, what would be considered the Conditioned Stimulus?
the mildly aroused feeling
Which of the following statements best describe the physiological basis for the "rush" or feeling of euphoria for about 15-30 minutes with cocaine use?
the normal reabsorption (reuptake) of dopamine serotine and mo is blocked....
The lecture on wisdom describes four errors in intuition; here we are talking about the human capacity for self-deception. These errors can be thought of as illusions. Hypothetical case: a president of a nation with no military experience ignores the advice of his expert military advisors because he believes he knows more than they do about military issues. This president then makes reckless decisions that put many of his own troops and allies in danger. This scenario best describes which of the four errors in intuition.
the omniscience fallacy
After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this?
the study case
With regard to using psychology to become a stronger person and a better student, your author recommends that testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it. Research shows that frequent quizzing and self-testing boosts students' retention. Put another way, memory is enhanced after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. This approach is best known as
the testing effect
In our hypothetical experiment, we want to know if there is a difference between breast milk and formula with regard to an intelligence score when the child is older (8 years old). In this experiment, what would be the independent variable?
the type of the milk (breast or formula)
Which of the following statements is false regarding the development of intelligence:
today, in America, schools with more poverty -level children tend to have the more qualified teachers
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (food), such as salivation when food is in the mouth is best described as the
unconditioned response
Slot machines reward gamblers occasionally and unpredictably, which makes it hard to extinguish. This schedule of reinforcement produces high rates of responding. This example best illustrates which reinforcement schedule?
variable-ratio schedule
Based on the lecture on Self-Control, Self-Regulation Theory assumes that behavior is directed from within. Which of the following is NOT a component of Self-Regulation Theory?
way power
Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively. For example, accidents kill as many people in one week in the US as did terrorism with 2,527 worldwide deaths in all of the 1990s. According to Myers, which of the following statements is considered not to be one of the influences on our intuition about risk.
we fear what most what is in our conscious
A problem with clear specifications of the start state (where you are), goal state (where you want to be), and the processes for reaching the goal state (how to get there) is best described as:
well-defined problem
Based on the Wisdom Lecture, which of the following is not true with regard to the research findings on wisdom
wisdom is highly correlated with IQ
