reading quiz 22.

________ are receptor molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens.

Toll-like receptors

Innate immunity and acquired immunity are both _____. See Concept 43.1 (Page 953)

characteristics of all vertebrate animals

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

inflammatory response

Acidity in human sweat is an example of _____.

innate immunity

An antigen _____. See Concept 43.2 (Page 956)

is a foreign molecule that evokes a specific response by a lymphocyte

Innate immunity ________.

is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

Macrophages are _____. See Concept 43.1 (Page 956)

large, phagocytic cells that can leave the circulation and enter the tissues of the body

The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________.

mast cells and histamines

Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. What is its main immunological function?

physically trapping of pathogens

Immunological memory accounts for _____.

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased