Reading Test

Strategy Instruction

(replacing words with blanks) test is multiple-choice and three answers are given. Student should consider contextual clues in order to select the best answer>. Strategic instruction involves teaching a methodic approach to solving a reading problem. It consists of strategies done in steps which aid the reader in eliminating incorrect responses.

SQ3R

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review

Which text(s) is likely to foster the greatest enthusiasm for reading and literature among students?

A variety of texts, including books, magazines, newspapers, stories from oral traditions, poetry, music, and films. Stds become bored and disinterested in reading if they are not exposed to a variety of reading texts. Also, reading can be overwhelming or frustrating for students who are still learning to read fluently or to comprehend what they read. By incorporating media, oral stories, and various types of print, students of all ability levels can build both fluency and comprehension skills. This approach also enables the teacher and students to discuss the relationship between all aspects of literacy, including speaking, listening, thinking, viewing, and reading

A reading specialist considers strategies to promote reading comprehension of expository materials by middle school students. Which of the following is most effective in improving the ability of students to determine the main idea of a passage?

Analyzing common elements in detail sentences in order to determine the main idea An effective strategy to find the main idea in an expository passage is to look across several paragraphs of a text, analyze the details the author includes, and use the information provided in connection with prior knowledge to predict the underlying main idea.

Prosody

Appropriate expression when reading. Includes pitch (intonation), loudness, stressing phrases, etc.

Authentic Assessment

Assessment procedures that test skills and abilities as they would be applied in real-life situations

Second grader at beginning of year- reading fluency

At the beginning of the school year, second grade students should be able to read 50-80 words per minute. By the time they are well into the school year, 2nd grade level is tracked at 85 wcpm.

Tier one words

Basic Words- sight words, simple, dog, cat, etc

Guided Writing

Children engage in writing a variety of texts. Teacher guides the process and provides instruction through minilessons and conferences.

Phonemic awareness instruction with older struggling readers should begin with activities that focus on

Children, even older struggling readers, are better able to understand and gain control over larger units of sounds than over smaller units. Rhyme represents larger sound units than syllables, onset and rime, and phonemes.

Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)

Depends on Cooperative learning and Reading Comprehension. Occurs when a group of students at various levels of reading ability have goals in common. Reading Comprehension is achieved through reading both orally and silently, developing vocab, a reader's ability to predict what will occur in a piece of writing, a read's ability to summarize the main points in a piece of writing, and a reader's ability to reflect on the text's meaning and connect that meaning to another text or personal experience.

Tier three words

Domain specific words Should instruct readers at 2 &3 photosynthesis Advanced list

A third-grade teacher gives the following checklist to the students. Is my opening strong? Do I support my ideas with details? Are there any places where I can expand my ideas with examples? Do I group all similar details together? Is my writing organized into paragraphs? At which of the following stages in the writing process is the checklist most helpful to students?

During the revision stage in the writing process, students improve the content of their writing. The checklist focuses students by asking them to clarify and refine their ideas by adding, deleting, substituting, and rearranging material.

Realistic Fiction

Fictional texts fall into a variety of categories. Realistic fiction seems as though it could be true. These stories involve realistic characters and settings with which readers can often identify. This type of fiction can treat different subjects, but it still must be relatable in nature.

Tier two words

General Academic Words Should instruct readers at 2 & 3. Fluent readers Characteristics of mature language users

An eleventh-grade history teacher plans a unit on the Great Depression. One goal the teacher has is to provide students with access to multiple sources of information on the topic. The most likely benefit of the teacher's plan is that it allows students to

Ggather more information and process opposing points of view Using multiple sources to learn new information allows students to read a variety of perspectives on a specific topic. Students can also read different explanations of events and consider varying opinions.

Words Correct Per Minute by grade level

Grade- Fall- Winter-Spring 1-----none---23-----53 2-----51-----72-----89 3-----71-----92-----107 4-----94-----112----123 5----110-----127----139 6----127----140----150 7----128----136----150 8----133----151----151

Ms. Simmons, the reading specialist in an elementary school, presents a workshop early in the school year to show teachers strategies about how to improve student's reading comprehension. Which of the following is the best way to evaluate the successful implementation of the strategie

Holding feedback sessions throughout the year so teachers can discuss their questions about the instructional strategies Allowing teachers the opportunity to discuss strategies in a collaborative group will improve implementation. The technique demonstrates to the teachers that the reading specialist is acting on an ongoing basis in a supportive, rather than evaluative, manner.

When working with ELL, the teacher should avoid...

Idioms, slang, involve students in hands-on activities, reference student's prior knowledge, speak slowly.

criterion referenced

Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students Use to measure how well a student has mastered specific material?

Vygotski

Language is a means of cognitive development as well as expression Scaffolding Social Development Theory Language ---> Cognition

Syntax

Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Semantics

MEANINGS OF WORDS OR PHRASES

First-grade students Porter and Henry are working together in a learning center, where they are listening to a series of words the teacher has recorded. Each student taps out the number of sounds he hears in the words and then checks with the other student to see if he agrees. The most likely benefit of the activity for the students is that it

Phonemic awareness refers to a student's basic knowledge that spoken language is composed of a series of individual speech sounds known as phonemes. In this activity, Porter and Henry are asked to segment each word and then count the number of phonemes that are represented. Phonemic awareness is a strong predictor of students who will experience early success in learning to read.

Ms. Hanson, a kindergarten teacher, engages her students in a rhyming activity in which she says, "Hickory, dickory, dock, / The mouse ran up the ______." Ms. Hanson asks the students to fill in the rhyming word. The activity is an example of which of the following?

Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in spoken language. The sounds can be distinguished in three ways: by syllables, by onsets (c- in cat) and rimes (-at in cat), and by phonemes.

A reading teacher is assessing an 8th grader to determine her reading level. Timed at 1 minute, the student reads with 93% accuracy. She misreads an average of seven words out of 100. What is her reading level?

She is reading at an instructional level. In one minute a student who misreads one or less than one word per twenty words, or with 95-100% accuracy, is at an independent reading level; A student who misreads one or less than one word per ten words, or 90-95% accuracy, is at an Instructional Level. A student misreading more than one word out of then, or with less than 90% accuracy, is at a Frustration level.

Informal Reading Inventory

Student reads aloud while teacher notes miscues. Student then answers comprehension questions. Then the student is timed while reading the passages silently and answering comprehension questions.

A student and a teacher are reading aloud together in unison. The teacher, sitting slightly behind the student, leads the oral reading. The teacher speaks into the student's ear and moves a finger under the words as they read. The teacher is using which of the following fluency-building strategies?

The scenario describes the neurological impress method, which is intended to be a multisensory approach to building a student's reading-fluency skills. The method provides a model (the teacher reading) of accurate and fluent reading.

Frayer model

This is a special format for taking notes where paper is divided into varying categories all based on a central concept. These categories all surround the central term in a circular fashion and include definition of the term, advantages and disadvantages, characteristics, examples, and non-examples.

Of the three tiers of words, the most important words for direct instruction are:

Tier two words- High Frequency words. Characteristics of mature language users.

The purpose of corrective feedback:

To correct an error in reading a student has made, specifically clarifying where and how the error was made so that the student can avoid similar errors in the future. A reading teacher offers corrective feedback to a student in order to explain why a particular error in reading is, in fact, an error. Corrective feedback is specific; it locates where and how the student went astray so that similar errors can be avoided in future reading.

Independent Reading Level

To provide a mental framework that will help the student correctly organize new info. Reading at her independent level. When reading independently, students are at the correct level if they read with at least 97% accuracy.

Preview cover of book, but no illustrations

When students preview text illustrations to make predictions, the predictions tend to rely heavily on the pictures. Asking students to predict based only on the cover and title of the book does not limit the predictions.

One view of the act of reading involves the belief that each reader brings individual, unique background knowledge and beliefs to text, and therefore the meaning of the same material is different for each reader. According to this theory, which of the following best describes the reader's stance during the act of understanding text?

When the reader takes a transactional stance during reading, a relationship exists between the reader and the text. Meaning is created by the reader as the text is read. The reader brings personal experiences to the reading. Personal response and interpretation result from the interaction between the author and the reader.

Third-grade readers are struggling to decode words that contain blends. The classroom teacher asks the reading specialist if instruction should first be focused on words with b, g, s, or t blends. Which of the following should the reading specialist recommend to best meet the needs of the students?

Words that contain s blends (st as in stay, sp as in speed, sm as in small) are more distinctive than the others.

dipthong

a sound produced by two vowel sounds when the tongue glides from one sound to another; it is represented by two vowels (e.g., oy-boy, ou-house, ow-how).

Elkonin Boxes

a strategy for segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word.

Norm referenced

a test is norm-referenced when students are measured in relation to other students, in other words, a "norm"

A syllable must contain

a vowel

Enriching vocabulary - use of unexciting words in writing

brainstorming a list of verbs that mean the same and then adding them to the word wall with some nouns that specify common topics. Young students are not developmentally ready to use a thesaurus.

Explicit Instruction includes...

clarifying the goal, modeling strategies, and offering explanations geared to a student's level of understanding. Explicit instruction is well organized and structured, and it offers easily understood steps and depends in part on frequent reference to previously learned materials.

Writing a Fractured fairy tale/folk tale

consider a different writing style. THey are comparing two distinct writing styles within a single genre in order to locate similarities and differences. The lesson will demonstrate to the students the importance of culture to meaning.

Dysgraphia

difficulty with the physical act of writing they find holding a manipulating a pencil problematic. Their letters are primitively formed, and their handwriting is illegible.

Word Recognition ability is

especially important to ELL and students with reading disabilities. It can be effectively taught through precisely calibrated word study instruction designed to provide readers with reading and writing strategies for successful word analysis.

While observing a student during an oral reading activity, the teacher notices that the student does not match letters with the correct sounds. The student is most likely having difficulty with

graphophonic cues/decoding Cueing systems are ways of figuring out the meaning of an unknown word. When using the graphophonic cueing system, the reader looks at the sounds of letters to help decode the unfamiliar.

Code Knowledge

it offers a systematic approach to untangling the wide variety of vowel sounds when an unfamiliar word is encountered. Code Knowledge, also called orthographic tendencies, is a helpful approach to decoding a word when multiple pronunciations possibilities exist. Ex- toe, go, through, and low, the long O sound is written in a variety of ways. CK approach teaches a reader to first try a short vowel sound. If that doesn't help, the reader should consider the different ways the vowel groups can be pronounced, based on what he knows about other words.

Scripting the end-sound to a word (KT=cat)

leaving space between words; writing from the top left to the top right of the page, and from top to bottom. Each of these steps is progressively more abstract. Scripting the end-sound to a word helps a young writer recognize that words have beginning and endings. This naturally leads to the willingness to separate words with white space so that they stand as individual entities. Once this step is reached, the child realizes that in English, writing pregresses from left to right and from the top of the page to the bottom.

The most effective activity for developing students' concepts of print is

listening to teachers read aloud Option (A) is correct. Students learn best about concepts of print when teachers model the skills by reading aloud. Students then can imitate the teacher's behavior by recognizing the cover, turning the pages, and pretending to read.

Coarticulation affects...

phonemic awareness. Vocalizing words involves arranging a series of continuous voice, unvoiced, and stop sounds. As one sound is being uttered, the tongue and lips are already assuming the shape required by the next sound in the word. This process, which is not conscious, can distort individual sounds. One sound can slur into another, clip the end of the previous sound, or flatten or heighten a sound. For children who have difficulty hearing distinct phonemic sounds, individual instruction may be required.

A fifth-grade teacher gives an informal reading inventory (IRI) to the entire class to determine reading levels. To most effectively meet the varied needs of the students, the teacher should use the data from the IRI to

select appropriate instructional materials and implement literacy centers The data from the IRI is best used to place students into appropriate flexible groups based on instructional need would inform the appropriateness of materials and help when designing groups for centers.

word recognition and structural analysis

the process of using familiar word parts (base words, prefixes, and suffixes) to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. The ability of a reader to recognize written words correctly and virtually effortlessly.

Ms. Osborn teaches a variety of reading strategies to help her students become strategic readers. The strategies include predicting, previewing, monitoring comprehension while reading, generating questions, and summarizing. Which of the following best explains Ms. Osborn's purpose in teaching the strategies?

According to research cited in Reutzel and Cooper (2008), evidence supports providing explicit instruction in comprehension strategies to improve student literacy development.

Decoding is also called...

Alphabetic principle: the act of decoding involves first recognizing the sound individual letters and letter groups make, and then blending the sounds to read the word. A child decoding the word, spin, for example, would first pronounce sp/I/n as individual sound units. She then would repeat the sounds, smoothly blending them. Because decoding involves understanding letters and their sounds, it is sometimes known as alphabetic principle.

Ways to promote reading of Expository text

An effective strategy to find the main idea in an expository passage is to look across several paragraphs of a text, analyze the details the author includes, and use the information provided in connection with prior knowledge to predict the underlying main idea.

Chliche

An idea or expression that has become stale due to overuse. Pretty as a picture

Which of the following assessments uses a series of graded word lists and passages to place students at an appropriate level for reading instruction?

An informal reading inventory is an assessment that uses a series of graded word lists and passages to determine a student's strengths and weaknesses in word recognition and comprehension. The technique is also used to identify a student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels. In addition, if the passages are read to the student, an informal reading inventory gives some indication of a student's level of listening comprehension — or ability to comprehend information without the burden of decoding — should decoding be problematic.

Anna, a first-grade student, is learning a set of words that end in /-ight/. She reads the word "night" to her teacher. The teacher then asks Anna to remove /n/, replace it with /m/, and say the new word. The activity is an example of which of the following approaches to phonics instruction?

Analogy-based phonics instruction is a variation of onset and rime instruction. In analogy-based phonics, students use their knowledge of word families (-ight, -at, -op) to identify new words that contain the same word part. For example, a student reads the word hat by using prior knowledge of /-at/ from three words already known: cat, sat, and mat.

Verbal Dyspraxia

Confusing word or sentence order while speaking. They do not process spoken language sequentially due to a neurological distortion.

Tr(ain), br(ain), sp(ring) are examples of...

Consonant blends. refers to a group of consonants in which each letter represents a separate sound.

Two unique consonants that appear together in a word and represent one sound are known as

Consonant digraphs are letter combinations that represent one sound not associated with either consonant individually. Examples include /th/ as in thought, /ph/ as in phone, and /ch/ as in chimney.

Ph(one), th(ey), ch(urch) are examples of...

Consonant digraphs. A group of consonants in which all letters represent a single sound.

Student who moved from Korea to Texas.

Offers a picture book of Korean folk tales, using words and gestures, the teacher asks her to "read" one folk tale. The child reads the familiar tale in Korean. The teacher then writes key English words on the board and asks the child to find those words in the book. This is useful bc a child will feel more confident bc it is familiar. It is a conversation starter. She will b e motivated to learn English words bc they are meaningful and highly charged. Lessen anxiety. ALlows her to speak in Korean helps her to express herself w/o fear of judgement or failure.

A first-grade teacher conducts a lesson on initial consonants, consonant blends, and consonant digraphs that come before a vowel in words. The instruction best addresses which of the following?

Onset is an approach to teaching beginning reading skills in which students break single-syllable words into their onsets (the initial consonant sound or sounds before a vowel i.e. c- in cat) and rimes (the vowel and remaining sounds in a syllable i.e. -at in cat). Students then blend the two parts to say the whole word.

Phonological awareness activities are:

Oral- refers to the understanding of the sounds a word makes. WHile it leads to fluent reading skills, activites designed to develop awareness of word sounds are, by definition, oral.

Steps of the writing process

Prewriting Writing Revision Editing Publish

Sustained Silent Reading (SSR)

Promoting Reading Fluency READING ACTIVITY WHERE TEACHER GUIDES THE CHILD READING SILENTLY FOR ABOUT 20 MINUTES A DAY TO IMPROVE FLUENCY

Which of the following best describes the instructional model that differentiates content to meet the needs of all learners?

Providing specific interventions based on needs identified through preassessment and ongoing progress monitoring An effective differentiated instruction classroom will have screening and ongoing progress monitoring to determine specific student needs, as well as instructional planning and intervention to meet the identified needs of all students.

QAR

Question-Answer Relationship, right there, think and search, the author and you, on your own

Dyslexic readers use ________ side of brain. Non dyslexic readers use __________ side of brain.

Researchers have discovered through brain imaging that a dyslexic reader uses BOTH sides of the brain. Nondyslexic readers only use the left side.

Cueing system used to understand unfamiliar words...

Semantic-helps with understanding word meaning; the reader uses the meaning of the words around an unfamiliar word to understand what that word means. Syntactical-grammatical cueing; a reader uses the syntax of a sentence to understand more about an unfamiliar word. Graphophonic- most useful in decoding, or breaking words down into smaller components new words. NOT AUDITORY

Ashley, a third-grade student, has written a well-developed, multiparagraph paper about the history of Jamestown. Which of the following stages of writing development has Ashley reached?

Students have reached the fluent stage of writing when they write in paragraphs and can vary their writing according to different genres. Generally, students at this stage use correct spelling and writing conventions, such as punctuation and capitalization.

A third-grade student has an excellent basic sight vocabulary and is proficient in decoding skills. The student experiences difficulty in comprehending grade-level text. The teacher approaches the school's reading specialist to request recommendations on how to best meet the student's reading needs. Which of the following is the most effective recommendation the reading specialist could make?

Teaching the student to use fix-it-up strategies while reading Since the student's problem is with comprehension, an appropriate first step is to provide instruction in comprehension strategies. Teaching specific ways to gain meaning from text and then providing the student with opportunities to use those skills is good instructional practice.

expository text

Text written to explain and give information about a topic. Features of:

Which of the following is the best time for a student to edit a piece of personal writing?

The fourth step in the writing process is editing. After a revised draft has been completed, the process of editing is most appropriately done a few days later, when the writer can view the piece with a new perspective or a fresh pair of eyes.

A fifth-grade teacher asks the reading specialist to recommend a before-reading strategy that will assist students with both vocabulary and writing. The reading specialist suggests that the teacher first create a list of five to twenty words from a selected story. The teacher should then ask students to use the words to compose a group story with a beginning, middle, and end. The students can edit, illustrate, or publish the story. The instructional strategy the reading specialist recommends is known as

The instructional strategy described is known as semantic impressions. The purpose of the before-reading technique is to provide students with an overall impression of a story's structure. The strategy has been shown to increase student comprehension of text.

A first-grade class returns from a field trip to the zoo. The teacher wants to engage the students in a writing activity that will also help develop reading skills. Which of the following strategies will best support the teacher's goal?

The language experience approach is an instructional strategy in which writing is used to help build reading skills. Students dictate ideas to the teacher, who records the information. The teacher reads the dictated information aloud while writing so that students see their spoken words being recorded. The text can be used to teach comprehension, word recognition, phonics, and fluency skills.

Round Robin Reading

is a common practice in lang arts and has been for many years. In this process, sstudents take turns reading aloud for their peers. Other students are asked to follow along silently in their texts while a peer is reading. This strategy does provide a way for studensts to read texts in class and include as many students as possible, which is often the intended outcome. However, this process often creates a boring atmosphere, since only one student at a is a.ctively engaged. Stds become distracted

Direct Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA)

is a comprehension strategy that guides students in asking questions about a text, making predictions, and then reading to confirm or refute their predictions. The DRTA process encourages students to be active and thoughtful readers, enhancing their comprehension.

word recognition

is the ability of a reader to identify written words effortlessly.

Revision (literally, re+vision)

is the act of "seeing again". When revising, writers examine what they have written in order to improve the meaning of the work. Fine-tuning word choices, moving information to another location, and adding or deleting words are all acts of revision.

Research indicates that developing oral language proficiency in emergent readers is important because...

it enhances students phonemic awareness and increases vocabulary. Kids cannot effectively learn to read without the ability to decode. An enhanced vocabulary supports the act of reading. the larger the vocabulary the more quickly they will learn to read. decode more words, organize into word families.

A new reading specialist is assigned to an elementary school. One of the first tasks the reading specialist undertakes is to conduct an evaluation of the school's reading program. Based on a review of test scores, the reading specialist determines that changes need to be made in the instructional approach to teaching word study. Which of the following is the best first step the reading specialist should take to promote the necessary changes?

provide classroom teachers with literature instruction, discuss collaboratively how to implement the strategies, and model the instruction in classrooms. When implementing a new program within a school, it is important for reading specialists to gain the support of classroom teachers by involving them in the decision-making process. Providing research-based literature to teachers further supports the principle that a change in an instructional approach is necessary to promote student success.

Structural analysis

refers to using the larger 'chunks' within words that 'carry meaning' (morphemes) to help recognize (decode) words more quickly ...