REAL ESTATE - Diversity, Systemic Racism, and Federal Fair Housing Law

When critically analyzing a belief, which of the following should you do?

-Ask yourself if your belief should change based on new information -Ask yourself if you have considered all aspects of the belief -Consider which information you believe and which information you disregard -Research the information and facts that support the belief To critically analyze a belief, you must first ask whether you have unexplored aspects of that belief. You next must research the information underlying your belief. Ignore what the public believes on a subject, you must personally and individually analyze the information. Critical analysis is a private action that requires you to really ask yourself if you favoring some information over other information. If you are incorrect, change your beliefs.

5 Which Amendment to the Constitution outlawed slavery?

13th Amendment 12th Amendment 8th Amendment 25th Amendment

Homosexuality was defined as a legitimate minority group for the first time in an academic paper. When was that paper published?

1951 Before 1951, there were no papers or arguments about the minority status of homosexual communities. By that time, homosexuality was seen as a mental illness or a moral failure. After 1951, psychiatrists and other academics began to argue that homosexuality was a minority classification and not a mental illness.

In the 1870s, what part of California's work force was made up of Chinese immigrants?

25% By the 1870s, Chinese immigrants were a full quarter (25%) of California's workforce. These immigrants were largely seeking fortunes during the Gold Rush, in part to escape violence from the Opium Wars in China.

14) A lender must notify a loan applicant in writing within __________ of the completed credit application if the credit has been denied.

30 days

How long does a lender have to notify an applicant after submission of a completed loan application?

30 days ECOA provisions state that a lender must notify the applicant of an approval or disapproval of an application within 30 days of submission of a completed loan application.

Which of the following situations would describe racial prejudice?

A person refusing to serve a young Hispanic man at a restaurant because he believes that Hispanic men will dine-and-dash more frequently. "Racial prejudice" is a person's individual feelings towards another person of a particular race or ethnicity. A group policy or a local government policy would be an example of "racism," as that would be an example of an institutional discrimination targeting a population with a minority of the political or social power.

A real estate brokerage represents a builder who has housing projects throughout the city. One of the projects is in a predominantly minority community and the other is in a predominantly white community. Which of the following sets of advertisements would be allowed?

Advertising in both communities with a diverse selection of models Advertisements must not selectively use models in a discriminatory fashion. For example, advertising to African American communities using Black models could be perceived as indicating a preference for buyers based on race. Best practice should be to use a diverse selection of models to advertise whenever possible.

11) Which of the following is NOT an example of a reasonable accommodation?

Applying a mandatory 8:00 PM quiet time for apartment tenants other options: - Lowering light switches and thermostat controls - Modifying a "no pet" policy to allow guide dogs - Installing grab bars in a tenant's bathroom shower

7) The Office of Management and Budget define race in which of the following ways?

Based on the social definitions of race recognized around the country Page 6 - Based on the anthropological differences that sociologists recognize between races - Based on the biological differences that scientists recognize between races - Based on the genetic differences between the races

ABC Real Estate advertised a house in the local town with the following statement: "Traditional cottage, close to downtown. Large living room and near local park with a play area. Great for families." What phrase in the advertisement could be discriminatory?

CORRECT "Great for families" An advertisement can describe features of the home, such as the existence of a living room; however, it cannot make a value judgement and state that the home would be good for families, because that excludes single purchasers.

Which of the following would be an example of systemic racism?

CORRECT A city ordinance that has been in place up until recently prevented Asian Americans from living in certain neighborhoods; today, restriction remains in place on the books, but few real estate licensees pay attention to the ordinances. A city ordinance that restricted mobility of a population to a smaller subsection of neighborhoods would be a direct example of "systemic racism." Over generations, it is likely that the restricted housing ordinance would have a long-term impact on the overall success of the community. Despite the ordinance having little effect in the present, the long term implications of the restriction are an example of systemic racism.

Which of the following must comply with the federal Fair Housing Act?

CORRECT A rental housing unit in a low-income neighborhood that holds itself out as affordable housing There are a number of situations where the Fair Housing Act does not apply. Rental housing in a small apartment where the landlord lives, privately sold single-family housing, buildings owned by religious institutions or private clubs used for private members, and housing for tenants who could pose a threat to health or safety.

Martina applied for a line of credit with ABC creditors. ABC asks her if she is divorced. Martina explains to ABC creditors that she is divorced, and receiving monthly alimony and child support payments. Which of the following is true?

CORRECT ABC creditors is prohibited from asking if Martina was divorced, but may consider her alimony and child support payments as part of her income

What did Executive Order 9066 do?

CORRECT Allowed the imprisoning of Japanese populations during the Second World War

Which of the following would be an example of "implicit bias?"

CORRECT Applications to a job with white-sounding names getting more interviews than identical applications with black-sounding names An example of implicit bias was the study from 2004 where fake resumes were sent to jobs with false names. Half of the applications had white sounding names, half of the jobs had African-American sounding names, but otherwise there were no differences. The white sounding names got 50% more callbacks, despite little else being different.

Data collected for the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act has shown that racial minorities are denied mortgage financing at twice the rate that white applicants are denied. How did the lending industry explain this difference before the HMDA?

CORRECT By claiming that there were disparities in the creditworthiness of the applicants.

Which of the following is NOT a the term for discriminatory practices that have become a part of societal norms and government policies?

CORRECT Entrenched Racism Racism that has become a part of social norms is "systemic" or "structural racism." It is practices and thought processes that have become normal and ordinary parts of a community. Once those thoughts or practices are enacted into laws and grandfathered into administrative practices, we call it "institutional racism."

Which act prohibited discrimination in mortgage lending?

CORRECT Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974

Which act prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, or national origin?

CORRECT Fair Housing Act of 1968 The Fair Housing Act of 1968 (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion or national origin.

Data-driven policing and racial profiling to streamline policing practices is an example of which of the following?

CORRECT Institutional Racism Racial profiling is an example of an institutional policy that furthers a racially discriminatory end. Racial profiling in this context is the situation where a police department targets individuals and polices more heavily around certain regions based on demographic information, assuming that some people are criminal based on crime and race statistics. It is a governmental agency violating the Civil Rights Act by treating some people differently based purely on the color of their skin.

What is the term for the racial opportunity gap that results from historically unequal funding models of local schools and relative price of neighborhoods?

CORRECT Institutional racism Systemic racism is societal racism that becomes a part of the structures and systems of society. A clear example of a structural racism can be seen in historically based inequities. Blockbusting and redlining that segregated communities oftentimes is one of the root causes of modern racism.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that cultural diversity and inclusion will be increasingly valuable in a real estate practice?

CORRECT Laws being passed that make inclusion and diversity a legal requirement for real estate businesses Cultural diversity and inclusion are expected to be valuable practices in real estate in large part because minority populations are growing in size and wealth significantly faster than white majority populations. Additionally, inclusive practices tend to be somewhat more favored in minority populations and oftentimes are associated with increased business. There are technically no laws that require a real estate practice to be inclusive and culturally sensitive. However, the National Association of REALTORS and many similar organizations have made inclusion and cultural sensitivity a central creed of the practice. So while not technically a legal requirement, it is a core element of the practice.

What are the three psychological stages of implicit bias?

CORRECT Priming, Association, and Assumption Implicit bias is created in a three step process. First, the brain is given a principle that it accepts as a fact (Priming). Then it learns to link the that primed principle to some sort of response or reaction (Association). Lastly, it forms a rapid response schema that allows the brain to immediately respond whenever the primed principle is encountered (Assumption). It aids the brain in forming no-thought reactions to stimulus.

What occurs when a previously white or integrated community changes into a predominantly minority community?

CORRECT Racial tipping

Redlining is best defined as:

CORRECT Refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies based upon racial, ethnic, religious, or national-origin composition of a neighborhood. Redlining is the prohibited practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific geographical areas for reasons other than the qualification of the applicant.

Which situation is legal?

CORRECT Showing homes only in neighborhoods with a large Russian population when asked to do so by a Russian client. The best practice tip for agents is to avoid providing demographic makeup information of neighborhoods and direct the client to find such information on the internet, such as using the US Census website. The client is then free to tell their agent to exclude certain neighborhoods.

Mariana is a real estate agent for a family that was looking to purchase a home. Mariana noticed that the family was Korean and wore visible Christian jewelry. She took it upon herself to only show the family properties located in Korean communities. The family did eventually purchase a property in a predominently-Korean neighborhood. What is this an example of?

CORRECT Steering Directing a client towards a neighborhood or area based on assumptions about their racial, religious, or ethnic preferences is steering. A real estate agent may not make these assumptions without violating the Fair Housing Act.

William found two houses for sale at roughly equal prices. When he asks for general information about the two neighborhoods, his real estate agent explained that one house is in a predominantly White community, while the other is in majority Jamaican community. What has the real estate agent done wrong by giving William this information?

CORRECT The agent volunteered discriminatory racial information about the neighborhoods A real estate agent cannot discriminate and has the burden to prove that they did not discriminate in the selection of properties and neighborhoods. However, if the real estate agent is showing properties in specific neighborhoods at the request of the buyer, then that customer's preference is a nondiscriminatory reason under the Seventh Circuit Court's ruling. If an agent voluntarily provides this information, it could (unintentionally) be interpreted to be discriminatory.

What is traditionally considered to be a reasonable occupancy standard?

CORRECT Two persons per bedroom, plus one additional person per home

Maurice applied for a loan at the local bank. The forms that he had to fill out asked him what his income was from any part-time jobs, whether he was receiving any public assistance income, and whether he and his wife planned on having children. The loan officer told Maurice that the bank considered all this information when lending. Which question on the form was the bank not allowed to ask?

CORRECT Whether Maurice was planning on having children

In Colonial times (before the American Revolution), equal opportunity was a concept generally applied only to:

CORRECT White males who owned property

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act allows for discrimination in credit transactions based on:

CORRECT credit worthiness of the applicant.

Plessy v. Ferguson established what became known as

CORRECT the Separate but Equal Doctrine

Which act prohibits discrimination in housing based upon sex?

CORRECT: Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 prohibits discrimination in housing based upon sex.

Which of the following is a definition of structural racism?

CORRECT: Intentional discrimination against a minority group to ensure that they vote in smaller numbers "Structural racism" is the incremental and cumulative disadvantage of minority populations that has been implemented into the greater structure of society and law over many generations.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 accomplish?

CORRECT: Prohibited discrimination in housing based on race In 1866, the Reconstruction Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which was the first attempt by the federal government to create equal opportunity for all Americans. The purpose of the Civil Rights Act was to prohibit any type of discrimination based upon race, and would thereby nullify the Black Codes. The act simply stated, "All citizens of the United States shall have the same right in every state and territory as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal property."

Brown v. The Board of Education held that

CORRECT: separate education could NOT be equal education, and in order to be equal, the educational system had to be integrated and desegregated. Brown v. Board of Education was a 1954 Supreme Court decision that ended the separate but equal doctrine by ruling that separate education could not be equal education. As a result, schools systems were forced to be integrate.

4 Which of the following is another term for disparate impact, which occurs when policies intended to be neutral result in a disproportionate impact on a protected group?

Cultural diversity Unintentional discrimination Intergenerational wealth Financial segregation

12) Which best describes blockbusting? Blockbusting is when real estate licensees manipulate homeowners into selling their homes by spreading rumors about ethnic or other minorities moving into the neighborhood. These rumors generate business for the real estate broker from the fear-motivated sellers wanting to sell quickly for less than what the property is worth.

Encouraging property owners to either sell or rent their property by claiming that the character of the neighborhood is changing due to the entry of a protected class into the neighborhood. Other options: - Advising a buyer that you will show all properties meeting their parameters regardless of a neighborhood's racial makeup. - Refusing to show white buyers properties in largely non-white neighborhoods. - Advising a buyer that the house they have chosen to look at is located in a Spanish speaking neighborhood.

Which act was the first to provide protection against discrimination in familial status?

Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 amends the Fair Housing Act of 1968 by prohibiting discrimination in housing based upon disability or familial status (i.e., presence of child under 18, and pregnant women).

5) What is the definition of Equity?

Fair treatment based on need Page 5 Equal treatment of all people Accepting diversity without judgment Overlapping areas of discrimination

6) Mariam has experienced discrimination at work. In several instances, she couldn't tell whether her coworkers were discriminating against her for her status as a woman or her status as a Latina. What term applies to these experiences?

Intersectionality Page 5 Racism Racial Prejudice Micro aggressions

13 Which of the following would NOT help you to be more inclusive in your real estate practice?

Learn about the demographics of the communities you serve Review your current business practices to ensure they are not discriminatory Consider how to change your practices to be more open to diversity Utilize ads that indicate a preference for minority races

2 Which of the following is NOT a class protected from credit discrimination by ECOA?

Military status Race Marital status Religion

Which of the following are parties who are prohibited from discriminating in the private housing sector?

Property owners Building managers Sellers Rental agents Lender All of the above are parties who are prohibited from discriminating in private housing. Agents of owners or landlords, real estate agents, and management companies are also prohibited from discriminating in the private housing sector.

6 Russell asked his real estate agent, Avni, for demographic information about two neighborhoods. Avni explained that the first neighborhood was primarily a Moroccan community, and the second neighborhood contained a variety of ethnicities. What is this an example of?

Racial Tipping Redlining Steering Blockbusting

9 What is the difference between racism and racial prejudice?

Racism is a systemic subordination, while racial prejudice is a person's subjective beliefs about racial or ethnic groups. Racism is a person's subjective beliefs about racial or ethnic groups, while racial prejudice is systemic subordination. There is no difference between the two terms. Racism applies on a national level, while racial prejudice applies on a state-wide level.

Theodore's bank rejected his application for a home-improvement loan to reroof his home because the house is in a historically black neighborhood. The bank told Theodore that protests and demonstrations by the African-American community made the loan a risky investment. What is this an example of?

Redlining Refusing to loan or support a person based solely on the racial or ethnic composition of a geographic area is illegal and is an example of redlining.

10) ABC Insurance told its agents to not issue homeowner's insurance policies to applicants who lived in a specific neighborhood. The area is primarily an immigrant community from Southeast Asia. ABC is worried because Southeast Asian communities tend to celebrate events using fireworks, the fire risk could lead to excessive property losses. What is this an example of?

Redlining Page 44 Blockbusting Racial tipping Steering

Real estate licensee Mark is working with a Chinese client. Without asking, Mark only shows his client single-story houses with extra bedrooms because his previous Chinese clients told him that Chinese parents tend to move in with their children when they retire. Regardless of whether Mark is right, what has he been doing?

Steering the client Mark was steering his client. This is not allowed because it is channeling buyers to particular homes and neighborhoods based on assumptions and stereotypes.

10 Which of the following statements about civil rights is TRUE?

The 13th Amendment outlawed slavery, but it wasn't until the 14th Amendment that natural-born Americans were given citizenship. Slavery was outlawed in 1776, but it was not until the Civil War that the slave trade was stopped. The 13th Amendment both outlawed slavery and granted citizenship to slaves. Slavery was outlawed with the 19th Amendment, whereas women were given the right to vote with the 13th Amendment.

15) Which of the following statements about civil rights is TRUE? Page 8

The 13th Amendment outlawed slavery, but it wasn't until the 14th Amendment that natural-born Americans were given citizenship. Page 21 - Slavery was outlawed in 1776, but it was not until the Civil War that the slave trade was stopped. - Slavery was outlawed with the 19th Amendment, whereas women were given the right to vote with the 13th Amendment. - The 13th Amendment both outlawed slavery and granted citizenship to slaves.

Which amendment to the American Constitution ensured that slavery would be outlawed?

The 13th amendment The 13th amendment banned slavery, though it did not provide people with equal rights under the law. Equal rights were added with the 14th amendment, and the 15th amendment ensured that no person would be denied voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

13) Marshawn rents apartment units. He refuses to rent to applicants that use wheelchairs because he doesn't want to make reasonable accommodations to the units he has available. What law has Marshawn violated?

The Fair Housing Act of 1988 Page 36 The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Glass-Steagall Act

What does it mean to discriminate based on familial status?

To deny housing to a family with a child under the age of 18 living with their parents or legal custodians The Fair Housing amendments restrict a landlord from denying housing to families with children under the age of 18 living with their parents or legal custodians or to any woman who is pregnant. A landlord is also prohibited from restricting the occupancy standards to eliminate families, but if an occupancy standard already exists, the landlord may adhere to the occupancy standard.

Which of these is not a protected class covered by ECOA?

Veteran status Federal fair housing law prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, familial status, religion, and disability. The ECOA adds the classifications of marital status, age, and receipt of public assistance income as additional protected classes with respect to credit applications.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act applies to:

all credit situations. The ECOA applies to all credit situations including consumer credit and applications for a mortgage, home refinance, or home improvement loans.

15 If a tenant requires that kitchen cabinets be lowered to accommodate their wheelchair, a residential landlord

must split the cost of the modification with the tenant. can increase the tenant's rent to cover the costs of modifications. must allow the tenant to make the modification at the tenant's own expense. may deny the tenant's request because a future tenant may not want them lowered.

3 Brown v. Board of Education held that

separate education could not be equal education. school integration violated the 13th Amendment. the educational system can remain segregated. school segregation could provide equal education.

1) The Supreme Court holding in Plessy v. Ferguson declared that segregation was legal as long as

services were "separate but equal." Page 24 Other options: -segregation was only found south of Missouri. - the local community was predominantly white. - segregation was only applied to white and black communities.

11 The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act requires that lending institutions report all of the following information to the Federal Reserve, EXCEPT

the applicant's past use of the Consumer Credit Protection Act. the gender of applicants. the income levels of applicants. the race of applicants.

What was the number of slave and free states that led to the Missouri compromise, banning slavery above the 36°30' parallel?

11 free states and 11 slave states The Missouri compromise was a response to an equal split between 11 free states and 11 slave states. Admission of Missouri would tip the scale in favor of slavery, so Maine was admitted as well as a free state to balance things. The Missouri compromise also made all land above the 36°30' parallel free land, thereby ensuring the eventual demise of slavery in the United States.

12 Which of the following scenarios is NOT in violation of federal Fair Housing laws?

A Hindi organization's housing complex that only rents buildings to applicants from India Sale of a private club where the public may commercially rent lodging units An apartment complex that refuses to rent units to applicants with a history of violent crimes The sale of an apartment complex where twelve units are available for rent

Prior to the passage of ECOA, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about how a married woman factored into lending calculations?

A married woman's income could not legally be included when qualifying for a mortgage loan

2) Violating fair housing laws

All of the above Page 30 - might result in civil penalties. - may result in criminal penalties if there is violence or the threat of violence. - could result in civil remedies.

Which of the following communities may legally prohibit families with children from renting, despite federal restrictions on discrimination by familial status?

An apartment complex that is designed specifically for retirees who are 60 years old or older The Fair Housing Amendment of 1988 exempts housing for older persons from certain conditions. A community that is more than 80% populated by persons age 56 or above, intended for people of this age group, and designed to meet the physical and social needs of older persons.

Imani received a letter in the mail that stated, "Mexicans are moving into your neighborhood, crime rates have risen 15% over the last two years. Sell now to ABC corp. and protect your family." What is this an example of?

Blockbusting Blockbusting is the practice of spreading rumors about a minority population moving into a neighborhood in order to pressure people into selling their homes.

Which of the following is NOT a handicap or disability as defined by federal law?

CORRECT Compulsive gambling

What was the overall effect of the Chinese Exclusion Act?

CORRECT Restricting immigration of most Asian communities to near 0% of former rates

Which law was the first to prohibit discrimination based on race?

Civil Rights Act of 1866 In 1866, the Reconstruction Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which was the first attempt by the federal government to create equal opportunity for all Americans.

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven protected classes?

Creed The seven protected classes are: race, color, national origin, religion, sex, handicap, and familial status.

9) Which of the following is an example of structural racism?

Data-driven policing that creates racial profiling A bakery refusing to bake wedding cakes for African-Americans A university refusing to designate a place for prayer for its students Affirmative action programs directing a greater number of people of color into high-paying jobs

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits discrimination in all credit transactions based on the following, EXCEPT:

Disability. ECOA prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, marital status, age, particular source of income, and exercise of consumer credit protection act rights. Disability does not factor into ECOA.

4) Paul took a test and it found that he more easily associated black faces with negative words and white faces with positive words. What was this an example of?

Discriminatory intent Structural bias Implicit bias Institutional Racism

Which of the following did NOT lead to a burst of anti-Latinx sentiment in the United States?

Executive Order 9066 Anti-Mexican and Anti-Latinx sentiment expanded during the Great Depression, after World War II, and during the construction of the railroads. This was because Hispanic and Latinx workers were willing to work for lower wages than most white workers, oftentimes due to the turbulent or war-torn landscape in Central or South America at the time. White workers, fearing that they were losing their jobs to Latinx workers would pressure their government and businesses to exclude or discriminate against Latinx communities as a result. Executive Order 9066 on the other hand, was a targeted executive action designed to restrict the Japanese community during World War II and led to internment.

Which of the following demographic populations have seen their total buying power double since the year 2000?

Hispanic Americans African Americans Asian Americans Since the year 2000, the buying power of African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans has doubled, and it is expected to grow at a similar rate into the future.

8 Which of the following is the definition of structural racism?

Incremental and cumulative discrimination and disadvantage to a minority population A person's personal beliefs on minority populations Laws that expressly creates racial discrimination Racism that has impacted a population for over 200 years

What term was used to refer to laws and local rules that reinforced the "separate but equal" rules in institutions and public spaces by creating colored-only and white-only amenities?

Jim Crow Laws Jim Crow laws were the rules and laws that enforced the separate but equal ruling of the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson. These rules were ruled unconstitutional for schools in Brown v. Board, but ultimately made illegal with the Civil Rights Act.

Which of the following is TRUE about local Fair Housing laws?

Local Fair Housing laws may be more strict than federal Fair Housing laws Local laws may be more strict than federal fair housing laws, however they cannot be less strict. The federal laws form the foundation. Local laws may build up from there.

Universal design requirements of the Fair Housing Admendments Act state that all constructions built after ________ must have accessible and intentionally inclusive building standards.

March 1991 Under the Fair Housing Amendments of 1988, all new residential buildings created after March 13, 1991 must meet construction requirements that create universal and inclusive design features.

8) Which of the following is NOT part of the psychology of implicit bias?

Pumping Page 15-16 Assumption Priming Association

7 Which of the following do NOT have to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?

Residential housing Movie theaters Motels Real Estate offices

Which act was the first to prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in programs that receive federal financial assistance?

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Which of the following are descriptions of sex and gender?

Sex is a person's biological organs and hormones. Gender is a person's internal expression of masculinity or femininity.

3) What was the name of the gay bar in New York City where patrons fought back against a police raid?

The Stonewall Inn Page 11 The Ransack Inn The Pride Parade The Quiet Spot

14 Which of the following is TRUE about Chinese laborers in the 1800s?

They were often the highest paid workers on the railroad They were prohibited from obtaining higher paying positions in the railroads They only settled on the West Coast They represented less than 5% of the labor force on the railroads

Under the ADA, which of the following is an example of areasonable accommodation?

Using alternative cleaning agents when a tenant has allergies to regular cleaning products It is a reasonable accommodation to modify the cleaning agent used to avoid allergies. Reasonable accommodations are changes to policies, rules, or procedures that enable a disabled person to enjoy equal opportunity and availability of housing.

Under ECOA, a lender who has denied credit must notify the applicant of the denial within 30 days. This notification must be:

in writing A lender who has denied credit must notify the applicant in writing within 30 days.

1 An unconscious association applied to thoughts and action, such as "all Asians are good at math," is best described as

priming. an assumption. an association. structural racism.