Realism

Gustave Courbet, The Painter's Studio: An Allegory of Painting: My Seven Years as an Artist, 1855

"- He was controversial clearly. He starts to paint paintings that ppl don't like or used to seeing. Ex) Two lesbian women in bed wrapped up in each other ppl's nude body, prostitutes on bank of the river - He keeps getting more and more controversial and loves being controversial. - He is now the realist painter. He is breaking new ground and inspiring younger artists to follow his footsteps and not be so conventional. He is not part of any convention. - 1855-7=1848 was the year of revolution in Europe. This was an allegory of the painting. Full of symbolic imagery and not ever what it is appears to be. - Left are ppl from the country who are Courbet is associating himself with. It's his country life before he moved to the Paris. - Courbet is wearing white coat and has dark hair and beard. He has strapped backpack across his chest. It is probably a self portrait of him because there are self portraits of him with similar garment and hair. - Man down lower left with his dog and cat. Guitar indicateds he is a wondering musician. - momento mori. Skull on a sheet. - life size crucifix or crucifixion? - murals and paintings. - Right has more sophisticated ppl. Fancy dressed. In the center, there is a man with dark hair with mustache which is likely to be Delacroix. Courbet admired him as an artist but couldn't stand him as an artist. - Man sitting on the table reading a book is Charles Baudelaire, a French poet and essayist. He wrote a book "The Heroism of Modern Life" in mid 19 century - Women next to Charles Baudelaire is George-Sand who is a salon arranger of the house. She gathers all the intellects of the times like musicians, poets, writers, political essayists into her apartment for parties. She was an author too. - In the center, Courbet is sitting in front of the easel and painting a landscape. He is paying tribute to other artist who has done this before. Painter in the painting. In Renaissance, Skin of st. bartholomew by Michelangelo, Baroque, Las Meninas by Velasquez, Dutch Baroque, Vermeer's Allegory of the Painting. Goya's Family of Charles the 4th. Judith Leyster. Vijay - The little boy standing next to the Courbet is a bit of the enigma. He is looking up. He could be representing inspiration, Courbet's kid ver. - Woman next to Courbet is an enigma too. She could be a nude model. Her dress is just piled a hip on the floor. Cat is scared. She is looking over Courbet's shoulder. If she is a model, why is she standing behind him and Courbet painting a landscape. She's a muse! She is inspiring him. We don't really know what we are exactly looking at. Courbet likes to be a riddle and without actually giving a narrative.

John Singer Sargent (1856-1925)

- American realist who is unusual because he was born in Florence, Italy. He spends most of his life traveling around the Europe. Came to America to do big commissions couple of times.

Gustave Courbet, Young Ladies of the Village, 1849

- "ladies" has connotations - not frieze - not monochromatic, blue sky, colorful, bright sunlight - two cows, a dog - 3 women are talking to the poor little country girl. 3 ladies are returning from the village. - Girl's dress is prob same dress her mother wears back in the cottage. Made from old clothes and wore it until doesn't fit anymore. - Ladies are wearing fancy dresses, carrying parasol, and bonnet. Prob prostitutes from little village going to the bigger village to make money. This girl knows them. - This was also rejected from salon for the 3rd time. - Courbet was like "I have something good here and something new!" Courbet was radical and rebellious. He was far away from tradition and convention. He wanted to disrupt tradition to create the new. He broke all the rules he can. He submitted these to the salon which is the best place to exhibit your work as an artists . - He had problems and attitudes. "I am god's gift's from women." "I'm the second coming of the christ" Nauseating arrogance...lol - Intelligent, profound, astute, intuitive about art and society. - he was commissioned to religious painting that is to be replaced for a private chapel of the wealthy person. He closed the doors while he was working on the painting. He was doing in secret. The patron wanted to see it. When Courbet let the patron into his studio, patron asked where the angels. Courbet said "you didn't tell me to put angels in" and "show me an angel and I'll paint one". It baffled the patron because he hasn't seen an angel and no one really has. Courtbet is stating bascially what the realism is. If I can't see it, I can't paint it. - Realism at its fundamental level is objective reality in art. Empirical. You can only observe something in your own eyes to put into the painting. - Courbet said the only honest or true academic/history/neoclassical painting is the history we have lived ourselves. The idea of making up historical moments is just not acceptable to courbet because it is imaginative and similar to the romanticism. He thought romanticism was an obsolete and out-of-date art.

Thomas Eakins, The Agnew Clinic, 1889

- 14 years after the Gross Clinic, he painted Agnew Clinic. - In Gross clinic, Dr.Gross is not wearing any gloves and wearing just street suit. No sanitary conditions because they didn't know that ppl die from dirty hands. #1 of female mortality was death at childbirth because doctors who delivered the child didn't washed their hands. - In 14 years, obviously they should start wearing sterile clothing, cover hair, white garments, clean - caused controversy because the patient is bare breasted and men are looking at her breasts in not professional way for some of them. Humiliating for women in a way that's compromising. - Agnew is a ground breaking surgeon for the breast surgery. Dr. Gross is a pioneer in bone cancer surgery. - In Eakin's mind, he thought they were modern heros. Showing both of them doing what they do. - Although they understood the surgery is what it is, it was hard for museums to take it for the exhibition.

Gustave Courbet, Sleepers, 1866

- 2 lesbians in the bed - controversial at the time - done it beautifully - compositions, skin tone almost like Rubins - back then, it made ppl's jaw drop. - Unruly savage arrogance, lack of good taste dared to push it to public's face.

Honoré Daumier, Third-Class Carriage, 1862

- 30 years later, Daumier given up cartooning and now he is a painter. It still has a cartoonish feelings to it. - It shows a generational poverty. - Young women on the left holding her baby, older son, grandmother in the middle. - 1st class carriage is comfortable and cushiony. They have butlers and dining car. 3rd class carriage is very uncomfortable, crowded, and hot. - He is making statement about how poverty is still a big presence in the French society - Realism is all about the social commentary.

Heny Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937)

- African American artist from Philadelphia. - father was the minister - middle class family - went to the Philadelphia art academy under the Eakins. Eakins believed that anyone with the talent should study in his academy even though he was black. - Philadelphia was a conservative white city. So he just couldn't get any commission. He decided to go to Paris where they became the super stars in a way.

Jean-Francois Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

- Gleaners are ppl who are allowed to pick up the droppings after the harvest. - different from Stonebreakers that it has foreground, background, and a middle ground clearly. It is full of color, no big black blob in the middle. 3 peasant women where as there were 2 peasant men in stonebreaker. - They are gleaning and filling their aprons up with what fell off the cart. - The cart is the above the woman on the left's back. - The women in the foreground are faceless peasants representing all peasants in the country. - Middle ground is composed of itinerant farm workers who are traveling country and paid for the labors by the owner of the farm. They are middle class. He is known as the gentleman farmer on the horse and overseeing haying on his farm. - Complex of buildings in the background. They are upperclass with the money to pay for itinerant workers and allow gleaners to pick up leftovers. - Millet was not trying to be artistically radical but just trying to make a social comment. - This is not fair and shouldn't be like this and on the other hand, because realism is objective that it admits it's how it is. - Millet is trying to change things by following the rules of the composition and in the system. So traditional and conventional. They are bending over which gives a rhythm and repetition. Their curves echoes the haystacks in the back. The women on the right breaks the horizon like how right haystack is breaking the horizon. Uniting all three grounds and it's traditional way of composing a traditional painting. - Courbet was trying to change things by slap in the face. Nothing to do of the tradition whatsoever.

Winslow Homer, The Fog Warning, 1885

- He found out that what he was painting was not serious or artistic enough for him or audience. - he delved himself in to theme of nature vs men which he believed it was more powerful. - He picked seacoast as his main location for his theme and subject matter. - There's almost some sort of tension. Psychological, visual, emotional, physical tensions. - Diagonals - loves things fighting against each other. ex) men vs fish, storm vs men - Storming is coming in and he is trying to go back. Tension.

Edouard Manet, Le Dejuner Sur l'Herbe (or Luncheon on the Grass), 1863

- It shows a naked woman with two clothed men who are university students. - Another woman is at the banks of the river. It is paying tribute to Courbet's painting. - Since he paid attribute to the Raphael, he is admitting part of his tradition. - It's weird visually because woman is looking right at us like Ingres's Venus of Urbino where woman is looking at us objectively with no emotions. She was a popular model among artists. She is challenging us. - Big toe is point to the crouch of the man across her. - It was originally called "bathing" but she is not swimming, and not eating like the current tittle suggests. - The woman in the back is bending over is too far away to be that big. Not in scale. - The little row boat is too small for them to all fit in there. - Where is the background. - It was rejected by the salon. It wasn't the only painting that got rejected in 1863. It was a record breaking year for salon because 50% of works (2500) were rejected. - They are very excited about the works that got admitted. The public got angry and wanted to see the "bad" works. Due to the public pressure, they put on new exhibition outside of the louvre calling "salon des refuse". One of the very central controversial piece was Manet.

Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863

- It's her own body - modeled after some famous paintings. - paying in tribute for nude reclining figures. - She is a prostitute - Servant is coming in to her bed chamber and bringing her bouquet from a guy who wants her service. - She is prostitute because she is lying on a bed looking at us, flower on her head, high heeled shoes, and chocker. - on the foot of the bed, there is a black cat with tail straight up and hunched position. It looks terrified. Everything is detached except the cat. - Manet was really disappointed and paranoid about his acceptance by the public and institution. He didn't release it to the public for 2 years - She is naked, not beautiful, not ideal greek beauty. - covering up her private area "go away"

Marcanotonio Raimondi, The Judgment of Paris (after Raphael, early 16th century)

- Manet is doing what all good academic painters do. He wanted to get accepted by the academy. He is paying tribute to Raphael's carpet design which was engraved by his student Raimondi. - The poses are same from the Raimondi's painting.

Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergerès, 1883

- Manet was a hero of impressionists. They started to exhibiting together and invited them. Manet couldn't go because Impressionists were a french outsider art group and considered as freaks. Manet was still struggling to be accepted as a legit academic painter. - realist - he learned to use loose brush works with colors - bar maid with a huge mirror at the back. Ppl engaging in conversation and music. - Man dressed in top hat and a suit. Not showing a true reflection, it might not even be her. - beautiful still life elements in the foreground of wine bottles, oranges, crystals, vases of flowers. - social statement. She doesn't look too happy because men of means comes into this place. Boss knows that he can't lose this client. His proposition was to have a sex with her. She doesn't want to do that. If she refuses this nice client of the boss, boss might fire her. If she accepts, she loses her own dignity. She's making money everyday but sunday. Precariousness of stature of women during the victorian society. Very conservative and sexually active and abusive of women.

Realism: Great Britain The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

- PRB was fine by itself, but at the time in the England, the Brotherhood was associated with the communist rev group who wanted to overthrow the gov in the England. Anyone who called themselves a brotherhood was looked at with some suspicion. - PRB knew this would be their case which is why they just signed PRB. Once they became popular, it became a different matter

John Everett Millais, Christ in the House of His Parents, 1850

- People don't want to see truth, they wanted to see art. They think art should be idealized and have some convention. - Caused the biggest controversy amongst the PRB. - Joseph as a balding man with dark forearms to indicate he has been working out. - St. John is bringing a bowl of water to his cousin Jesus. - St. Ann is the Virgin Mary's mother on top - Virgin Mary looks like middle aged woman and kneeled, kissing a young son's face. - sheep outside - wood shavings, planks, carpenter's tool, messy dump - critics and audience thought this was disrespect - barefoot was also disrespect - genre painting + history painting - insult and slap in the face - toying with the audience in a way

Honoré Daumier, Murder in the Rue Transnonain, 1834

- Realisim is about expressing contemporary life. Pictorializing problems, in justice, imbalance of society in France. - Daumier spent most time in jail than any artists in France. - he was a caricaturist for newspaper, cartoon, and magazines in early 19th century. He criticized lawyers, doctors, presidents, princes, and kings whoever he can get his hands on. He was very well known and popular. Blatant honesty. - The leader of france was paranoid of losing his power. He had a secret police force that went around and gained info about who's talking against the leader. It lead to the atmosphere where ppl are ratting on their family and friends. - Neighbor told the secret police that this man was very anti gov and rousing ppl to start rebellious and disgruntled. - Police came to the address and barged in and murdered everybody. Dead parents on his side. Chair is tipped over. The next day, there is an article about it on newspaper about how police went to the wrong address and killed wrong family. It caused a controversy. Public were outraged for injustice and senseless death.

Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers, 1849

- Realism in France was founded by Gustave Courbet. - He was trained by a student of the student from neoclassical master, Jacques-Louis David. His training shows he is very competent and a good draftsman. He started as a landscape painter. In 1849, he deciding to change his direction of art. - He comes to the conclusion that landscape isn't going to make it for him as an artist. It is not enough statement for the world. There were social revolutions in just about every country in Europe. Every nation had an effect on political and social change. - England represented the concentration of inequity in modern society between the Have vs have not. - The Communist manifesto was an utopian ideal of how society should be. If everyone was equal, then society would be humane and ppl would have better lives. Utopia is a perfect society and it's only good on papers. It doesn't work in reality. If everyone is the same, it means there is no leaders or followers. No one is maintaining order. No one is ambitious because everyone is same. - In 1849, he started to paint "realist" pics. He even wrote realist manifesto to declare what realism was. It spun other movements in England, Germany, and US. - Capitalism. Dense population, poor living conditions vs aristocrats. - two stonebreakers. Old man is showing the ropes to the young man. - They are wearing peasant clothing. Ragged shoes and torn shirts. - breaking stones to create a road to Paris. Industrial rev was making opportunities for former farmer families to move into the big city with a steady salary. Getting a job that has a regular basis. Ppl in the city had an official legal day off which is Sunday. More leisurely kind of life although it wasn't easy to do a job in a factory. - When Courbet saw them stone breaking, he asked them to come to his studio and pose for him. It does look spontaneous. - Courbet submitted for an annual salon but it was instantly rejected because a standard academically acceptable painting must have a middle, foreground, background. Most of the middle ground is just black. It is like a big empty space there, and the background is just a little corner on the right. Lack of fundamental parameter. - Courbet was very disappointed, but he was not to be deterred. - These two men don't have faces = anonymous. They are representing universal laborers.

Jean-Francois Millet, The Sower, 1850

- Realism parallels the look of the photograph, it doesn't look like a photograph. The fact that photographs are "matter of fact" image of the reality. No opinion, emotionally detached, lacking connection. Sometimes ppl manipulate the images in the darkroom and it could be allegorical or fantastic. The image itself is usually detached from the emotion. All of Courbet's paintings are devoid of the feeling because he was rebelling against the romanticism. - Millet doesn't have designs on the controversy. They are rebelling against the romanticism and keeping align on what Courbet was doing which was a social commentary. Millet criticized the social status quo. - Peasants pics were very popular during this period. Ex) Stonebreakers. They are unskilled, uneducated laborers. - Sower is throwing seeds on the field. - Courbet tried to change things from shocking ppl and making ppl angry. Slap in the face. "Look at this, this is what the real world is like. This is what you should think about what is actually happening." It just made ppl to become angry, his message didn't go over. Courbet didn't understand why radical is always good. - Millet is showing us a peasant who is engaged in the task. He is also faceless and anonymous to represent the universal labor workers. - His social comment was same as Courbet that there is an inequity. Ppl in 1% in the top has lots of money and living in comfort where as average ppl are just trying to survive everyday. It's not fair.

John Singer Sargent, The Oyster Gatherers of Cancale, 1878

- Sargent became a friend of impressionists especially Claude Monet. - Early American Impressionist like painting. - loose brush work - outdoor - seacoast - Sargent was a precocious artist who went to school at 16. He learned a lot from Duran from paint, application, being accurate and spontaneous. He soon left the studio and went on his own as a portrait painter.

Alexandre Cabanel, The Birth of Venus, 1863

- The ideal in the academy is still the same. - putti in the air - Venus is almost anonymous - pearly skin, presenting her body to male audience for sex, enticing, seductive, sexy

Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a New Field, 1865

- When he came back from the civil war, he painted in oil for the first time. - He didn't have much experience or formal training. - His paintings seem simple but profound in meaning. - 3 bands of sky, lower and upper band of weed, white shirt standing against the weed in the center. - after the civil war, there are no slaves to help him to deal with the overgrown weed. This old man has to do it by himself at his plantation. It talks about the post civil war trauma.

William Holman Hunt, Awakening Conscience, 1853

- Young women who is kicked out of her house at a young age was a common happening during the Victorian period. - If she wasn't married by 18, she got kicked out of her house. She had to fed for herself. Young women was literate but weren't educated and had only few choices.. Prostitute, bartender, cleaning women, or kept women. - In this pic, it depicts a rich man keeping this mistress. She lives like a queen until the men demands sex. He is pulling her to his lab. - She is suddenly having a conscious that she doesn't want to do this anymore. She tries to get away from him, and he thinks all these are jokes. - social issue

Realism

- almost like a rebellion against from a romanticism where was romanticism was about exotic subject, imagination, loose brushworks, rebellious against the academy - the world is becoming more urban, modern, inequitable - Realism in France was founded by Gustave Courbet.

William Holman Hunt, The Scapegoat, 1854

- biblical contemporary stories - scapegoat is from hebrew bible where Israelites were wandering in the dessert for 40 years. God told Moses to heap all the sins to the goat and send it to the wilderness. - Hunt actually bought a goat in the market and came out to the dessert. He hobbled the front legs of the goat and watched it die. So he can have an authentic image of the goat dying. - realists are very objective and believed in the "truth in art"

Winslow Homer, The Gulf Stream, 1899

- coming down to the end of his life. - big sea tornado coming to the boat, but it has no mass or tiller. It is just drifting in the sea. - maybe tribute to the Copley's Watson and the shark - the ship on the horizon is never really going to see him. - very different from the raft of the medusa . Both has black men as the main character at the top of the composition.

Gustave Courbet, The Origins of the World, 1866

- commissioned by a patron who knew that Courbet's controversial works - He told him that he wants him to paint crouch. - The patron kept the work in his parlor behind the curtain. It wasn't for gentle women to look at. - He would bring his business associates and he would say "wanna see something man?". Then he would pull a curtain aside and showed him. Courbet liked a shock value.

John Everett Millais, Ophelia, 1851-52

- contemporary women floating down the river from Hamlet - made a model lie down in the ice bath tub until her skin and lips turned blue - truth in art - wanted to make it look like what it was supposed to look like - obsession with reality and facts in their paintings

Realism: Great Britain

- different kinds of realism from French - They started off from students from royal academy in london. They just weren't satisfied with the restrictions and conservative programs in london. They decided to drop out. - 3 ppl who started this movement were William Holman Hunt. John Everett Millais, and Dante Rossetti. They broke away from the academy and start painting their own works. They painted very realistically almost photographically. They wanted to remain secret and because they were doing something different. They still wanted to be successful as an artist without rocking the boat right away. - They signed their paintings PRB (Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood). Critics accepted this little mystery without criticizing that.

Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Seine, ca.1902

- experience back in paris when he returned - he became an impressionist when he got to france. It was raging in paris. Tanner saw paintings exhibited there and took on that impressionistic style. Eakins taught him and he had loose brush stroke style too. - Manet was becoming more popular and modern.

John Singer Sargent, The Daughters of Edward Boit, 1882

- typical portrait of his - American who excelled at his job - He was the most popular and successful painter in Europe. - 4 daughters of the rich American who lives in the London. Giant vases, oriental rug, and kids posing for Sargent - making painting to look like a photograph as if they are posing for the camera - loose, impressionistic brush works - no arbitrary colors. Realists use natural colors.

Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)

- from Philadelphia - he was already a masterful draftsman at the age of 16 for magazines and books. He would rather go study in France than in America. His father said if only he wrote a letter once a week to him about his progress and life. - He went to the academy and didn't do everything he was supposed to do. Because he was so good and artistically mature, they let him get away with things that average students will be expelled for. ex) refusing to draw plastic cast - when he returned from France, he travelled around the Europe to look at his idols like Velazquez and Rembrandt(Holland). - He got commissioned to do portraits when he came back to Philadelphia.

Thomas Eakins, Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871

- full of color - early portrait - objective like photograph - detached from emotions, devoid of feeling - Max Schmitt was a close friend of Eakins who was a Scull boating champion - To the right, Eakins rowing too - They used to row together in the morning

Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans, 1849

- funeral of Courbet's own grandfather in Ornans - ladies in the right, man in the center, clergyman, crucifixion, dog, priest reading a funeral ceremony - No coffin. It is already over or it hasn't begun yet - no middle ground. Just foreground and background. It compresses the space, not 3d. 2D. Pictorial plane. - All characters are like in frieze where straight line across the painting. Almost like a procession. - Is it just crucifix or actual crucifixion with Jesus on? It is hard to tell unless you look it up close and see a young clergyman holding up a stick. It is so confusing visually - 15ft wide - it was rejected by the salon again. He thought "maybe I have something over here".

Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Thankful Poor, 1894

- grandfather is teaching the grandson to not to be cynical and lose faith in god. Be thankful rather than to be mourning of what they don't have. Small mercies - powerful images of African Americans

Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic, 1875

- hoping to exhibit this as his master piece - They rejected completely by public and committee of exposition. - The only one was bold enough to take this piece was a Jefferson Medical College where Dr. Gross taught. They hung it in the back hall because they were afraid to show it - Dr. Gross just made an incision to young man's thigh. He is explaining what he is doing with his blood dripping scaffold. - Young man's mom who is required to be is covering his face in terror. - Man behind the Dr. Gross is a clerk recording the whole process. - In the dark is the young doctors and surgeons and medical students. - Assistants are helping Gross to perform the surgery as he explains each step - Man in the hall with bald head is the Dr. Gross's son who commissioned the painting. To his left, another man is coming in with pad and pencil. That's Thomas Eakins himself. - Done in the traditions of the Velazquez and Rembrandt - the rest of his life was controversial and he didn't care much about it. - He just wanted truth in his art. He hold nude womens to make a self portrait...weirdo

Henry Ossawa Tanner, Highlands, North Carolina, 1889

- landscape painter

John Singer Sargent, Carnation, Lily, Lily Rose, 1885-86

- most impressionist of sargent's paintings maybe because of all the flowers, japanese lantern, lack of background. - popular in london. He is becoming more and more as a figure painter.

Winslow Homer, Prisoners from the Front, 1866

- shows an union officers taking prisoners of 3 confederates: The officer, young man, old man - frieze of characters - gun on the ground - classically ordered - confederate officer is a mirror image of the union officer. He is taken into a custody but still paying a respect from one officer to the another. - He took this to paris at the union exhibition and won the 1st prize which is almost unheard of for american artists

Henry Ossawa Tanner, The Banjo Lesson,1893

- similar to Vermeer in the light source in the corner of the house. Intimate little space where we are not supposed to be in but we are. - uninvited guests looking at what's going on vibes - he didn't really have average poor African American experience because he was from a middle class. Poor, violence, prestigious. - When he came from the America, he realized he missed something from his own culture. He took a trip down to the appalachian and travelled through the south. He discovered little shacks on the mountain tops and farms ran by poor black families. He saw beauty in their life because they were faithful and continuity in community - passing on a legacy from grandfather to grandson. Music is an integral part of the black culture. Banjo was an Africa instrument originally.

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)

- strictly American. - born in cambridge. - worked at lithographic company and decided to become a professional newspaper illustrator at NY during the civil war.

John Singer Sargent, Lady Agnew, 1892

- translucency of gauzy, thin fabric - look of her face and rosy cheek - beautiful pattern of the chair - incomparable master of facility (paint with so ease)

Gustave Courbet, Two Ladies on the Banks of the Seine, 1856-57

- two prostitutes. - dressed up - prob having sex with two men. - could've inspired by Edward Manet.

William Holman Hunt, The Hireling Shepherd, 1851

- typical example of his painting. - not conventional, not full of atmosphere, vacuum, contemporary issues - young itinerant farmer who is taking care of sheep. Similar to Millet's The Gleaners. Boss's daughter came down to give him some food with lamb and apples on her lab. The man sees this beautiful, young, naive, unsuspecting child with woman's body. He is taking advantage of her. - Hunt is clearly talking about the issue how young women get pregnant by itinerant farm workers in New England. Then they become the black sheep of the family. - It is very highly rendered. Every leaves and grasses are shown. - Doesn't have same conventional look. Critics loved it because they thought it was bold, courageous, progressive, and contemporary.

Thomas Eakins, The Artist's Wife, 1884-89

- unflattering, objective - She looks like an old hag. She understood the husband..maybe - red dog - Ppl sometimes didn't like portraits of themselves and didn't pay for it. It was too honest and realistic. They wanted to him to flatter them.

Ford Maddox Brown, Work, 1852-63

- very bold, bright, realistic, and contemporary. - done by PRB teacher. He encouraged them to do what they did and in complete support when they dropped out of school - in the back. man with top hat and tux with his wife wearing a fancy dress on a horse. They are blocked by the work on the street. - On the left, there is a woman selling flowers without shoes. Poor. - Hoopskirts girl represents the middle class - Woman with a baby and other children of hers represents the lower class. - On the right, two gentlemen looking at the work being done. - Picketing a restaurant that served "beef" when it was actually a tainted horse meat. Business is shutting down. - young students are more controversial than him. Academic painter.

Realism: The United States

- very different from France and GB. It was still realistic and objective

Winslow Homer, Snap the Whip, 1872

- when he came home from france, he started painting genre paintings. After the paintings, the theme of children became popular because America was still suffering from the civil war trauma. It was good way to escape the trauma by looking at the images of kids playing. - he loves diagonal composition because it creates dynamism

Edouard Manet, The Dead Christ, 1864

- younger generation after Courbet and Millet. - He admires Courbet a lot because he dares to be different, buck the system, and bold. Although he is still in the system. - Courbet took up arms from Prussians and banished from French for the rest of his life. - Manet didn't want to be that kind of radical. He wanted to be new and contemporary, but not radical. They are mirror images of each other. Courbet is a radical thinker and conventional painter. Manet is a conventional thinker and radical painter. - So realistic that there is not so much spirit in it. Jesus is a dead body. Moribund. Not like idealized image of son of god. - Angel's wings are almost transparent. - Mary Magdalene looks younger than him when they are about the same age. - He took models and used them. Not as theatric and stark as Caravaggio, but both are realistic. - Manet was an intelligent person. It got more unconventional. "I think modern paintings should not have to be like Renaissance anymore". Renaissance created this pictorial plane and you look back into the space. We should just paint contemporary life and don't need to create all that illusion. We are painting modern. Although he did admire his masters, he was living in a new age and will not paint like them. - He said painting is a merely colored patches on the surface, it is just a painting. It's an object, not an illusion. It impacted the rest of the modern world.