Recognizing Race and Ethnicity Fitzgerald Ch.3

Phrenology

A now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used those data to try to determine groups intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between races.

Racial Orthodoxy

A set of beliefs, narratives, and practices within an organization, supported by discourse, that make up commonly recognized understandings of race

White Racial Frame

A worldview that helps justify ongoing racism

Counterstories

Are told by people of color who reflect their view of the world by their particular location

Internal Colonialism Theory

Argues that colonialism: which is the process through which one country dominates another by stripping it of its human and economic resources, can actually take place within one country.

liberation sociology

Changing the world, making the world a more just and humane place for all

Manifest Destiny

Convinced white Americans that it was their right to claim and occupy all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans

Systematic Racism

Deeply rooted, institutionalized racial oppression of people of color by whites

Status Inequalities

Differences in prestige and honor which are not necessarily related to ones economic status.

Conflict Perspective

Emerges out of Marxist thought and emphasizes conflict between dominant and subordinate groups over scarce and valued resources in society.

Functionalist Perspective

Emphasizes social order over conflict

Split Labor Market Theory

Emphasizes the ways both race and class contribute to inequality

Intersectionality

Focused on the interactions between different systems of oppression

Symbolic ethnicity

Individualistic expressions of ethnicity that celebrate Americans ethnic heritage through leisure-time activities like St. Patrick's Day and St. Joseph's Day

Colonized Minorities

Involuntary minorities: Groups that are forced to participate in another society

Ethnic Revival

Not leaving ethnic heritage behind (white ethnics) were embracing their heritage by celebrating it through festivals, foods, and other cultural expressions.

Racialized Social Systems

Perspective as a way to move sociology away from the focus on prejudice, social psychology, and the notion that racism amounted to a set of ideas, and toward a more structural understanding of racism.

Symbolic Interactionism

Places emphasis on small scale human interactions

Genome Geography

Portions of a genetic sequence are associated with specific geographic locations

Antimiscegenation Laws

Prohibiting interracial marriage, emerged in many states because whites feared that interracial marriage would lead to the deterioration of the white race

Racialized Medicine

Race is treated as a genetic fact for medical purposes

Scientific Racism

Refers to using science to prove the innate racial inferiority of some groups and the superiority of other.

Ethnic Stratification

System of inequality in which group membership along racial/ethnic lines determines access to social ranking (status) and differential rewards.

Canon

The body of knowledge considered fundamental to an academic discipline

Human Genome

The genetic sequence of human species

Eugenics

The healthiest and ablest should be encouraged to have more children to better society.

Melting Pot

The idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to America and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the "American"

Cultural Pluralism

The idea that numerous ethnicities are capable of coexisting without threatening the dominant culture.

Racial Formations

The ways racial categories are created over time

Marxist Theorists

View the world as stratified along class lines

Ethnicity Paradigm

Viewed race as part of your ethnicity but not as important factor in people's lives than ethnicity-and equated ethnicity with culture.

Immigrant Minorities

Voluntary minorities [willingly choose to migrate to a country]

Anglo-conformity

differs from a melting pot, in which all groups come together and forge a new identity, all groups are expected by American society to drop their cultural identities in favor for an Anglo American Culture.