REGIONAL GEO FINAL
Religion and Language of South Asia
Religions: 1) Hinduism 2) Islam 3) Buddhism 4) Sikhism 5) Tribal Religions
What is an example of forced migration in Japan?
Since 2011 disaster (earthquake/tsunami), people are migrating away from Japan cities where it happened (Ishikawa, Ishinomaki, etc.)
Animism Religion (Southeast Asia)
(from Latin anima, "breath, spirit, life") is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. ... Animism is the oldest known type of belief system in the world that even predates paganism; It is still practiced in a variety of forms in many traditional societies.
What is the only place in the world that has the most precipitation?
-Cheraponji; located in South Asia
Papua New Guinea Mining
-GOLD -Hidden Valley is open pit gold mine; exploited by Morobe Mining Joint Venture
Bay of Bengal and Japan
-India, Japan and the US on Monday kicked off their trilateral 'Malabar' naval exercise featuring 95 aircraft, 16 ships and two submarines, seeking to forge "deeper" military ties amid growing Chinese assertiveness in the region. -USS Nimitz, the world's largest aircraft carrier, will figure in the five-day exercise in the Bay of Bengal involving the US, Japanese and Indian maritime forces that is aimed at "achieving deeper military ties between the three nations."
New Caledonia Mining
-NICKLE -reserves of 7M tonnes -10% of world's nickel reserves -it's 8% of the country's GDP
Naru Mining
-Phosphate Mining -exploited since 1970 -over 80% of surface on island is mining-> creates environmental impact
Physical Setting of Australia/New Zealand
-a region of continental characteristics/Land Dispersal due to GLOBALIZATION -consists of Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Australia -RING OF FIRE
Setting the boundaries in South East Asia
-borders have changed due to political strategies -TWO SUB REGIONS: 1)Mainland 2) Insular Southeast Asia - the line which divides these regions goes along the South China Sea
Kashmir
-cashmere wool, usually simply known as cashmere, is a fiber obtained from cashmere goats and other types of goat; common usage defines the fiber as wool but it is finer and softer than sheep's wool.
Air Pollution
-consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings; takes many forms; can be gases, solid particles, or liquid droplets -most air pollution is created by people, taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans -some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur naturally.
Japan's Boom (1950's)
-economic miracle -then, real state/bank crisis-> caused an industrial relocation
Ethnic-religious conflicts of Southeast Asia
-ethnic and language groups have nothing to do with colonization -Conflicts: 1) Separatists Rebellions 2) Ethnic/Religious Clashes 3) Territorial Claims-> ISLANDS 4) Internal Political Issues
Climate of Australia and Oceania
-has huge impact on region -latitudes and altitudes influence monsoonal rains and unstable conditions -Global Climate Change: warmer ocean and temperature patterns; sea water acidity; causes corals to bleach and be destroy
Gene Revolution
-has to do with the BT cotton seed: 93% grown in India -GM crop trials taken place in 8 states in 2015 -modern biotechnology could enable the production of genetically modified (GM) crops that could be tailored to meet the needs of the regions that still face food shortages
SILK ROAD
-huge international belt; main connection back in time; main route between China and Middle East 1)From "Silk Road" to "Digital Belt"-> with road and maritime belts - OBOR-> One Belt One Road: identifies international Connection - Digital Belt-> more difficult to belt - Maritime Silk Road 2)The BRI Summit-> China's Belt and Road Initiative (2015)-> China's so called "Project of the Century"(120 countries included and 29 top level countries)
Climate and Monsoon in South Asia; Orographic rainfall
-important in this region -Monsoon Climates are seasonal patterns of wind directions-> wet/dry patterns-> summer/winter monsoons
Dam Building and River Transformation in Southeast Asia
-in Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar (Burma) -btween China and Myanmar
The issue of Hukou Registration
-in order to move from small town to huge Metropolitan area, they have to prove that they have a place to work there or you can't move -this was to prevent bigger population densities in large concentrated cities
ASEAN
-only TEN countries in Southeast Asia are in the Association of South East Nation -is a political and economic organization aimed primarily at promoting economic growth and regional stability among its members.
Population Density and Migration in Southeast Asia
-relatively low density areas -dense areas: cities, deltas, coasts, fertile soil zones -influence of CHINA-> Chinese population migrating to this part of the region: relates to trade -GLOBALIZATION is the main cause of Chinese people migrating to Southeast Asia
BT Cotton
-stands for Bacillus thuringiensis which is a soil bacterium. There are several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Some strains produce molecules toxic to caterpillars (order: Lepidoptera), beetles (order: Coleoptera) and some to mosquitoes (which are from the order Diptera) -has been genetically modified by the insertion of one or more genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. These genes encode for the production of insecticidal proteins, and thus, genetically transformed plants produce one or more toxins as they grow.
What is FTZ?
-stands for free trade zone
The SEZ model
-stands for special economic zone
Ethnic/Religious Conflict and Violence in BURMA
-there are 6 ethnic groups forced to be in the permanent dictatorship 1) Several ethnic groups (Chinkashin, Tai, Wa) clashed with the government and among themselves (political repression, drug business) 2) Renewed tension/violence between Muslims and Buddhists-> admits business disputes->community segregation -The rising religious tensions are threatening to spill over to neighboring countries
Economic/Human Development in Southeast Asia
-unevenly distributed -Important economic hub in this region: Singapore -New economic development:Malaysian -Industrial Development in core cities-> Bangkok and Manila -Persistent Poverty: Laos and East Timor
Mountain Arcs
1) Annam (Vietnam-Laos) 2) Barisan (Sumatra) 3) Iran (Boreneo)
Complexity of Australia and Oceania
1) Australia 2) New Zealand 3) Polynesia 4) Melanesia 5) Micronesia
High Population Densities China
1) Bejing 2) Shanghai
South East Asia Mainland
1) Burma/ Myanmar 2) Thailand 3) Cambodia 4) Laos 5) Vietnam
What gases are found in the air in China?
1) CO2 2) Methane 3) Nitrous Oxide
Primate Cities in East Asia
1) China: -Shanghai-> 22 million -Beijing-> 19 million -Tianjn-> 11 million 2) Japan: Tokyo-> 13.6 million 3) North Korea: Pyingyan-> 4 million 4) South Korea: Seoul-> 10 million
Environmental Issues of South Asia
1) Deforestation 2) Desertification 3) Coastal Pollution
Population Growth/Change in South Asia
1) Demographic Transformation: population not well distributed-> they're trying to control population in India 2) Urban Concentration: example of Dhaka, Karachi shows how difficult it is to organize in an Urban Landscape-> congestion of people in urban areas: chaos 3) Rural Population/Agricultural Patterns: Sir Lanka has a huge problem with ethnic tensions; Punjab has increased production 4) Internal/International Migration: forced migration of refugees; high skilled professional workers migrate to work in important countries
Most Important Environmental Issues
1) Desertification 2) Deforestation 3) Sea-level Rise 4) Coastal Pollution 5) Mining 6) Wild Fires 7) Tectonism/Volcanism
Environmental Issues of East Asia
1) Desertification 2) Salinization 3) Coastal Pollution 4) River Pollution 5) River Pollution 6) Sediment load issue in the rivers 7) Poor Urban air quality in major cities (such as Bejing and Shang Hai)
Colonialism in Southeast Asia
1) Dutch Power-> Netherlands 2) British/French/U.S. Expansion-> concentrated in Burma/Malaysia 3) Spain/Portugal-> East Timor but it was weak influence-> they were in process of losing control/power after industrial revolution
Environmental Issues of Australia and Oceania
1) Earthquakes 2) Tsunamis 3) Climate Change 4) Sea-Level Rise 5) Deforestation 6) Desertification 7) Mining
Spheres of Influence (East Asia) Part II
1) Expansion of Japanese Empire 2) German Spheres of Influence 3) British Empire 4) Russian Empire 5) French Empire
KNOW THESE about South Asia
1) Green Revolution: increased production in Punjab Area-> chemical fertilizers/pesticides-> contamination of water/soils 2) Deforestation: Himalaya foothills. and Choda Nagpur hills, Deccan Plateau (Narmada River) 3) Gengas Delta 4) Namada River
Factors of Conflicts in Southeast Asia
1) Historical Evolution 2) International Migration 3) Natural Resources-> mainly OIL and this caused tension between Malaysia and Burma 4) Political Extremism
Important Rivers in China
1) Huangtle 2) Yangtze-> Dams are built to control this river
South Asia countries and surfaces
1) India-> 25 states and 70 territories 2) Pakistan-> 4 provinces 3) Nepal-> 14 zones 4) Bhutan-> 20 districts 5) Bangladesh-> 5 divisions 6) Sri Lanka-> 9 Provinces 7) Maldives-> 8 Regions
Geologic Plates of Southeast Asia
1) Indo-Australian 2) Pacific 3) Philippine 4) Eurasian
Which 10 countries are a part of ASEAN?
1) Indonesia 2) Malaysia 3) Philippines 4) Singapore 5) Thailand 6) Brunei 7) Laos 8) Myanmar 9) Cambodia 10) Vietnam
Insular South East Asia
1) Indonesia 2) Philippines 3) Malaysia 4) Singapore 5) Brunei 6 East Timor
South Asia Rivers/ Geography
1) Indus River 2) Ganges River 3) Brahmaputra River - Himalayas -Thar Desert -Deccan Plateau These are connected to important plate tectonics
Ethnic Distribution/Conflicts of South Asia
1) Kashmir: India vs Pakistan 2) Punjab: Separtist Movements 3) Bangladesh: tribal ethnic tensions 4) Pakistan: tribal control 5) Sri Lanka: Tamil independence-> Civil War 6) India/China -ethnicity and tensions are influenced by religious tendencies
Important Rivers of Southeast Asia
1) Mekong: Laos-Cambodia 2) Irrawaddy: Myanmar/Burma 3) Chaophraya: Thailand
Mining Sites in Oceania and Australia
1) Naru 2) Papa New Guinea 3) New Caledonia 4) Australia -the problem with mining sites is that it uses a lot of water; it affects the rural areas where water is needed for agriculture -when that water is used, it's discarded and chemical deposited in soils/ground which causes more problems
What events have happened in Japan which have caused so many problems?
1) Okawa Elementary School: tragedy-> everyone died because of the tsunami 2) Tsunami: 30 ft waves damage several nuclear reactors 3) Plant's electrical power cut off by tsunamiu and stopped the cooling process 4) Circle of evacuation (12-18 miles or 20-30 km)
Separatist Rebellions of Southeast Asia
1) Philippines: People Power 1986 2) Thailand: Unstable Democracy 2014 3) Malaysia: Monarchy-> Hegemoni-> Party Regim 4) Indonesia: Unconsolidated Liberal Democratic
Australia/Oceania: Tectonism/Volcanism
1) Ring of Fire: two important plates clash each other here 2) Kermadic Trench 3) Marian Trench-> deepest in the world
What is global warming doing in the Australia/Oceania region?
1) Sea-level rise and warming of the Pacific Ocean 2) Salinization of low-lands 3) Reduction of land near the atolls 4) Progressive loss of agricultural areas 5) Food security 6) Rise of temperatures will have the Marshall Islands disappear if it continues
Territorial claims of Southeast Asia
1) Spratly Islands 2) ALL OF THE ISLANDS -creates instability/conflict and internal political issues in the region
Which two countries are not a part of the main land in South Asia
1) Sri Lanka 2) Maldives
Three Physical Forces of Australia and Oceania
1) Tectonic Change 2) Oceanic Change 3) Climatic Change
Geopolitical Tensions of East Asia
1) Territorial Claims: -Kuril Islands (dispute between Japan and Russia) -Sendaku Islands (China and Japan) -Spartly Islands (several countries -DMZ (North Korea and South Korea)
Division of Korea
1) WWII-> Cold War 2) 1950 Invasion-> War 3) 1998-> Sunshine Policy
Autonomous Regions in China
1) Xizang/Tibet 2) Xinjang 3) Inner Mongolia 4) Guangxi (South and Smallest)
Historical Settlements in Australia and Oceania
1)The Pacific 2) European Colonization: -Dutch-> 17th century -British-> 18th century -French-> 19th century 3)Conflict with aboriginals 4) Contemporary Population
Power plants take up about ________ of air pollution
85%
Melanesia
A Pacific Ocean region that includes the culturally complex, generally darker-skinned peoples of New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Fiji
Micronesia
A Pacific Ocean region that includes the culturally diverse, generally small islands north of Melanesia. Micronesia includes the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Federated States of Micronesia
Which country is NOT a part of ASEAN?
EAST TIMOR
Karakoram Highway
EXTREMLY IMPORTANT: connects Kashgar to Gwadar: the port in Pakistan -there's ZERO population in Gwadar -$46 billion investment in CPEC -REMEMBER: none of the other countries besides China and Pakistan are a part of the benefit of this -Disputed Territory between Pakistan, India, and China
Which country is controlled and dominant in the South Asia region?
INDIA
Huge concern related to labor in India
India prepares workers for world and not for its own country
What's weird about China and India?
India was not present at the conference about the Silk Road; it does not have diplomatic relation with China -India is worried about CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)
who are the aboriginals?
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to British colonization
IMPORTANT PLATEAU IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Khorat Plateau: located in Thailand
Primacy Distribution
Pn = P1/n Pn = population of towns ranked in n P1 = population of largest town n = rank of the town
Another problem in Japan (a HUGE one)
RADIATION IN THE OCEANS
Ganges Plain
The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Indus-Ganga Plain and the North Indian River Plain, is a 255 million hectare fertile plain encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the eastern parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.
Brunei is a part of Malaysia....right?
YES
Polynesia
a Pacific Ocean Region, broadly unified by language and cultural traditions; includes the Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, Cook Islands, American Samoa, Samoa, Tonga, and Kiribati
Dam Building
a barrier to obstruct the flow of water, especially one of earth, masonry, etc., built across a stream or river
Chaebol Strategy
a business conglomerate structure that originated in South Korea in the 1960s, creating global multinationals with huge international operations. The word "chaebol" means "business family" or "monopoly" in Korean. The chaebol structure can encompass a single large company or several groups of companies.
Singapore is the only country in the world that is _________
a city
DDT
a contact insecticide, C14H9Cl5, occurring as colorless crystals or a whitish powder, toxic to humans and animals when swallowed or absorbed through the skin; most uses have been banned in the United States since 1972
Thar Desert
a desert in NW India and S Pakistan. About 77,000 sq. mi. (200,000 sq. km).-> Great Indian Desert
Free Trade Zones (FTZ)
a duty-free an tax-exempt industrial park created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs
Tropical Forest
a forest occurring in tropical areas of heavy rainfall. It is abundant with many species of wildlife and vegetation
Tropical storms
a hazard that brings heavy rainfall, strong winds and other related hazards such as mudslides and floods. Tropical storms usually form between approximately 5° and 30° latitude and move westward due to easterly winds
Mining
a hole or tunnel dug into the earth from which ore or minerals are extracted. b. A surface excavation where the topmost or exposed layer of earth is removed for extracting its ore or minerals.
Typhoon
a large tropical storm, similar to a hurricane, that forms in the western Pacific Ocean in tropical latitudes and can cause wide-spread damage to the Philippines and coastal Southeast and Asia
Megalopolis
a large urban region formed as multiple cities grow and merge with one another; often applied to the string of cities in eastern North America that includes Washington D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston
Atoll
a low, sandy island made from coral; often oriented around a central lagoon
Super-conurbation
a massive urban agglomeration that results from the coalescing of two or more formerly separate metropolitan areas
Coral Reef
a ridge of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of coral
Punjab
a state bordering Pakistan, is the heart of India's Sikh community. The city of Amritsar, founded in the 1570s by Sikh Guru Ram Das, is the site of Harmandir Sahib, the holiest gurdwara (Sikh place of worship).
Urban Primacy
a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life (example: London, New York, Bangkok)
environmental hazard
a substance, state, or event which has the potential to threaten the natural environment
Tsunami
a very large sea wave induced by earth quakes
Diminishing Return
also called law of diminishing returns; the fact, often stated as a law or principle, that when any factor of production, as labor, is increased while other factors, as capital and land, are held constant in amount, the output per unit of the variable factor will eventually diminish.
Swidden Agriculture
also known as slash-and-burn agriculture; form of cultivation in which forested or busy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few years later as soil fertility declines; shifting cultivation
Sikhism
an Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements, founded in the Punjab region in the late 15th century; most of people of the Indian state of Punjab currently follow this region
Hindi
an Indo-European language with more than 480 million speakers, making it the second-largest language group in the world
Haze
an aggregation in the atmosphere of very fine, widely dispersed, solid or liquid particles, or both, giving the air an opalescent appearance that subdues colors
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel
Aborigine
an indigenous inhabitant of Australia
Why is Southeast Asia called the Golden Region?
because of OPIUM
why are primate cities called that?
because they are the largest/most dominant in the region
GM Crops
can be defined as organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination
Deforestation
clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use; examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests.
what does degree of primacy refer to?
dominance of the largest city
China has tremendous inequality regarding _______
economics
Orographic Rainfall
enhanced precipitation over uplands that results from lifting and cooling of air masses as they are forced over mountains
Human Development Index (HDI)
for the past three decades, the United Nations has tracked social development in the world's countries through the HDI; combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, and income
Sea-Level Rise
global warming, the current period of climate change on Earth, is causing glaciers and ice sheets to melt; melting ice sheets cause an elevation in sea level-> this phenomenon is called sea level rise; sea level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world.
Coastal Pollution
harmful materials into the ocean/shorelines; these harmful materials are called pollutants-> can be natural, such as volcanic ash-> can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories; damage quality of water
autonomous regions
have specific ethnic groups/culture different from main land. China is an example of this
Green Revolution
highly productive agricultural techniques developed since the 1960s that entail the use of new hybrid plant varieties combined with large applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; generally applied to agricultural changes in developing countries; particularly India
Indian Diaspora
historical and contemporary prosperity of Indians to migrate to other countries in search of better opportunities; led to large Indian populations in South Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands, along with Western Europe and North America
Spheres of Influence (East Asia)
in countries not formally colonized in the 19th and early 20th centuries (particularly China and Iran); limited areas gained by particular European countries for trade purposes and more generally for economic exploration and political manipulation
where do earthquakes occur?
in the epicenter
What is the Ring of Fire?
is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate movements.
What's different about Malaysia compared to other countries in the Insular Southeast Asia region?
it sits in two different regions (both mainland and insular)
Deccan Plateau
large plateau in southern India. It rises to 100 metres (330 ft) in the north, and to more than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in the south, forming a raised triangle within the South-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.
Keiretsu Strategy
literally system, series, grouping of enterprises, order of succession) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings; is a type of informal business group; the keiretsu maintained dominance over the Japanese economy for the second half of the 20th century
Biodiversity
means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
Migration Patterns of Australia and Oceania
most migration related to global climate change
China has what kind of Policy?
one-child policy, official program initiated in the late 1970s and early '80s by the central government of China, the purpose of which was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each; the rationale for implementing the policy was to reduce the growth rate of China's enormous population
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
relatively small districts in China that have been fully opened in global capitalism
landlocked state
state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes
Hukou
system is a family registration program that serves as a domestic passport, regulating population distribution and rural-to-urban migration. It is a tool for social and geographic control that enforces an apartheid structure that denies farmers the same rights and benefits enjoyed by urban residents
China Proper
the eastern half of the country of China, where the Han Chinese from the dominant ethnic group; vast majority of China's population is located in China proper; dense and developed
Primate City
the largest urban settlement in a country that dominates all other urban places, economically and politically; usually, primate city is also the country's capital; usually three or four times larger than the next largest city in the country
Transmigration
the planned, government-sponsored relocation of people from one area to another within a state territory
Monsoon
the seasonal pattern of changes in winds
Monsoonal Rains
the seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter; (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season; any wind that changes directions with the seasons.
Desertification
the spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas due to improper management of the land
Khmer Rouge
was a brutal regime that ruled Cambodia, under the leadership of Marxist dictator Pol Pot, from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot's attempts to create a Cambodian "master race" through social engineering ultimately led to the deaths of more than 2 million people in the Southeast Asian country. Those killed were either executed as enemies of the regime, or died from starvation, disease or overwork. Historically, this period—as shown in the film The Killing Fields—has come to be known as the Cambodian Genocide.