Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Exploration Study Suggestions
Explain the role of the Church in the later Middle Ages, Art, and Architecture.
Like the new styles were inspired by Roman models and they reflected the human-centered world. Leonardo da Vinci painted the last supper too, which had a Christian influence on painting, and Michelangelo, whose Sistine Chapel, made him well-known for it
What was the motivation for European exploration?
-A search for Wealth -Religious motivation -Adventure
What was the motivation for the Portuguese to explore?
-Finding a Christian Kingdom to ally against the Muslims -Acquiring new trade opportunities. -Extending Christianity
What were the French Wars of Religion? What was the agreement that ended them?
-Series of wars between Catholic France and the Huguenots -The treaty of Westphalia
Who was the Tudor Dynasty?
A dynasty of 5 of the most well-known monarchs in English history between 1485 to 1603. Started with Henry 4th and ended with Queen Elizabeth the first
Who was John Calvin? What did he believe about religion?
A guy who believed humans were sinful by nature. Huguenots followed John Calvin in his teachings
John Knox
A guy who mainly disagreed with the hierarchy that existed in the Catholic church. Followers became called Presbyterians
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A religious conflict fought in the holy roman empire but evolved into which group would govern Europe.
What is humanism?
An intellectual movement of the 15th century when there was a new interest in the classical world and studies which focused less on religion and more on what it is to be human
In what ways does diffusion lead to the Renaissance and Age of Exploration?
Diffusion is the act of cultural, technological, and scientific ideas spread from one society to another. One way of diffusion was by the means of art, literature, and philosophy. This could've been spread through trade as the knowledge was brought from one culture to another.
What impacts of European exploration are still evident in today's society?
European exploration led to the spread of languages throughout the world, Many countries were colonized by Spain, on the western side. Many countries today, such as Mexico, have people who speak Spanish. Many foods are diffused from Europe and are brought here too, like the french baguette
What contributions did Vasco da Gama make to Portuguese exploration?
First to travel around the tip of Africa to India. His success motivated others to gain control of the spice trade. Portuguese made many ports and bases along the African coast, India, and far into the far east
Who is Martin Luther?
German monk
What is the impact of Gutenberg's printing press?
Gives all social classes the ability to read and learn information for themselves
Foundations of the Renaissance?
People who lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed they were witnessing a rebirth of classical antiquity. This spread throughout Europe. It was also called the age of recovery from disasters in the 14th century. A new view of humans emerged and emphasized the individual
How does the Church react?
Leo X would send Luther a letter threatening ex-communication unless he stops with opposing the church
What was the role of the church during the late Middle Ages
It resembled a kingdom and was governed by a single ruler. The law ran by the church and the Christians were taxed 1/10th of their income
Explain the impact of Gutenberg's printing press on world history, It increased knowledge by making books universally accessible throughout the world
It sped up the time of science, as knowledge was being spread at rapid rates. Revolutionized religious texts, for example, Martin Luther translated the entire bible into german. This got more and more cultures informed of religions
What actions did the Church take in response to the Protestant Reformation?
Jesuits were launched in protest of this. They were people who seek god in all things
What is the Edict of Worms?
Made Martin Luther an outlaw and forbid anyone to help him out of punishment
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man
Donatello
One of the greatest artists of the time, noted for sculptures in multiple materials, marble, bronze, and wood. A famous sculpture was also a bronze statue of David
Henry VIII of England
Originally a devout Christian who detested Martin Luther. Couldn't have a male with his wife, and left her. He would leave the catholic church and make himself Anglican. Which is still modern-day England
Explain how the Protestant movement spreads throughout Europe
Other reformers adopted Calvinist church organizations, like the Swiss, French, and Dutch reformers. Anabaptist were people who separated church and state
Michelangelo
Painting of the Sistine Chapel and the Statue of David
Explain the following terms- These were the people in the colonies
Peninsulares, people who were born in the peninsula (Spain or Portugal) Creoles, From the Peninsula but not born in it Mestizos, People who were native and white mix Mulattoes, People of African and white mix
Who is the Father of Humanism?
Petrarch from the Italian Renaissance humanism, particularly from Florence
How did Spain grow during the Renaissance?
Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Settled a dispute between Spain and Portugal, the pope would draw a line in the Atlantic Ocean, and Portugal would have the east, and Spain would have the west. Except for brazil
Explain the social structure of the Spanish colonies in the Americas
Spanish King would be on the top, followed by the Council of the Indies which governed American colonies from Spain, Vice King, which ruled in the colonies in place of the Spanish King, Judges, Checked and balanced the power of the Vice King
What were the results of Spanish exploration in the Americas?
Started colonies, and killed a bunch of natives.
Explain the justification for African enslavement from the European perspective.
That Europeans were superior and the cheap labor justified it. They already had trade relationships, and Europeans could not enslave other Christians
Explain the motivations for European exploration
The European's motivation for their exploration involved economic gain, they wanted to spread their political influence and establish colonial empires. They saw the exploration as an opportunity for their Christianity faith as they can convert more people. They were also motivated to see the new world, encounter new cultures, and fulfill their curiosity about this world.
Raphael
The School of Athens and the birth of Venus
What is the War of the Roses? Who becomes the first Tudor king of England?
The War of the Roses was a Civil War between the Lancaster and York families. Henry the 4th was the first Tudor king of England
How does the Medici family become wealthy? What influence did they have on the Italian Renaissance?
The family attains wealth through its success in commerce and banking. They had a strong influence on the Italian Renaissance as Florence alone was a Family which had the control of a Merchant oligarchy in 1434. The family has also produced 4 popes
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas.
What was France like during the Middle Ages?
The negatives were, The population declined, and there was damage done to the country with the 100 years of war and the Bubonic Plague. Trade has also declined. Positives were, the development of a french territorial state was advanced by King Louis XI
What are his issues with the Catholic Church?
The whole church itself
What were the characteristics of Renaissance art?
There was a gradual shift from abstract forms of art from the medieval to a more representative form for the 15th century. Artwork ranged from biblical scenes to portraits, episodes from classical religion, and events from contemporary life
Explain the role of non-Spanish exploration in the Americas
They explored to rival the success of Spain
What impact did European exploration have on Africa?
Trade of slaves
