Renal, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems
Diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size of a client w/ kidney dysfunction? Select all that apply. a. cystoscopy b. cystography c. radiography d. cystourethrography e. computed tomography (CT)
A radiography and a computed tomography (CT) are diagnostic tests used to measure kidney size in clients with kidney dysfunction. A cystoscopy is used to identify abnormalities of the bladder wall in clients with kidney dysfunction. A cystography and a cystourethrography are used to examine the structure of the urethra and to detect backward flow of urine.
Which structure is removed during circumcision of an infant? a. glans b. prepuce c. epididymis d. vas deferens
Circumcision involves removal of the prepuce, which is a skin folding over the glans. The glans is the tip of the penis. The epididymis is the internal structure that helps in the transportation and maturation of sperm. The vas deferens carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Which hormone is crucial for ovulation and complete maturation of a client's ovarian follicles? a. luteinizing hormone b. follicle stimulating hormone c. gonadotropin releasing hormone d. human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
Ovulation and complete maturation of ovarian follicles can only take place in the presence of luteinizing hormone. However, follicle stimulating hormone initiates maturation of the follicles. Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone is released after implantation and is responsible for secretion of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy.
Which parts of the nephron are the sites of action for furosemide? Select all that apply. a. glomerulus b. loop of Henle c. distal tubule d. proximal t ubule e. Bowman capsule
Furosemide, known as a 'loop diuretic', inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption from the ascending loop of Henle and proximal and distal tubules. The glomerulus is a site of glomerular filtration. The Bowman capsule (BC) is a site of the collection of glomerular filtrate.
What is the purpose of peritoneal dialysis? a. reestablishing kidney function b. cleaning the peritoneal membrane c. providing fluid for intracellular spaces d. removing toxins in addition to other metabolic wastes.
Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum as a selectively permeable membrane for diffusion of toxins and wastes from the blood into the dialyzing solution. Peritoneal dialysis acts as a substitute for kidney function; it does not reestablish kidney function. The dialysate does not clean the peritoneal membrane; the semipermeable membrane allows toxins and wastes to pass into the dialysate within the abdominal cavity. Fluid in the abdominal cavity does not enter the intracellular compartment.
Which part of the kidney produces the hormone bradykinin? 1 Kidney tissues 2 Kidney parenchyma 3 Renin-producing granular cells 4 Juxtaglomerular cells of the arterioles
The juxtaglomerular cells of the arterioles produce the hormone bradykinin, which increases blood flow and vascular permeability. The kidney tissues produce prostaglandins that regulate internal blood flow by vasodilation or vasoconstriction. The kidney parenchyma produces erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. The renin-producing granular cells produce the renin hormone that raises blood pressure as a result of angiotensin and aldosterone secretion.
A client with an indwelling catheter is prescribed a urinalysis test. Arrange the steps involved in the collection of the urine sample in correct order. 1. attach a sterile syringe 2. remove the clamp 3. aspirate the urine 4. clamp drainage tubing
In a client with an indwelling catheter, urine sample is collected by first applying a clamp, distal to the injection port, on to the drainage tubing. Then the injection port cap of the catheter drainage tubing is cleaned with alcohol. The next step is to attach a 5-mL sterile syringe into the port and aspirate the urine sample required. Finally the clamp is removed so that the drainage is resumed.
Which part of the nephron secretes creatinine required for elimination? a. glomerulus b. loop of Henle c. Collecting duct d. proximal tubule
The proximal tubule of the nephron secretes creatinine and hydrogen ions. It also reabsorbs water and electrolytes. The glomerulus filters the blood selectively. The ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium and chloride, whereas the descending loop of Henle concentrates the filtrate. The collecting duct reabsorbs water.
A nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of renal calculi secondary to hyperparathyroidism. Which type of diet should the nurse explore with the client when providing discharge information? a. low purine b. low calcium c. high phosphorus d. high alkaline ash
A low calcium intake is recommended. Calcium and phosphorus are components of these stones; foods high in calcium and phosphorus should be avoided. Low purine and high alkaline ash diets are indicated for clients with gout.
The primary healthcare provider suspects pituitary gland dysfunction in a female client. Which diagnostic test would the primary healthcare provider suggest to the client? a. estradiol test b. prolactin test c. Sims-Huhner test d. Papanicolau (Pap) test
A prolactin test is used to detect pituitary gland dysfunction that causes amenorrhea. Therefore the primary healthcare provider would suggest that the client have a prolactin test to determine if the client does or does not have any pituitary gland dysfunction. Estradiol is tested to determine functioning of the ovaries. In men, the estradiol test is used to detect testicular tumors. The Sims-Huhner test is used to evaluate the hostility of the cervix for passage of sperm from the vagina into the uterus. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test detects malignancies, particularly cervical cancer.
The nurse is educating a couple concerning the process of fertilization. The nurse explains to the couple that which component stimulates the release of estrogen and progesterone after fertilization? a. Inhibin b. testosterone c. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) d. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
After fertilization, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone. Inhibin is a hormone produced by the ovarian follicles; it inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Testosterone does not affect the release of estrogen and progesterone. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth and maturity of the ovarian follicle necessary for ovulation.
A client has a kidney transplant. The nurse should monitor for which assessment findings associated with rejection of the transplant? Select all that apply. a. fever b. oliguria c. jaundice d. polydipsia e. weight gain
Fever is a characteristic of the systemic inflammatory response to the antigen (transplanted kidney). Oliguria or anuria occurs when the transplanted kidney is rejected and fails to function. Weight gain can occur from fluid retention when the transplanted kidney fails to function or as a result of steroid therapy; this response must be assessed further. Jaundice is unrelated to rejection. Polydipsia is associated with diabetes mellitus; it is not a clinical manifestation of rejection.
What are the functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Select all that apply. a. controlling calcium balance b. increasing arteriole constriction c. increasing tubular permeability to water d. stimulating the bone marrow to make red blood cells e. promoting reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule.
b and c: increasing arteriole constriction and increasing tubular permeability to water. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland. ADH increases arteriole constriction and tubular permeability to water. Calcium balance is controlled by blood levels of calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone (PTH). Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells. Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
