Replication, Transcription, and Translation (Biology)

Promoter

A DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed. Help RNA polymerase find where a gene starts.

Codon

A _____ is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid.

T; C

A always bind to __. G always binds to __.

Deletion

A base is lost/deleted

order; protein

A change in the _____ in which codons are read changes the resulting _______.

Operon

A region of DNA that includes a promoter, operator, and one or more structural genes.

Anticodon

A set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon

Exits the ribosome

After the tRNA molecule is emptied, what does it do?

Neutral

Almost all mutations are _______.

Insertion

An extra base is added/inserted

Yes

Are there always going to be an EQUAL number of guanine and cytosine molecules in a molecule of DNA?

complementary; codon; stop; protein

At the end of translation, a ______________ tRNA molecule binds to the next exposed _____. Once the ____ codon is reached, the ribosome releases the ________ and disassembles.

Frameshift Mutation

Changes the "reading frame" like changing a sentence. - Example: THE CAT ATE (complete sentence) TTH ECA TAT E (doesn't make sense)

Nucleotides

DNA is made up of a long chain of ___________.

Frameshift

Deletions and insertions may cause what's called a __________ mutation, meaning the "reading frame" changes, thus changing the amino acid sequence from this point forward.

Letters; polypeptides

Fill in the following analogies: Nitrogen bases are to _______ as codons are to words. Codons are to words as ____________ are to sentences.

tRNA; codon; ribosome; carbon; amino acid

For translation to begin, ____ binds to a start _____ and signals for the ________ to assemble. A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the exposed ______ bringing its _____ ____ close to the first amino acid.

D.

Gene mutations may: A.) Only involve a single nucleotide. B.) Be due to copying errors C.) Be due to chemicals or viruses D.) All of the above

A.

How are transcription and replication alike? A.) They both involve complex enzymes and complementary base pairing. B.) They both involve complex enzymes and create proteins. C.) They both occur in ribosomes and involve complementary base pairing. D.) They both involve simple enzymes and complementary base pairing.

4

How many different mRNA codes correspond to Threonine?

3 (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA)

How many types of RNA does transcription produce?

CUAAUGUGC

If a DNA sequence was "GATTACACG", what would its mRNA sequence be?

Nonsense

If a substitution changes the amino acid to a "stop" codon, it's called a _________ mutation.

Missense

If a substitution changes the amino acid, it's called a ________ mutation.

GAUUACACG

If an mRNA sequence was "CUAAUGUGC", what would its tRNA or anticodon sequence be?

Silent

If substitution does not change the amino acid, it's called a ______ mutation.

Proteins

In a frameshit mutation, ________ are built incorrectly.

nucleotides; bonds; helix; transcribed

In transcription, ___________ pair with one strand of the DNA. RNA polymerase _____ the nucleotides together. The DNA _____ winds again as the gene is ___________.

S-Phase

In which phase does replication occur?

Exon

Nucleotide segments that code for parts of the protein. The coding stretches on the DNA, that are separated by noncoding regions called introns.

Intron

Nucleotide segments that intervene between exons are removed from mRNA before it leaves the nucleus. May regulate gene expression, protect DNA against harmful mutation, or increase genetic diversity.

Substitution

One base is substituted for another

deletion, insertion, substitution

Point mutations include the ________, ________, or ____________ of ONE nucleotide in a gene.

C - F - A - E - B - D

Put the following steps of replication in order (by letter): - RNA primase lays down small sections of RNA primer so that the DNA polymerase can attach and start laying complementary nucleotides. (A) - The other strand, called the lagging strand, is copied in short segments known as Okazaki fragments. RNA primer is laid down next to the fork and DNA polymerase lays short segments from 3' to 5'. (B) - In the nucleus, helicase unzips the original strand of DNA. (C) - Ligase goes in and bonds the short segments together to form new strands. (D) - DNA polymerase lays down complementary nucleotides in one direction from 3' to 5'. This is the leading strand. (E) - Binding proteins attack to each side of the replication fork in order to keep the DNA from rewinding. (F)

Single

RNA is a ______ -helix.

C. and D.

Ribosomes consist of all but which of the following (pick 2): A.) A large subunit which has three binding sites for tRNA. B.) A small subunit which binds to mRNA. C.) A large subunit which binds to mRNA. D.) A small subunit which has three binding sites for tRNA.

genetic code

The _______ ____ matches each codon to its amino acid or function.

Central Dogma

The _______ _____ states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Covalent

The backbone of DNA is connected by _________ bonds.

Hydrogen

The bases of DNA are connected by ________ bonds.

DNA; RNA; proteins

The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from ___ to ___ to ________.

Insertion

The sequence "GCTA" changing to "GCCTA" is an example of an?

Substitution

The sequence "GCTA" changing to "GGTA" is an example of a?

Deletion

The sequence "GCTA" changing to "GTA" is an example of a?

Phosphate; Sugar; Nitrogen Bases; Hydrogen

The sides (or "uprights") of the ladder are made up of alternating _________ and _____ molecules. The steps (or "rungs") of the ladder are made of ________ _____ held together by _______ bonds.

Double Helix

The structure of DNA is actually a ______ _____ arrangement. This means that the two long chains of nucleotides are arranged in a spiral like a twisted ladder.

start; unwinds

The transcription complex recognizes the _____ of a gene and _______ a segment of it.

RNA polymerase

Transcription is catalyzed by ___ __________.

False (Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same amino acid.)

True or False: Codons code for different amino acids if they are in different organisms.

False (DNA cannot leave the nucleus so RNA takes that information to ribosomes.)

True or False: DNA can leave the nucleus, but only in order to bring information to ribosomes.

True

True or False: DNA structure is the same in all organisms.

True

True or False: During translation, ribosomes help form polypeptide bonds between amino acids.

False (Mutations happen regularly.)

True or False: Mutations rarely occur.

True

True or False: Nucleotides always pair in the same way.

False (RNA is made up of ribose sugar, and DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar.)

True or False: RNA differs from DNA in that it is made up of deoxyribose sugars rather than ribose sugars.

True

True or False: RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex.

True

True or False: Some mutations may improve an organism's survival (beneficial).

True

True or False: Some types of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations.

True

True or False: The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed.

Operator

Turns genes "on" or "off"

tRNA

What are anticodons carried by?

Amino Acids

What are linked to become proteins?

Enzymes

What are many mutations repaired by?

D.

What are some things that could cause mutations? A.) Chemicals B.) UV Radiation C.) Lightning D.) A and B

Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine

What are the four different kinds of nitrogen bases?

mRNA

What code is used to determine amino acids?

Carries DNA's instructions

What does RNA do?

Codon

What does the image show?

B. (Mutations do not always have to change the amino acid of DNA.)

What is a mutation? A.) A change in the amino acid sequence of DNA. B.) A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. C.) A change in the type of RNA found in the cell.

Polypeptide Chain (Amino Acid Sequence)

What is another name for a protein chain?

Anticodon

What is being shown in the image?

Ribosome

What is being shown in the image?

The nitrogen base

What is the ONE part of a nucleotide that differs among the four DIFFERENT nucleotides in your group?

A nucleotide

What is the picture showing?

To make new cells

What is the purpose of replication?

To make new proteins

What is the purpose of translation?

A.

What occurs in translation after the ribosomes help form a polypeptide bond between amino acids? A.) The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. B.) The mRNA strand pulls the ribosome the length of one codon. C.) The codon pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

What type of RNA brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome?

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

What type of RNA carries the message that will be translated to form a protein?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

What type of RNA forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made?

Gene Mutations

What type of mutations change the nucleotide sequence of a gene?

TAAGCTACG

What would the complementary DNA strand be for "ATTCGATGC"?

UGACCUAUG

What would the mRNA sequence be for the DNA code "ACTGGATAC"?

Before mitosis or meiosis

When does replication occur (before what)?

Lysine

Which amino acid does the mRNA sequence "AAA" code for?

Glutamine

Which amino acid does the mRNA sequence "CAA" code for?

Aspartic Acid

Which amino acid does the mRNA sequence "GAU" code for?

Alanine

Which amino acid does the mRNA sequence "GCG" code for?

Uracil

Which nitrogen base CAN'T you use during replication?

Thymine

Which nitrogen base CAN'T you use during transcription?

Uracil

Which nitrogen base does RNA contain instead of Thymine?

C. (RNA can leave the nucleus, but DNA cannot.)

Which of the following is NOT a way that RNA differs from DNA? A.) RNA has a ribose sugar (4-carbon sugar) B.) RNA has a Uracil instead of Thymine. C.) RNA cannot leave the nucleus; DNA can. D.) RNA is a single-stranded structure

B.

Which of the following is NOT a way that transcription and replication are different? A.) Replication copies all the DNA; transcription copies a gene. B.) Replication produces proteins; transcription copies genes. C.) Replication makes one copy; transcription can make many copies.

B.

Which of the following is not a step of replication? A.) Helicase unzips the original strand. B.) The replication fork rewinds before new nucleotides can be placed. C.) Ligase binds the short segments together to form new strands. D.) RNA primase lays down small section of RNA primer so that DNA polymerase can attack and start laying complementary nucleotides.

Translation

Which process is being described: Converts an RNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.

Replication

Which process is being shown in the following image?

Transcription

Which process is being shown?

Replication

Which process is shown in the image?

Transcription

Which process is shown in the image?

Chargaff

Which scientist: A and T equal the same percent, and C and G equal the same percent.

Frederick Griffith

Which scientist: A transforming material passed from dead S bacteria to R bacteria making them deadly. 'transforming principle'

Oswald Avery

Which scientist: More evidence for DNA.

Franklin

Which scientist: Took pictures of DNA that helped Watson and Crick.

Hershey and Chase

Which scientists: Definitive evidence for DNA as hereditary model.

Watson and Crick

Which scientists: Won Nobel Prize for determining shape of DNA.

CAC and CAU

Which two mRNA codes correspond to histidine?

Adenine, Guanine

Which two nitrogen bases are purines?

Thymine, Cytosine

Which two nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

Thymine, Cytosine

Which two nitrogen bases have a single ring?

Adenine, Guanine

Which two nitrogen bases have double rings?

Point mutations

Which type of mutation can only involve a single nucleotide?

Frameshift Mutation

Which type of mutation is defined by inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides?