reproductive system

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) estrogen progesterone inhibin

6 hormones that regulate oogenesis

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) testosterone androgen-binding protein (ABP) inhibin

6 hormones that regulate spermatogenesis

lacunae

Syncytiotrophoblast continues to proliferate and invade the endometrium, creating....

oocyte-sperm plasma membrane fusion

A single sperm then makes contact with the oocyte membrane, and membrane fusion occurs, triggering oocyte activation and the completion of meiosis. (step 3 #4)

morula

After three days of cleavage, the pre-embryo is a solid ball of cells resembling a mulberry. This stage is called; goes on to blastocyst

pronuclei fusion

The male pronucleus then migrates toward the center of the cell, and spindle fibers form. The male and female pronuclei then fuse; this creates the zygote

trophoblast

The outer layer of cells

meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis

The secondary spermatocytes enter this phase, which yields four haploid spermatids, each containing 23 chromosomes. For each primary spermatocyte that enters, four spermatids are produced.

blastocyst

a hollow ball with an inner cavity

ploidy

a measurement of the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

smooth chorion

chorionic growth compresses some villi forming...

villous chorion

chorionic villi invade to form this; placental villi

meiosis 2 of oogenesis

ovulation; Each month after the ovarian cycle begins, one or more secondary oocytes leave the ovary suspended in metaphase of this phase. At the time of fertilization, a second polar body forms and the fertilized oocyte is then called a mature ovum.

mesenchyme

primary chorionic villi branch and become filled with what creating secondary chorionic villi

zygote

pronuclei fuse; The cell is now a ____ that contains the normal diploid complement of 46 chromosomes, and fertilization is complete. This is the "moment of concep- tion."

females

starts and finishes gamete production in utero

mitosis of oogonium

starts and finishes in utero; ends with oogonium and primary oocyte

corpus luteum

temporary Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo (D)

mitosis of spermatogonium

(A) each division of a diploid spermatogonium produces two daughter cells. One is a spermatogonium that remains in contact with the basement membrane of the tubule, and the other is a primary spermatocyte that is displaced toward the lumen.

cytotrophoblast

(day 8) The cells closest to the interior of the blastocyst remain intact, forming a layer of cellular trophoblast

syncytiotrophoblast

(day 8) begins to invade the endometrium; Near the endometrial wall, however, the plasma membranes separating the trophoblast cells disappear, creating a layer of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei. This outer layer of the trophoblast is called...

lacunae

(day 9) blood filled spaces for primitive utero-placental circulation; Trophoblastic extensions grow around endometrial capillaries. As the capillary walls are destroyed, maternal blood begins to percolate through trophoblastic channels known as

Umbilical arteries umbilical veins

(fetomaternal circulation in the intervillous space) ____ carry low O2 blood to the placenta and ____ carry high O2 blood to the fetus

endometrial arteries endometrial veins

(fetomaternal circulation in the intervillous space) maternal blood enters from ____ and is drained by ____

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

cleavage

Almost immediately in the zygote, the chromosomes line up along a metaphase plate, and the cell prepares to divide. This is the start of the process of _____, a series of cell divisions that produce an ever-increasing number of smaller and smaller daughter cells.

Germ cells (oogonia/spermatogonia)

Cells in the ovaries/testes that are converted into gametes (specific names too)

primary chorionic villi

Formed by the rapidly proliferating cytotrophoblast. They send cords or masses of cells into the blood-filled trophoblastic lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast. (Appear between 11-13 days of development)

Oocytes and spermatozoa

Gametes (1 for each gender)

Endometrial attachment (Day 6-7)

Implantation begins as the surface of the blastocyst closest to the inner cell mass adheres to the uterine lining. At the point of contact: -trophoblast proliferates and separates making the trophoblast several layers thick - inner cell mass (embryoblast) continues proliferating and gives rise to hypoblast (name and day #)

decidual reaction

Increased cellular growth and accumulation of glycogen in the endometrium; the endometrial connective tissue undergoes a...

endometrium

Inner lining of the uterus

oogenesis

Ovum production; occurs in follicles in the ovaries

XX or XY the other 22 pairs

Sex chromosomes: Autosomes:

amniochorionic membrane

amniotic sac expands with fetal growth and fuses to the chorion creating...

spermatogenesis

begins at puberty and continues until relatively late in life (past age 70). It is a continuous process. All stages of meiosis are seen within the seminiferous tubules. Formation of sperm about 2 months

multipotent

can give rise to a range of cell types within a given tissue cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells

pluripotent

can give rise to any embryonic cell type Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types

totipotent

can give rise to any embryonic or extraembryonic cell type; Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.

chorion and connecting stalk

capillaries fuse to form a network that connects with vessels in the...

males

continuous gamete production starting at puberty

gametogenesis

converting diploid germ cells to haploid gametes

tetrad

crossing over aka homologus recombination structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

cytotrophoblastic shell

cytotrophoblast continues invasive growth to directly attach to the endometrium forming the...; maternal-fetal exchange in branch villi of this

primary chorionic villi

cytotrophoblast proliferates and forms...

mesenchymal core cells

differentiate into capillaries and blood cells forming tertiary chorionic villi

mitosis

diploid to diploid A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.

meiosis

diploid to haploid A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

meiosis 1 of spermatogenesis

each primary spermatocyte contains 46 individual chromosomes. At the end of this, the daughter cells are called secondary spermatocytes. Every secondary spermatocyte contains 23 chromo- somes, each with a pair of duplicate chromatids.

polyspermy

fertilization by more than one sperm

zona pellucida

glycoprotein-rich region (top right line)

corna radiata

granulosa cells still associated with the secondary oocyte form this protective layer (second top right line)

mitosis followed by meiosis 46 to 23 chromosomes

how diploid cells go to haploid (process and number of chromosomes)

inner cell mass (embryoblast)

mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus.

12

invasion is complete by day __; uterine epithelium regenerates to cover the implantation plug

zona reaction

molecular changes that block polyspermy; inactivate the sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida (4th step but #3)

acrosome reaction

molecular changes that promote penetration (2nd step)

capacitation

of the sperm by the enzymes FPP (fertilization promoting peptide, produced by the male) and heparin (in the female reproductive tract) remove glycoprotein coat and allow sperm to bind to the egg

meiosis 1 of oogenesis

starts in utero but arrests in prophase and resumes starting in puberty; in utero, primary oocytes prepare to undergo this phase. They proceed as far as the prophase of this phase, but then the process comes to a halt.The primary oocytes remain in a state of suspended development until puberty, when rising levels of FSH trigger the start of the ovarian cycle. Each month after the ovarian cycle begins, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to undergo further development. this phase is then completed, yielding a secondary oocyte and a polar body

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

syncytiotrophoblast of the trophoblast produces what to maintain the corpus luteum

spermiogenesis of spermatogenesis

the last step, each spermatid matures into a single spermatozoon, or sperm

endometrium

the ovarian cycle regulates the...

spermatogonia and oogonia

undergo mitosis