Research #1
Why is research important for evidence-based practice?
-Develops empirical knowledge base -Identifies best practices that are based on clinical practices -Improves outcomes for: -Patient and family -Nurse -Health care system
quantitative research is conducted to test theory by
-describing variables (descriptive research) -examining relationships among variables (correlational research) -and determining cause and effect interactions between variables (quasi-experimental and experimental research)
research focused on explanation provides the following types of evidence essential for practice
-determination of assessment data that need to be gathered to address a patient's health need -the link of assessment data to a diagnosis -the link of causative risk factors or causes to illness, morbidity, and mortality -determination of the relationships among health risks, health behaviors, and health status -determination of links among demographic characteristics, disease status, psychosocial factors, and patients' responses to treatment
what are the 4 elements of informed consent?
-disclosure of essential study information to the study participant -comprehension of this information by the participant -competence of the participant to give consent -voluntary consent of the participant to take part in the study
some examples of clinically important research evidence that have been developed from research focused on description include:
-identification of the incidence and spread of infection in healthcare agencies -identification of the cluster of symptoms for a particular disease -description of the responses of individuals to a variety of health conditions and aging -description of the health promotion and illness prevention strategies used by a variety of populations -determination of the incidence of a disease locally, nationally, and internationally
some essential areas that require investigation through outcomes research are:
-patient responses to nursing and medical interventions -functional maintenance or improvement of physical, mental, and social functioning for the patient -financial outcomes achieved with the provision of healthcare services -patient satisfaction with the health outcomes, care received, and healthcare providers
knowledge generated from research focused on prediction is critical for EBP and includes the following
-prediction of the risk for disease or injury in different populations -prediction of behaviors that promote health and prevent illness -prediction of the health care required based on a patient's needs and values
the results of multiple studies in the following areas have enabled nurses to deliver care that increases the control over the outcomes desired for practice
-testing interventions to improve the health status of individuals, families, and communities -testing interventions to improve healthcare delivery -synthesis of research for development into EBP guidelines -testing the effectiveness of EBP guideline in clinical agencies
what are the three main characteristics of experimental studies?
1. controlled manipulation of at least one treatment variable 2. exposure of some of the subjects to the treatment (experimental group) and no exposure of the remaining subjects (control group) 3. random assignment of subjects to the control of experimental groups
how long was the tuskegee syphilis study continued for?
40 years
EBP
Clinical Expertise Best research evidence patients needs and values
Through research, nurses are able to:
Describe what exists in nursing practice discover new information promote understanding of situations classify information for use in the discioline
What role does research have in implementing an evidenced-based nursing practice?
Description Explanation Prediction Control
What is the primary role of an entry level nursing researcher?
Identify research problems Assist with data collection Critique research studies Summarize research findings for use in practice
your expanded knowledge or research is an important part of your developing an EBP and is necessary to attain the
QSEN competencies
Empirical knowledge is gained by employing
Quantitative research Qualitative research Outcomes research
FN research was highlighted in
Scientific American
EBP
Synthesis of knowledge (research, theory, and clinical experiences) Effect of philosophy Making a change in practice Evaluation of change for patient, provider, and health care system
Nightingale was the first woman to be elected to
The Royal Statistical Society
clinical judgement
The stronger the nurses clinical expertise, the better his or her ___________ in using the best reseatrch evidence in practice.
nursing research
To search again To examine carefully Diligent and systematic inquiry Discovery Goal is to develop an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline
what identified the six competency areas essential for inclusion in nursing education to ensure that students were able to deliver quality, safe care?
a bridge to quality
abstract
a clear, concise summary of a study range from 100-250 words usually include a study purpose, design, setting sample size, major results, and conclusions
fabrication
a form of scientific misconduct in research that involves making up results and recording or reporting them
hypothesis
a formal statement of the expected relationships between two or more variables in a specified population
quantitative research
a formal, objective rigorous, systematic process for generating numerical information about the world
Nursing research
a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice.
systemic review
a structured, comprehensive synthesis of research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question
The nurse researcher is involved in selecting a sample for a research study on staffing ratios. Which statement best describes the difference between a population and a sample? a. A population is usually larger than a sample. b. A sample is usually larger than a population. c. Populations and samples are synonymous. d. There is no relationship between sample size and population size.
a. a population is usually larger than a sample
Identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships among the phenomena are examples of __________? a. Description b. Explanation c. Prediction d. Control
a. description
The nurse manager collects data about hours worked, age, sex, and geographic area of the nursing staff over a 10-year period. What type of research would this be considered? a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Quasi-experimental d. Experimental
a. descriptive
quantitative researches hold the position that "truth" is
absolute and that a single reality can be defined by careful measurement
nightingale improved the organization of army
administration hospital management hospital construction
QSEN
an initiative focused on developing the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitude (KSA) statements for each of the competencies for prelicensure and graduate education
experimental research
an objective, systematic, highly controlled investigation conducted for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena in nursing practice
evidence-based guidelines
are rigorous, explicit clinical guidelines that have been developed based on the best research evidence available in that area. these guidelines are usually developed by a team or panel of expert clinicians researches, and sometimes consumers, policy makers, and economists.
what proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real world, so when one variable changes, the other changes?
associative hypothesis
A staff nurse is interested in the infection rates for patients who have indwelling Foley catheters. What is the next step in the research process? a. Defining the purpose b. Conducting the literature review c. Selecting study variables d. Performing a pilot study
b. conducting the literature review
The nurse researcher is investigating outcomes research on nursing interventions. Which of the following examples would constitute outcomes research? a. A comparison of two patient groups b. Patient responses to nursing intervention c. Patient tested before and after intervention d. A patient's perception of the intervention
b. patient responses to nursing intervention
The beginning nurse researcher would like to investigate credible resources for implementing protocols in clinical practice. Which of the following would be considered empirical sources of nursing knowledge? a. Reasoning, authority, and tradition b. Quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research c. Care maps and protocols d. Role modeling and trial and error
b. quantitative, qualitative, and outcomes research
in a what hypothesis the independent variable (treatment of experimental variable) is manipulated by the researcher to cause and effect on the dependent or outcome variable.
causal hypothesis
explanation
clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur
what is the current major focus of nursing research and will continue to be so during the 21st century?
clinical research
each IRB has at least five members of carrying backgrounds to promote
complete scholarly and fair review of research commonly conducted in an institution
qualitative researches believe that truth is
complex an dynamic and can be found only by studying people as they interact with and in their sociohistorical settings.
anonymity
condition in which the subject's identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his or her individual responses
if one can predict the outcome of a situation, the next step is to
control or manipulate the situation to produce the desired outcome
using what, is the researcher able to determine the degree or strength and type of a relationship between two variables?
correlational research
what study to researches measure selected variables in a sample and then use the statistics to determine the relationships among the study variables?
correlational research
clinical expertise
depends on his or her years of clinical experience, current knowledge of research, and clinical literature and educational preparation
what are the 4 types of quantitative research?
descriptive correlational quasi-experimental experimental
Because nursing is a practice profession, research is essential to:
develop and refine knowledge that nurses can use to improve clinical practice and promote quality outcomes
ethnopgraphic research
developed by anthropologists as a method to study cultures through immersion in the culture over time
Magnet recognition program
developed by the American nurses credentialing center to recognize healthcare organizations for quality patient care, nursing excellence, and innovations in professional nursing
what is the typical goal of ethnography?
emic view
gold standard
every year, new guidelines are developed and some of the existing guidelines are revised based on new research evidence. For patient care, and nurses and other healthcare providers are encouraged to incorporate these standardized guidelines into their practice
EBP
evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patients' needs and values
extraneous variables
exist in all studies and can interfere with obtaining a clear understanding of the relationships among the study variables
in what study is the causality between the independent (treatment) and dependent (outcome) variables examined under highly controlled conditions?
experimental research
the primary intent of a correlation study is to
explain the nature of relationships in the real world, not to determine cause and effect.
the type of research focused on description is essential groundwork for studies to provide
explanations predictions and control of nursing phenomena
descriptive research
explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist in the world
what are the elements for control in quantitative studies?
extraneous variables sampling process selection of setting development and implementation of the study intervention
Through historical research, past mistakes and accomplishments are examined to
facilitate an understanding of and an effective response to present situations
outcomes research
focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for the patient
basic scientific investigations seek new knowledge about health phenomena, with the hope of establishing what?
general scientific principles
Empirical knowledge is essential for the delivery of
high-quality, safe patient and family nursing care.
what translates the research problem and purpose into a clear explanation of prediction of the expected results or outcomes of selected quantitative and outcome studies
hypothesis
null hypothesis
hypothesis stating that no relationship exists between the variables being studied; a hypothesis used for statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes
what are the outcomes of descriptive research?
identification and description of concepts identification of possible relationships among concepts development of hypothesis that provide a basis for future quantitative research
It is through prediction that the risk of illness or injury is identified and linked to a possible screening methods to
identify and prevent health problems
outcomes research
important scientific methodology developed to examine the end results of patient care. The strategies used in outcomes research are a departure from those used in traditional scientific endeavors, they incorporate evaluation research, epidemiology and economic theory perspective
associative hypotheses identify relationships among variables in a study but do not
indicate that one variable causes an effect on another
the philosophical base of qualitative research is
interpretive humanistic and naturalistic is concerned with understanding the meaning of social interactions by those involved
Description
involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and, sometimes, the relationships among them.
etic approach
involves studying behavior from outside the culture and examining similarities and differences across cultures
correlational research
involves the systematic investigation of relationships between or among variables
IRB (institutional review board)
is a committee that review research to ensure that the investigator is conducting the research ethically
Research
is a diligent, systematic inquiry, or study that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge.
quantitative research
is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world
historical research
is a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
sampling
is a process of selecting participants who are representative of the population being studied
qualitative research
is a systemic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and situations and give them meaning
phenomenological research
is an inductive descriptive approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual, such as the lived experience of chronic pain
grounded theory research
is an inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon. This research initially was described by Glaser and Strauss in their development of a theory about grieving
exploratory=descriptive qualitative research
is conducted to address an issue or problem in need of a solution and/or understanding. qualitative nurse researches use this methodology to explore an issue or problem area using varied qualitative techniques, with the intent of describing the topic of interest and promoting understanding
meta-analysis
is conducted to combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies into a singe statistical analysis that provides one the the highest levels of evidence about interventions effectiveness.
falsification of research
is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record
quasi-experimental research
is to examine causal relationships or determine the effect of one variable on another
basic research
it includes scientific investigations conducted for the pursuit of knowledge for knowledge's sake or for the pleasure of learning and finding truth
what will basic research might include?
laboratory investigations with animals or humans to promote further understanding of physiological functioning, genetic and inheritable disorders, and pathological processes.
nurses' interest in conducting qualitative research began in
late 1970s
research is needed to provide high-quality
learning experiences for nursing students
the quantitative approach toward scientific inquiry emerged from a branch of philosophy called
logical positivism
mixed- methods systematic review
might include a variety of study designs, such as qualitative research and quasi-experimental, correlational, and/or descriptive studies.
quantitative research is conducted to describe
new situations, events, or concepts examine relationships among variables determine the effectiveness of treatments or interventions on selected health outcomes in the world
a stastical hypothesis is also referred to as a
null hypothesis
nursing research is needed to generate knowledge about:
nursing education nursing administration healthcare services characteristics of nurses and nursing roles
How did Florence Nightingale gather data?
on soldier morbidity and mortality rates and the factors influencing them and presented her results in tables and pie charts, which was a sophisticated type of data presentation for the period.
prediction
one can estimate the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation. *however, predicting an outcome does not necessarily enable one to modify or control the outcome
emic approach
one of studying behaviors from within the culture that recognizes the uniqueness of the individual
testable hypothesis
one that clearly predicts the relationships among variables and contains variables that are measurable or able to be manipulated in a study
what is logical positivism?
operates on strict rules of logic, truth, laws, and predictions
coercion
overt threat of harm or excessive reward intentionally presented by one person to another to obtain compliance, offering prospective subjects a large sum of money to participate in a dangerous research project
specific competencies were identified for the following six areas which led to QSEN
patient-centered care teamwork and collaboration EBP quality improvement safety informatics
The ultimate goal of nursing is an evidence-based practice that promotes quality, safe, cost-effective outcomes for
patients, families and healthcare
Diligent, systematic study indicates:
planning organization persistence
causal hypothesis
proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables, referred to as independent and dependent variables
because human emotions are difficult to identify, what seems to be more of an effective method of investigating emotional responses?
qualitative research
phenomenological grounded theory ethnographic exploratory-descriptive historical These are all part of what kind of research?
qualitative research
what is conducted to promote an understanding of humans experiences and situations and develop theories hat describe these experiences and situations
qualitative research
what research methodology evolved from the behavioral and social sciences as a method of understanding the unique, dynamic, holistic nature of humans?
qualitative research
studies of nurses and nursing roles can influence nurses':
quality of care productivity job satisfaction and retention
nursing administration and health services studies are needed to improve the:
quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the healthcare delivery system.
Descriptive correlational quasi-experimental experimental These are all part of what kind of research?
quantitative research
what studies are conducted to test the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention?
quasi-experimental and experimental quantitative studies
what types of studies should need a hypothesis?
quasi-experimental and experimental quantitative studies
what determines the effectiveness of nursing interventions in predicting and controlling the outcomes desired for patients and families
quasi-experimental and experimental studies
what studies involve implementing a treatment or intervention and examining the effects of this intervention using selected methods of measurement
quasi-experimental research
what states the relationship (associative or causal) between two variables
simple hypothesis
basic research
sometimes referred to as pure research
nondirectional hypothesis
states that a relationship exists but does not predict the nature (positive or negative) of the relationship
directional hypothesis
states the nature (positive or negative) of the interaction between two or more variables. the use of terms such as positive, negative, less, more, increase, decrease, grater, higher, or lower in a hypothesis indicates the direction of the relationship
complex hypothesis
states the relationship among three or more variables
what is used to for statistical testing and for interpreting statstical outcomes
statstical hypothesis
Practicing nurses and student nurses need to be able to read research reports and
syntheses of research findings to implement evidence-based interventions in practice and promote positive outcomes for patients and families.
Control
the ability to write a prescription to produce the desired results
plagiarism
the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others' research proposals and manuscripts
What is the ultimate goal of research?
the development of an empirical body of knowledge for a discipline or profession, such as nursing
best research evidence
the empirical knowledge generated from the synthesis of quality study findings to address a practice problem.
descriptive research
the exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations.
What were Florence Nightingales initial studies focusing on?
the importance of a healthy environment, such as ventilation, cleanliness, purity of water, and diet, to determine the influence on patients health, which continue to be important areas of study today.
clinical expertise
the knowledge and skills of the healthcare professional who is providing care
qualitative research synthesis
the process and product of systematically reviewing and formally integrating the findings from qualitative studis
confidentiality
the researcher's safe management of information or data shared by a subject to ensure that the data are kept private from others
Because of FN, the military began to view the sick as having
the right to adequate food suitable quarters appropriate medical treatment (greatly decreased the mortality rate)
hypothesis can influence
the study design sampling method data collection and analysis process interpretation of findings
meta-synthesis
the systematic compilation and integration of qualitative study results to expand understanding and develop a unique interpretation of study finding in a selected area
what does a clearly stated hypothesis include
the variables to be manipulated or measured identifies the population to be examined indicates the purposed outcomes for the study
why was the tuskegee study conducted?
to determine the natural course of syphilis in african american men
what is the purpose of basic research?
to generate and refine theory, thus the findings frequently are not directly useful in practice
independent variable
treatment or intervention that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable
to find truth in quantitative research, the researches much be objective which means that what cannot enter into the measurement of reality?
values feelings personal perceptions
a negative relationship in a correlational research study indicates that the variables
vary in opposite directions, thus as one variable increases, the other will decrease
The QSEN initiative has been funded since
2005 by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Nightingale's research enabled her to instigate what changes?
attitudinal, organizational, and social
The focus of correlational research is on
describing relationships, not testing the effectiveness of interventions.
what provides an accurate account of characteristics of particular individuals, situations, or groups
descriptive research
Through what study do researches discover new meanings, describe what exists, determine the frequent with which something occurs, and categorize information in real-world settings?
descriptive studies
what studies are usually conducted with large numbers of subjects or study participants, in natural setting with no manipulation of the situation?
descriptive studies
research hypothesis
is alternative hypothesis to the null or statsical hypothesis and states that a relationship exists between two or more variables.
quasi-experimental studies differ from experimental studies by the
level of control achieved by the researcher
what studies usually lack a certain amount of control over the manipulation of the treatment, management of the setting, and/or selection of the subjects.
quasi-experimental research
what are the different types of controlled studies?
quasi-experimental studies experimental studies
what does an abstract usually include?
study purpose design setting sample size major results conclusions
because of Nightingale's research evidence and influence, society began to accept responsibility for:
testing public water improving sanitation preventing starvation decreasing morbidity and mortality rates
Nursing research began when and with who?
the 19th century with Florence Nightingale
a positive relationship in a correlational research study indicates that the variables
vary together, both increase or decrease together
Who is noted for her data collection and statistical analyses, especially during the Crimean War?
FN
who is recognized as the first nursing researcher?
Florence Nightingale
Nursing research is the key to
building EBP for nursing
correlational research
examines relationships and is conducted to develop and refine explanatory knowledge for nursing practice
research
means to "search again" or "to examine carefully"
ethnographic research
was developed by the discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures, and these practices need to be recognized in delivering care to patients, families, and communities