Research Ch 14
If a researcher records the correlation between happiness (high, low) and relationship status (short-term, long-term), then which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis?
Phi
What type of estimate uses a sample mean to estimate a population mean?
Point
Which of the following are the two types of estimates using the process of estimation?
Point estimate and interval estimate
What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is less than 5% if the null hypothesis were true?
Reject the null hypothesis
Suppose a researcher wants to make sure that the probability of committing a Type I error is less than 5%. How can the researcher control for this?
Set the level of significance at .05
What formula is computed to determine the likelihood or probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true?
Test statistic
A researcher increases their level of confidence from 90% to 95% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data?
The estimate will be less precise
A researcher reduces their level of confidence from 99% to 90% to estimate the population for a set of data. What will happen to the precision of their estimate for these data?
The estimate will be more precise
If a researcher obtains a null finding, then what is the decision?
The researcher correctly retained the null hypothesis
All of the following statements about the precision and certainty of an estimate are true except:
To be more certain that an interval contains a population parameter, we typically enhance precision.
A social psychologist asks men and women to read a vignette describing an immoral act committed for reason of preservation, protection, or self gain. Differences in rating of the person described in the vignette were compared across vignette type and gender. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation?
Two-way factorial design
The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis that is actually true, is called:
Type I error
All of the following describes a situation in which a non-parametric test is used as an alternative to a parametric test except:
a researcher determines that the data are negatively skewed.
A mean difference or discrepancy between what was observed in a sample and what was expected to be observed in the population as stated by a null hypothesis, is called:
an effect
If a researcher decides to retain the null hypothesis, then the decision was that:
an effect failed to reach significance.
If a researcher decides to reject the null hypothesis, then the decision was that:
an effect reached significance.
In hypothesis testing, a researchers decision is all of the following except:
based on assumption.
A statistical procedure used to determine whether observed frequencies at each level of one categorical variable are similar to or different from frequencies expected, is called the chi-square:
goodness-of-fit test
We use null hypothesis significance testing to identify _______; we compute effect size to identify ________.
if an effect exists; the size of an effect
Procedures used that allow researchers to generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected, is called:
inferential statistics
Which of the following words best relates to inferential statistics?
interpret
A decision made in null hypothesis significance testing:
is always associated with some probability of error.
As a general rule, the larger the level of confidence, the ________ precise the interval estimate tends to be.
less
The probability or likelihood that an interval estimate will contain an unknown population parameter, is called:
level of confidence.
A criterion of judgment upon which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis, is called:
level of significance.
The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by the:
level of significance.
Inferential statistics are procedures used to:
make decisions about characteristics in a population based on data measured in a sample.
A point estimate is generally the ____ of a confidence interval
midpoint
A point estimate is the ____ precise and the ____ certain estimate.
most; least
Inferential statistics includes a diverse set of tests of statistical significance more formally known as:
null hypothesis significance testing.
The probability of obtaining a sample outcome, if the value stated in the null hypothesis is true, is called:
p-value
A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about parameters in a population in which the data in the population are normally distributed and measured on an interval or ratio scale of measurement, is called:
parametric test
The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis, is called:
power
A measure of effect size in terms of the percent of variability in a dependent variable that can be explained or accounted for by the levels of a factor or treatment, is called:
proportion of variance.
In hypothesis testing a researcher can never:
prove that their hypothesis is correct
A researcher tests the hypothesis that music played at a fast speed and major scale will enhance arousal more than music at a slow speed and minor scale. The researcher finds that the data supports his hypothesis, therefore the decision for a null hypothesis significance test must have been:
reject the null hypothesis.
To apply NHST, we state a null hypothesis, and then set a criterion upon which we will decide to:
retain or reject the null hypothesis.
A mathematical formula that allows researchers to determine the likelihood of obtaining sample outcomes if the null hypothesis were true, is called:
test statistic
The Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks T test are both non-parametric alternatives for:
the t-test.
A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with three levels. What are the degrees of freedom smaller in this example?
2
A researcher decides at a .05 level of significance to reject the null hypothesis that the value of a populaiton mean is equal to 12. Which of the following CIs is consistent with this conclusion
95% CI 9, 11
A researcher computes a two-independent sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data?
A professor tests whether students who always sit in the front row of class score higher on class exams than students who always sit in the back row of class.
The chi-square test is used to analyze what type of data?
Categorical
A researcher evaluates preference for each of three advertisements aimed at children. He asks 60 parents to choose their favorite advertisement and records their choice. What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design?
Chi-square goodness-of-fit test
A researcher evaluates the number of traffic accidents that occur daily at each of the four most-travelled roads in a local city to determine if one of the roads is more dangerous (i.e., has an unusually high proportion of traffic accidents). What type of analysis is appropriate for this research design?
Chi-square goodness-of-fit test
The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to what other measure of proportion of variance?
Eta-squared
When a parametric test is used to analyze data, which of the following research designs, if applied correctly, will then have established both statistical control and experimental control of individual error variation?
Experimental
Which of the following tests is a non-parametric alternative for a test in which the same participants are observed in each of three or more groups?
Friedman test
What type of estimate is identified by the interval or range of possible values within which an unknown population parameter is likely to be contained?
Interval
Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for an ANOVA?
Kruskal-Wallis H test
Which type of hypothesis test can use Cohen's d as an estimate of effect size?
One sample t-test
A researcher recorded resilience among Marines who were either in the reserves, active duty, and officer corps following a single deployment to a foreign war zone. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation?
Between-subjects ANOVA
All of the following is an example of a parametric test except:
chi-square test for independence.
A measure of proportion of variance used to describe effect size for data analyzed using a correlation coefficient or regression, is called:
coefficient of determination.
The upper and lower boundaries of a confidence interval given within a specified level of confidence, is called:
confidence limits.
Which of the following is the standard level of significance for null hypothesis significance testing in the behavioral sciences?
.05
If a researcher finds that the coefficient of determination for a set of data is equal to .12, then what is the value of eta-squared for this set of data?
.12
A researcher computes a correlation coefficient equal to .40. What then is the coefficient of determination for this correlation?
.16
A researcher computes a one sample t-test. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data?
A study testing whether night shift workers sleep the recommended eight hours per 24-hour period.
Two researchers identify an effect in a population. Researcher A reports Cohen's d = .09 and Researcher B reports Cohen's d = .19. Which researcher reports a small effect size based on Cohen's conventions?
Both researchers report a small effect size
Which of the following is an example of a non-parametric test?
Chi-square test
A police academy records the number of men and women who pass or fail their physical training test, which a cadet must pass to become a police officer. To identify if there are gender differences in the pass-fail rate on the physical training test, what type of statistical test should be computed?
Chi-square test for independence
Which of the following is an example of a measure of effect size that described the size of a shift in a population as the number of standard deviations that scores shifted?
Cohen's d
Which of the following words best describes certainty?
Confidence
The coefficient of determination is used as an estimate of effect size for which null hypothesis significance test?
Correlation
A measure of proportion of variance that is used as an estimate of effect size for the chi-square test for independence, is called:
Cramer's V
Which of the following is an example of a measure of proportion of variance?
Cramer's V
All of the following are examples of a measure of effect size except:
Cronbach's alpha
A chi-square test for independence is computed for a study with two categorical factors, each with four levels. The researcher compute Cramer's V = .29. What is the size of the effect in this example?
Large
Which of the following is non-parametric alternative for the t-test?
Mann-Whitney U test
All of the following correlation coefficients were mathematically derived from the Pearson correlation coefficient except:
Mean
A researcher reports a 95% CI -.02, .04. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the population equals 0, then what is the effect size for this confidence interval?
No effect size can be reported for this CI
What is a key distinction between parametric tests and non-parametric tests in terms of scales of measurement?
Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data; whereas non-parametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data
The Spearman, Point-biserial, and phi correlation coefficients are mathematically equivalent to the ________ correlation coefficient.
Pearson
A researcher records the correlation between gender and response speed (in seconds) to a test stimulus (in seconds). Which correlation measure is most appropriate for this analysis?
Point-biserial
A researcher reports a 95% CI 2.30, 2.50. If the null hypothesis were that the mean in the populaiton equals 2.00, then what would the decision have been for a significance test at a .05 level of significance?
Reject the null because 2.00 is not contained in the confidence interval
A researcher test the hypothesis that students will have better recall of words printed in color vs. word printed in black on a white background. To test this hypothesis the researcher has students observe a screen with half the words in color and half the work in black. After 30 second, the screen is turned off and participants are asked to record all words they can recall. The mean number of colored vs. black print words correctly recalled was compared. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation?
Related samples t-test
What are the two decisions that researchers can make in hypothesis testing?
Retain or reject the null hypothesis
A researcher reports that the value of a null hypothesis is contained within a 95% CI for that data. What then would have been the decision for a hypothesis test at a .05 level of significance?
Retain the null hypothesis
What is the decision for a null hypothesis test when the likelihood of obtaining a sample outcome is greater than 5% if the null hypothesis were true?
Retain the null hypothesis
A researcher identifies the following conclusion: "The data show the number of patients who complete counseling depends on, or is related to, whether a patient participated in family or individual counseling sessions." What type of chi-square test was computed in this example?
Test for independence
A researcher selects a sample of varsity athletes from a population of varsity athletes at a local school. To which group will the researcher generalize his or her findings in a study conducted with the sample?
The population of varsity athletes at the local school
A researcher computes a test statistic and finds that the p-value for this test is .03. What does this result mean?
There is a 3% likelihood of obtaining the test statistic value, if the null were true.
A researcher directly controls for the probability of a ________, but does not directly control the probability of a ________.
Type I error; Type II error
A researcher reports no effect in the population, when in truth there is an effect. What type of error has the researcher made?
Type II error
The probability of retaining a null hypothesis that is actually false, is called:
Type II error.
A developmental psychologist compares the time a small sample of infants spend near their mother in each of three novel contexts. What type of parametric test is appropriate for analysis in this research situation?
Within-subjects ANOVA
A researcher computes a within-subjects ANOVA. What type of research situation describes a situation in which this test is used to analyze the data?
a biopsychologist tests the time course for the release of a neurohormone before, during, and following a task thought to cause its release.
If many groups are observed, then parametric tests also make the assumption that the variance in the population for each group is:
about the same or equal.
The null hypothesis typically ________ the researchers' hypothesis.
contradicts
All of the following statements for when to use a non-parametric test are true except:
data are measured on a nominal scale of measurement.
Many non-parametric tests are called ________ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.
distribution-free tests
A statistical measure that allows researchers to describe how far scores shifted in a population, or the percent of variance in a dependent variable that can be explained by the levels of a factor, is called:
effect size.
A statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter, is called:
estimation.
The type of regression analysis used when two or more predictor variables are analyzed in the same model is called:
multiple regression.
A significance test that is used to test hypotheses about data that can have any type of distribution and to analyze data on a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement, is called
non-parametric test.
A statement about a population parameter, such as the population mean, that is assumed to be true, is called:
null hypothesis.
We observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square goodness-of-fit test; we observe ____ categorical factor(s) in a chi-square test for independence.
one; two
Inferential statistics allow us to use data recorded in a sample to draw conclusions about:
populations
The denominator for each estimate of Cohen's d is:
sample standard deviation.
The larger the value of Cohen's d, the larger the:
size of an effect.
A statistical procedure used to determine whether frequencies observed at the combination of levels of two categorical variables are similar to frequencies expected, is called the chi-square:
test for independence
A null finding means that:
the decision was to retain a null hypothesis.
The power of the decision making process is:
the likelihood of rejecting a false null hypothesis.