Research II Quiz Questions

We may be able to extrapolate results from a sample to a population, but we cannot necessarily extrapolate results from a sample to an individual. a) True b) False

a) True

You do not need to compute a post hoc test or effect size for a chi-square goodness of fit test. a) True b) False

a) True

In order to be 99% confident you have not committed a Type I error, at what level should you set your p value? a) .01 b) .05 c) .10 d) .99

a) .01

A single N design is a) a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect relationship within a single case. b) a qualitative design used to examine a case in its entirety. c) an experiment. d) a correlational study.

a) a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect relationship within a single case.

The simplest single N design possible is a) BA. b) AB. c) ABA. d) BAB.

b) AB.

An independent t-test involves at least 3 groups. a) True b) False

b) False

The quality of a qualitative study may be improved by: a) Use of Skype during an interview instead of the telephone b) Use of triangulation during the data collecting c) Using an inductive process during data analysis d) Using a linear process for data collection and analysis

b) Use of triangulation during the data collecting

The chi-square test compares a) observed observations with obtained observations. b) sum of the observations with obtained observations. c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies. d) predicted observations with the expected frequencies.

c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies.

The sampling distribution for an independent-samples t test is a distribution of the differences between a) sample and a population mean. b) a population mean and the means of the two groups in our study. c) the means of the two groups in our study. d) the population means for the two groups in our study.

c) the means of the two groups in our study.

Which of the following variables would be appropriate for a Chi-square: a) how many cigarettes a person smoke per day b) body mass index c) whether the client has a had a previous stroke d) number of siblings in the family with previous stroke

c) whether the client has a had a previous stroke

The holistic nature of the case study is one of its greatest strengths. a) True b) False

a) True

The single N design is best grouped with quasi-experiments. a) True b) False

a) True

Type 1 error is also called a) alpha b) beta c) sigma d) kappa

a) alpha

The assumptions for the independent-samples t test include a) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is interval or ratio, independent groups, homogeneity of variance. b) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is ordinal, dependent groups, homogeneity of variance. c) an IV that is interval or ratio, DV that is dichotomous, independent groups, normally distributed DV. d) an IV that is interval or ratio, DV that is dichotomous, dependent groups, normally distributed

a) an IV that is dichotomous, DV that is interval or ratio, independent groups, homogeneity of variance.

According to the null hypothesis for a simple experiment, we expect the difference between the means of our two groups to be: a) 0 b) 1 c) 10 d) very large

a) 0

In a study examining whether a person lives alone (yes or no) is related to their compliance with a home exercise program (complied or did not comply), what would be the df? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

a) 1

Jane is sitting at a table at McDonalds, watching people order and the staff prepare and deliver the food. She is taking notes, recording information, as she watches. What data collection method is she using? a) Observation b) Interview c) Focus-group d) Participation

a) Observation

During Jane's McDonald's study, she interviewed 5 young workers. She analyzed interviews 1-3 and created a list of codes. However, when analyzing the 4th worker's interview, she found that no new codes were identified that she could add to the list. She verified this with the 5th interview, when again no new codes were identified during analysis. Jane is experiencing: a) Saturation b) Triangularization c) Document review d) Induction

a) Saturation

Chi-square goodness of fit assumes an expected frequency of at least 5 in each category. a) True b) False

a) True

Dependent-groups designs allow you to ensure that relevant personal characteristics are equalized across groups at the beginning of a study. a) True b) False

a) True

In independent t-test designs the participants in each level of the IV variable are unrelated. a) True b) False

a) True

Nonparametric statistics are used when we a) have ordinal or nominal data. b) have normally distributed variables. c) have homogeneity of variance. d) need a more powerful test.

a) have ordinal or nominal data.

A stable baseline is important in order to a) predict future behavior. b) describe past behavior. c) demonstrate the effectiveness of the baseline phase. d) All of the above

a) predict future behavior.

If the obtained value = −1.98 and the critical value = 2.16, we would a) retain the null hypothesis. b) retain the alternative hypothesis. c) reject both the alternative and null hypotheses. d) reject the null hypothesis.

a) retain the null hypothesis.

Repeated assessment is used in a single N design in order to a) rule out alternative explanations for causality. b) provide a holistic sense of the case. c) develop rapport with the participant. d) None of the above

a) rule out alternative explanations for causality.

Levene's test tells us if a) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance. b) our means are significantly different. c) our IV has a significant effect on the DV. d) the effect size is strong.

a) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance.

The lowest possible value of χ2 is ____________, which represents __________. a) 1; a small difference between the observed and expected frequencies b) 0; no differences between the observed and expected frequencies c) 10; some difference between the each of the observed and expected frequencies d) −1; larger expected than observed values

b) 0; no differences between the observed and expected frequencies

Both qualitative and quantitative research studies are concerned with the reliability and validity of measurements. a) True b) False

b) False

One of the best reasons to use a case study is to test a causal relationship a) True b) False

b) False

The expected frequency for red jellybeans in a jar of colored jellybeans is the actual number of red jellybeans a) True b) False

b) False

The independent-samples t test is used to test the differences in means in a study with a sample mean and a population mean. a) True b) False

b) False

What qualitative approach would be best suited to use to answer the following research question: "How may therapists support people with with long-term, complex medical needs get necessary equipment that support participation, specifically wheelchair(s)?" a) Ethnography b) Grounded Theory c) Participatory Action Research d) Phenomenological

b) Grounded Theory

Jane is observing workers at McDonalds to assess the work behaviors of younger and older people. Before her research study, she would come to this McDonalds and noticed that the older people were often a bit more reserved, but more engaged than the younger people. Now that she has received an approval to observe and had an HSIRB signed, she notices that everyone is more engaged with the customers and sometimes will glance her way. What may Jane be experiencing? a) The insider perspective b) Hawthorne effect c) Probing from the workers d) Naturalistic observation

b) Hawthorne effect

When Jane selected the interviewees for her McDonald's study, she chose a Caucasian 19-year old female who was high school dropout and a single mom, a 16-year-old African American male who was a junior in high school, an 18-year-old Hispanic female who was just graduating from high school, and a 19-year-old Asian male who was in his first year of college. Based on the information here, what is the most likely sampling strategy that Jane used? a) Homogeneity b) Maximum variation c) Brainstorming d) Theory-based selection

b) Maximum variation

Jane asked the manager, George, at the setting she was researching "What do you think the main differences between older and younger workers are?" and they conversed about this subject for the next 10 minutes. This is an example of: a) Structured interview b) Unstructured interview c) Semi-structured interview d) Fixed response question

b) Unstructured interview

If the participants' performance improves as a result of performing the same task repeatedly, this is known as a) boredom. b) a practice effect. c) a fatigue effect. d) carryover.

b) a practice effect.

"A" refers to the ____________ of a single N design a) antecedent phase b) baseline phase c) manipulation phase. d) assessment phase

b) baseline phase

Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a a) bar graph. b) contingency table. c) sampling distribution. d) frequency distribution.

b) contingency table.

The type of study that best supports the goal of beginning with similar participant characteristics in our groups is the a) correlational design. b) dependent-groups design. c) experimental design. d) quasi-experimental design.

b) dependent-groups design.

The assumption that variances in populations are the same is called a) homogeneity of participant populations. b) homogeneity of variance. c) similarity of effects. d) group homogeneity.

b) homogeneity of variance.

The null hypothesis for a chi-square test for independence predicts that the two variables are a) related. b) independent. c) causally related. d) interactive

b) independent.

Counterbalancing eliminates a) attrition. b) order effects. c) mortality. d) power.

b) order effects.

The chi-square test for independence tests whether a) the variance of each variable is independent. b) the frequency distributions of two variables are independent. c) homogeneity of variance has been violated. d) the variables show a significant interaction.

b) the frequency distributions of two variables are independent.

The average difference between the scores of matched pairs or the scores for the same participants across two conditions is known as a) the variance. b) the mean difference. c) the standard deviation. d) the standard error of the mean difference.

b) the mean difference.

Carlos is examining whether parenthood (yes - no) is related to willingness to support a bond for schools (yes - maybe - no). He could present the data in a __________ contingency table. a) 1 ´ 6 b) 2 ´ 2 c) 2 ´ 3 d) 6 ´ 1

c) 2 ´ 3

Dr. Welthe examines whether the number of those with a college degree and those who have not earned a degree who are members of an investment club differs. She finds that χ2 obt = 6.54 and χ2crit = 3.84, and can conclude: a) Education causes more interest in building wealth. b) Education level significantly affected interest in investment. c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club. d) There is no relationship between education level and membership in an investment club.

c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club.

In a chi-square goodness of fit the expected observations are computed by dividing a) N by the observed frequency (O). b) the observed frequency (O) for a category by N. c) N by the number of categories (k). d) the observed frequency (O) by the total frequency.

c) N by the number of categories (k).

What type of study is the best choice when you want to examine a specific cause-effect relationship for a specific individual and are using quantitative measures that can be repeated on a daily or weekly basis? a) Sample-based study b) Case study c) Single N design d) Experiment

c) Single N design

The one-way ANOVA compares a) within-group variance for each group to within-variance for the total group. b) error variance for each group to error variance for the total group. c) between-groups variance and within-groups variance. d) error and within-groups variance.

c) between-groups variance and within-groups variance.

An in-depth examination of a single individual, group, event, or organization is called a a) descriptive study b) single N design c) case study d) small N design

c) case study

Degrees of freedom in for an independent-samples t test is computed by: a) df = N - 1 b) df = n1 + n2 - 1 c) df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1) d) df = (n1 + 1) - (n2 + 1)

c) df = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)

The analysis of a single N design typically involves a) identifying discrepancies and determining how the multiple measures and sources converge. b) a series of independent-samples t tests. c) graphing data and determining patterns using visual inspection. d) inferential statistics.

c) graphing data and determining patterns using visual inspection.

A method to build a theory from case study data is a) small N designs. b) descriptive research. c) grounded theory. d) correlational research.

c) grounded theory.

Adding additional phases in a single N design a) is never ethical. b) helps to ensure a stable baseline. c) helps to clarify the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable. d) helps to stabilize the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable.

c) helps to clarify the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable.

The inferential statistic used to analyze two-group designs is called the a) independent-samples ANOVA. b) independent correlation coefficient. c) independent-samples t test. d) one-sample t test.

c) independent-samples t test.

"B" refers to the ____________ of a single N design a) antecedent phase b) baseline phase c) manipulation phase. d) assessment phase

c) manipulation phase.

Which is an appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups? a) There is no appropriate measure of effect size for dependent-samples groups. b) Cohen's t c) Cohen's r d) Cohen's d

d) Cohen's d

Peter is studying the effect of daily exercise on happiness. His directional alternative hypothesis might state: a) There will be no effect of daily exercise on happiness. b) There will be an effect of daily exercise on happiness. c) Daily exercise will not affect happiness. d) Daily exercise will increase happiness.

d) Daily exercise will increase happiness.

A researcher wants to examine the effect of violent computer games on verbal aggression. She has college students play 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 15 minutes or no minutes of a violent computer games. Which of the following best represents a non-directional alternative hypothesis for this study? a) Ha: µ45min > µ30min > µ15min > µ0min b) Ha: µ45min = µ30min = µ15min = µ0min c) Ha: There will be no difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 15 minutes of no minutes of a violent computer game. d) Ha: There will be a difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 15 minutes of no minutes of a violent computer game.

d) Ha: There will be a difference in verbal aggression after playing 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 15 minutes of no minutes of a violent computer game.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dependent-groups design when compared to an independent-groups design? a) Decreased chance of confounds b) Assurance of homogeneity of variance c) Greater sensitivity to changes in the measured variable d) Larger sample size

d) Larger sample size

A therapist develops a new treatment to help a client quit smoking. The client collects baseline data on how many cigarettes he smokes each day in his car, at work, and in his house The therapist then tells the client to implement the treatment in his car, and then a week later in his house, and then finally at work. What type of design is this? a) Multiple-baseline across persons b) Multiple-baseline across measures c) Multiple-baseline across behaviors d) Multiple-baseline across settings

d) Multiple-baseline across settings

What qualitative approach would be best suited to use to answer the following research question: "What participation barriers do wheelchair users experience in their community?" a) Ethnography b) Participatory Action Research c) Grounded Theory d) Phenomenological

d) Phenomenological

What sampling method should not be used in a qualitative research study? a) Snowball sampling b) Convenience sampling c) Purposeful selection d) Random selection

d) Random selection

When you accept a false null hypothesis you are making a: a) Type I error b) Significance error c) Type III error d) Type II error

d) Type II error

The mean square within groups represents the a) average deviation of group means from the population mean. b) average deviation of group means from the total mean of the sample. c) average deviation of each participant's score from the population mean. d) average deviation within all groups of the study.

d) average deviation within all groups of the study.

In her study of adjustment to college, Sasha decided to use only first year, first generation college students who lived on campus. This decision is likely to ___________ the error variance in her results because of the _________ of her sample. a) increase; difference b) decrease; difference c) increase; homogeneity d) decrease; homogeneity

d) decrease; homogeneity

The value used in an independent t-test that approximates the sample size is known as: a) sampling b) standard deviation c) homogeneity of variance d) degrees of freedom

d) degrees of freedom

The inferential statistic used to analyze a multiple independent-groups study is a) multiple independent-groups t test. b) one-way multiple groups t test. c) one-way ANALVAL. d) one-way ANOVA.

d) one-way ANOVA.