Research Methods Exam 2
The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observation in research is that: a. in naturalistic observations the observer is recording their own behavior. b. in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior. c. in behavioral diaries the target person is recording the observer's behavior. d. there is no difference between the methods.
b
The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially effected depending on their respective condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information what was the standard deviation for the spider fear condition? a. 7.1 b. 4.20 c. 2.20 d. .67
b
Which of the following is a results write-up for an ANOVA? a. χ2(3, N= 347) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .30 b. F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30 c. t(154) = -1.00, p = .32 d. β = .24, p = .004, R2 for the model = .05
b
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents the significance level in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .02 d. .30
c
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2,94) = .72, p = .02, eta^2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents the significance level in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .02 d. .30
c
Dr. Stallworth is developing a new research study and needs to determine the number of participants necessary to achieve adequate power. Dr. Stallworth currently has theorized four experimental conditions in this multigroup design. What is the minimum number of participants Dr. Stallworth would need to yield adequate power? a. 50 b. 75 c. 120 d. 200
c
Researchers are hoping to _____ the null hypothesis by showing that _____. a. accept; the treatment had an effect b. accept; the treatment did not cause an observable effect c. reject; the treatment had an effect d. reject; the treatment did not cause an observable effect
c
One way to improve a scale's precision and ______the error of tendency is to use more response alternatives. a. minimize b. maximize c. augment d. enhance
a
A factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable is known as:
an extraneous variable
For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results, the level of internal validity should: a. vary b. be high c. be low d. not matter
b
George notices that participants are becoming better at solving the word puzzles they are given as the experiment progresses. Which of the following may be a threat to the internal validity of George's study? a. carryover effects b. practice effects c. sensitization effects d. fatigue effects
b
Granetta was completing a survey developed by her social club at school. Granetta agreed with every statement regardless of the actual item. This is an example of: a. a forced choice response set b. an acquiescent response set c. an error of central tendency d. a summated rating scale
b
In between-subjects designs _____ participants are measured at different times and in different conditions. a. the same b. different c. more d. no
b
If we have a multigroup design with five groups, roughly how many participants should we have for reasonable power in our study? a. 30 b. 50 c. 90 d. 150
d
The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.
experimental
Toni is in the process of finalizing tables in her master's thesis manuscript. She double checks the appropriate symbol for probability. Which of the following represents probability?
italicized p
If Juanita ran the same study, but instead wanted to examine the overall differences between groups, which statistic should she use? a. A one-way ANOVA b. planned contrasts c. post-hoc tests d. a priori tests
a
If you were conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on physical ability, which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of sleep deprivation? a. being without sleep for more than 24 hours b. getting more than 8 hours of sleep the night before the study c. participants' self-reported amount of sleep the night before d. the average amount of sleep Americans get in a given night
a
In a _____ design, the researcher creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait and then randomly assigns these individuals to different groups. a. matched-pair b. completely randomized c. randomized block d. self-selected
a
Why is a pretest-posttest design considered a within-subjects design? a. Participants are measured twice, once at the beginning of the study and once at the end of the study. b. Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time. c. Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable. d. Fewer research participants are needed for adequate statistical power.
a
Rosenberg (1969) found that individuals become concerned with how researchers may interpret their answers or behaviors during research studies. This is referred to as:
evaluation apprehension
Reverse-coding is a scoring strategy where more negative response alternatives are assigned ______ values and more positive response alternatives are assigned ______ values.
higher; lower
Professor Dunphy does a study where two groups watch a 50-min audio recording of a lecture. The first group listens to a lecture on art history and the second group listens to a lecture on Greek philosophy. After the lecture, each group completes a questionnaire that measures intellectual curiosity. In this study the independent variable is ____________, while the dependent variable is _________________.
lecture topic; intellectual curiousity
Joaquin conducts an independent samples t-test that reveals a significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (p =.05). This means that the likelihood that the observed difference between groups is due to chance is:
5%
____________ is the best method of evaluation for test-retest reliability a. ANOVA b. paired samples c. the t-test d. correlation
D
For which of the following would an independent samples t-test be most appropriate? a. examining the performance difference between participants who took a SAT preparation class and participants who did not b. investigating psychological adjustment following the loss of a loved one c. a cognitive study examining the difference in three different types of memory aids d. examining whether one's astrological sign predicts well-being
a
A chi-square test of independence is: a. a statistical test in which both variables are categorical and determines if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. b. a statistical test that examines all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. c. a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. d. a statistical test that allows a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.
a
A current issue in the mental health community is the change from DSM-IV to DSM-5 in 2013. As a result, many diagnoses and questionnaires are not applicable any longer. Many studies that were ongoing had to change their diagnostic labels as well as the way they were measuring constructs among participants. This is an example of: a. instrumentation b. testing effect c. attrition d. sensitization effect
a
An important criterion for a high-quality scale item is that the item should be: a. unambiguous b. vague c. imprecise d. indeteriminate
a
In the process of research it is extremely important to ensure you follow the appropriate steps in setting up a strong study. If your measure lacks ______ then there is no need to proceed with additional analyses. a. internal consistency b. content validity c. face validity d. test-retest reliability
a
In typical data software programs each column represents: a. a single item b. multiple items c. a single participant d. multiple participants
a
Independent samples t-tests compare ______ groups. a. two b. three c. four d. five
a
Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders. He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses. Based on Juan's design which variable is the dependent variable (DV)? a. fear responses b. type of spider c. diagnosis for arachnophobia d. age of peers
a
Linn is developing a research study and wants to include a group in his study that only completes the questionnaires and does not receive any of the experimental manipulations. Linn is thinking about implementing a(n): a. empty control group b. experimental group c. placebo group d. baseline group
a
Researcher notes are:
a collection of comments that document any abnormalities that occurred during the study
"On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 means not interested at all and 10 means extremely interested, how interested are you in pursuing a career in academics?" This question is an example of a(n): a. multi-informant question b. closed-ended question c. open-ended question d. forced choice question
b
An experimenter conducts a study to examine whether caffeine improves performance on an IQ test. Which of the following represents what happens in the control condition? a. participants drink a caffeinated beverage while testing b. participants do not drink a caffeinated beverage while testing c. participants are incentivized to do their best on the IQ test d. participants are incentivized to do their worst on the IQ test
b
An experimenter conducts a study to examine whether caffeine improves performance on an IQ test. Which of the following represents what happens in the control condition? a. participants drink a caffeinated beverage while testing b. participants do not drink a caffeinated beverage while testing c. participants are incentivized to do their best on the IQ test d. participants are to do their worst on the IQ test
b
Carmina was developing a study for her introduction to research course and wanted to use a multigroup design. Based on her research question she needs to include a group in which participants believe they are getting some treatment, but in fact are not receiving any treatment. Carmina is considering using a: a. empty control group b. placebo group c. experimental group d. baseline group
b
Dr. Ross runs a one-way analysis of variance to test whether participant's responses in the spider fear condition were different from participants' responses in both the rat and dog fear conditions as a whole. Dr. Ross found a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA? a. F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .70, eta2 = .30 b. F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02, eta2 = .30 c. d(2, 102) = 4.21, eta2 = .30 d. ∑(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02
b
Dr. Schneider hypothesized that a higher degree of positive attitude toward horror films would be related to greater artistic creativity in teenagers. His hypothesis is: a. nondirectional b. directional c. skewed d. biased
b
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents within-subjects degrees of freedom in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .72 d. .3
b
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents within-subjects degrees of freedom in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .72 d. .30
b
Mr. Wright is reviewing a measure of relationship satisfaction and realized that if he wants higher scores to represent higher relationship satisfaction then he needs to reverse code the items before he ______ to determine the overall score for an individual participant. a. calculates the mean b. sums the items c. determines the variability d. calculates the standard deviation
b
Mrs. Klein is having her social studies students assessed at multiple points throughout the academic year, after each academic module has completed. However, she does not need a baseline measurement. Mrs. Klein is conducting a: a. pretest-posttest design b. repeated-measures design c. Latin square design d. spurious design
b
One of the most main goals of a research study is to make all efforts to: a. decrease the sample size b. increase power c. decrease effect size d. increase p
b
Raul was asked by his pastor "what are your thoughts on personal freedoms?" This is an example of a(n): a. multi-informant question b. forced choice question c. open-ended question d. closed-ended question
c
A group of researchers is studying how food allergies influence participants' taste pallet. Their conditions were: tree nut allergy, gluten allergy, peanut allergy, no food allergy. They measured whether the participants liked the taste of vegan/tree nut-free/wheat-free carrot cake, sunflower butter wheat-free cookies, or fudge wheat-free brownies. As expected, participants liked the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies more in some conditions than others (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.72, p = .002). Based on this information, what was the number of participants in this study? a. 10 b. 30 c. 60 d. 90
c
A key component of an experiment is the control group. This is the condition that: a. receives the experimental manipulation b. the experimenter measures to determine the outcome c. serves as the baseline for comparison d. the experimenter does not randomly assign
c
A physician is evaluating the effectiveness of a new weight-loss strategy involving eating leafy vegetables every 3 hours for 3 weeks. The average weight loss for those who completed the full regimen was 10 pounds. Before concluding that the strategy is an effective method for weight loss, which potential threat to internal validity should the physician consider? a. maturation b. instrumentation c. attrition d. history
c
Duane is interested in examining whether there is a statistically significant difference between quiz results in the morning compared with the quiz results in the afternoon for the same class. Duane would use _____ to test this research question. a. an ANOVA b. a chi-square test of independence c. a t-test for dependent means d. an independent samples t-test
c
Esteban completed a research study for class credit. He thought it was odd that he only had to complete a single self-report questionnaire after finding out from some of his classmates that they had to stare at a light before completing the questionnaire. Esteban was most likely in the: a. placebo group b. experimental group c. empty control group d. baseline group
c
High school administrators gave all ninth graders a scholastic aptitude test. Four years later all of those who had been surveyed were asked to report their freshmen year GPA in college. These high school administrators are interested in the ______ of the scholastic aptitude test. a. concurrent validity b. content validity c. predictive validity d. convergent validity
c
In addition to being considered a within-subjects design the longitudinal approach is also considered a: a. between-subjects design b. mixed factorial design c. repeated-measures design d. counterbalanced design
c
In order to establish a scale's construct validity researchers need to evaluate the scale's _______ and discriminant validity a. content b. face c. convergent d. internal consistency
c
Individual differences are handled in between -subject designs by using: a. systematic error b. the same participants c. random assignment d. the same measures
c
Internal validity is a characteristic of which type of study? a. observational studies b. correlations c. experiments d. interviews
c
Isabel would like for her experiment to have as much experimental realism as possible. Accordingly, when examining the impact of fear on memory, she uses _____ to induce participants' fear. a. pictures of a snake b. a video of a snake c. an actual snake d. visualization of a snake
c
Researchers are inclined to use multigroup designs because there are a number of advantages to such a paradigm. Each of the following is considered an advantage of multigroup design, EXCEPT: a. the ability to test functional or nonlinear relationships b. the ability to query and test multiple levels of the independent in one study c. the requirement to use collateral info and multiple methodological strategies d. the need to use fewer participants to test hypotheses
c
Self-report questionnaires are useful because: a. it allows collateral info to be collected b. participants can see how others view them c. participants get to state their own views d. they are not susceptible to social desirability response biases
c
Self-report questionnaires are useful because: a. it allows collateral information to be collected b. participants can see how other view them c. participants get to state their own views d. they are not susceptible to social desirability response bias
c
The dependent variable must be _____ in order to conduct an ANOVA. a. ordinal b. interval c. continuous d. nominal
c
The results from a study that examined self-concept clarity and self-esteem indicated that participants had less consistency and stability in their self-descriptions over time. This would suggest that assessment of this variable would present issues with: a. content validity b. internal consistency reliability c. test-retest reliability d. alternative forms reliability
c
The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially effected depending on their respective condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information what was the between-subjects degrees of freedom? a. 21 b. 92 c. 2 d. .67
c
A scale usually consists of a series of what type of questions?
closed-ended questions
According to researchers social comparison refers to:
comparing yourself with others
In an experiment, the _____ group is compared with the experimental group.
control
If a scale lacks concurrent validity this suggests a problem with the scale's:
criterion validity
A general rule is that you should have approximately _____participants per condition to yield adequate power to make predictions based on results. a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 30
d
A self-report measure may be inappropriate when the experimenter has concerns about: a. covariation b. mundane realism c. external validity d. social desirability
d
Drs. Jackson and O'Brien work at a residential chemical dependency unit. They are interested in studying coping strategies among heroin users. The doctors survey residents at the chemical dependency unit where they work. They are using a(n): a. stratified random sample b. random sample c. area probability sample d. convenience sample
d
During the first month of the season, the players on a baseball team are mired in a terrible hitting slump. The hitting coach believes that the problem is the players' bats being too heavy. One month after switching to lighter bats, the team batting average markedly improves. The hitting coach is now completely convinced that it is better for players to use lighter bats to improve their hitting. Which of the following is the primary problem with this conclusion? a. the study did not run long enough for any meaningful conclusions b. the quality of the pitchers the batters faced in this study was not kept constant c. it is unclear if this improvement statistically significant d. this study lacked any comparison groups
d
Hank decided to use ______in which he separated the sophomore college class by geographic region and then randomly sampled from each region. a. stratified random sampling b. simple random sampling c. convenience sampling d. area probability sampling
d
Planned contrasts are: a. statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. b. statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. c. statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. d. statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.
d
Reginald noticed in his work as a customer service representative that the majority of the rating scales available have at least 5 to 9 response alternatives with: a. reverse coding b. alternate forms c. variability d. verbal descriptors
d
Reginald noticed in his work as a customer service representative that the majority of the rating scales available have at least 5 to 9 response alternatives with: a. reverse coding b. alternate forms c. variabiltiy d. verbal descriptors
d
Researchers included items on sports and recent events on a scale about political interests. They did this in an effort to mislead the participants as to the purpose of the survey. The sports and recent event items were: a. biased items b. face valid items c. discriminant items d. distractor items
d
Reta wants to examine the association between self-esteem and perceived popularity. The best research approach to answer this question would be: a. an experimental design b. a quasi-experimental design c. active deception d. a correlational design
d
Sacha is interested in conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on memory. After analyzing her results, she finds a p-value of 0.08. Based on these findings, which of the following is true? a. memory has a statistically significant effect on sleep deprivation b. sleep deprivation has a statistically significant effect on memory c. memory does not have a statistically significant effect on sleep deprevation d. sleep deprivation does not have a statistically significant effect on memory
d
Self-report measures could unintentionally introduce all of the following into a study, EXCEPT: a. social desirability b. hypothesis-guessing c. demand characteristics d. systematic error
d
The data must be _____ in order to conduct a chi-square test of independence. a. ordinal b. interval c. continuous d. nominal
d
The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially effected depending on their respective condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information what was the F score? a. 7.1 b. 4.20 c. 2.20 d. .67
d
Noel asked his partner "Are you happy with our life and communication?" This could be viewed as an unfair question because it is an example of a(n):
double-barreled item
_____ is the magnitude of difference between the experimental and control groups.
effect size
A _____ hypothesis states that groups are expected to be different, whereas a _____ hypothesis states which way groups are expected to vary.
nondirectional; directional
The _____ hypothesis is the prediction that there will be no difference in the dependent variable across different levels of the independent variable.
null
Dr. Luxley wanted to make sure his research sample was representative of the local rural community with approximately 65% females and 35% males. He wanted to make sure his sample had similar demographics so he used:
stratified random sampling
According to researchers voyeurism refers to:
the desire to see what one is not supposed to
Designing a highly controlled laboratory experiment will _____ power and _____ external validity. a. increase;decrease b. increase; increase c. decrease; decrease d. decrease; increase
a
Dr. Abott hypothesized that the enjoyment of vegetables and cognitive flexibility would be related. His hypothesis is: a. nondirectional b. directional c. positive d. negative
a
Dr. Clarion had one group of research participants complete scale 1 first and scale 2 next and had the other group of participants complete scale 2 first and scale 1 next. This was done in an effort to: a. reduce bias b. increase validity c. increase reliability d. increase variability
a
Dr. Crouse made specific predictions in the development phase of his study regarding which comparisons between conditions would yield significant results. Dr. Crouse conducted _____ to produce such data. a. planned contrasts b. post-hoc analyses c. an independent samples t-test d. a paired samples t test
a
Dr. Fowler noticed that the participants seemed to be more aware of the questions and tasks of the performance measure during the second administration. She believes this may have affected their scores in a systematic way. This would be an example of: a. bias b. a random error c. an error of central tendency d. a validity issue
a
Dr. Hugo has 15 participants start with condition B, 15 participants start with condition A, and 15 participants start with condition C. All participants are eventually exposed to all conditions. This is an example of: a. counterbalancing b. practice effects c. carryover effects d. random assingments
a
Penelope is investigating the hypothesis that wearing a watch makes people more punctual. In her study participants in the experimental group are those who are assigned to _____, while participants in the control group are assigned to_____. a. wear a watch; not wear a watch b. wear a watch; report how punctual they typically are c. not wear a watch; wear a watch d. not wear a watch; report how punctual they typically are
a
Roxanne is testing the hypothesis that the best-tasting jelly beans are the green ones. Using a within-subjects design, she has participants rate how much they like the taste of four diff flavored jelly beans. Which statistical test should Roxanne use to determine if there is a significant difference in participants' ratings of the jelly beans? a. a repeated-measures ANOVA b. a t-test for independent means c. a one-way ANOVA d. a t-test for dependent means
a
Rupa learns during debriefing that most of the participants in her within-subjects study of sound's impact on memory were able to accurately guess the purpose of her study by the time they encountered her last experimental manipulation. Which of the following order effects may have occurred in Rupa's study? a. sensitization effects b. carryover effects c. practice effects d. fatigue effects
a
Students who joined Greek organizations as first-time college students were more likely to engage in: a. substance use b. sports c. multiple relationships d. self-harm behaviors
a
Temporal precedence is established by showing that changes in the suspected cause occur _____ changes in the outcome. a. before b. at the same time as c. after d. regardless of
a
The smaller the standard deviation of a set of scores the more __________the scores are from one another a. packed in b. narrow c. closer d. spread out
a
Typically, following the completion of a study, participants are ____________ regarding the true purpose of the study. a. debriefed b. provided informed consent c. informed of the study protocol d. informed of the distractor items
a
Wanda is a dance teacher who wants to investigate whether room color affects students' memories of complex choreography. She teaches two identical classes, one in a blue room and one in a red room. In this study, the independent variable is _____, whereas the dependent variable is _____. a. room color; memory of choreography b. memory of choreography; room color c. room color; type of dance class d. type of dance class; memory of choreography
a
Warren randomly assigned 60 participants to describe a positive childhood memory, a negative childhood memory, or a neutral childhood memory and then complete a mood questionnaire. Suppose Warren wants to examine the overall differences between groups. Which statistic is appropriate to use? a. a one-way ANOVA b. independent samples t test c. planned contrast d. post-hoc test
a
What is the goal of random assignment? a. to create two samples that are roughly equal b. to create two samples that are not equal c. to create two populations that are roughly equal d. to create two populations that are not equal
a
Which of the following is the most accurate description of random assignment? a. using a random numbers table to generate a string of randomized digits in order to determine which participants will be selected for each experimental condition b. choose all blonde participants for one group and all redheads for the other groups c. have participants guess a number between 1 and 100 and put those who get it correct in one group and those who guess incorrectly in the other group d. place all individuals younger than 35 years in one group and those older than 35 years in the other conditions
a
Which of the following requires examination using experimental research? a. the effect of practice on performance b. the relationship between height and weight c. the role of gender on athleticism d. the relationship between head circumference and intelligence
a
A group of researchers is studying how food allergies influence participants' taste pallet. Their conditions were: tree nut allergy, gluten allergy, peanut allergy, no food allergy. They measured whether the participants liked the taste of vegan/tree nut-free/wheat-free carrot cake, sunflower butter wheat-free cookies, or fudge wheat-free brownies. As expected, participants liked the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies more in some conditions than others (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.72, p = .002). Based on this information, what were the degrees of freedom in this study? a. 3 b. 10 c. 60 d. .30
a
A sensitive measure is one that: a. is more likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control group b. participants are likely to be deceived by c. is less likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control group d. mirrors conditions in the real world
a
A teacher wants to assess how acting concepts out in class influences student learning. The teacher quizzes her students on the topic before and after students act out concepts. What type of design is the teacher implementing? a. pretest-posttest design b. behavioral diary c. two-group design d. longitudinal study
a
All recent recipients of insurance benefits were surveyed regarding their satisfaction and customer service experience. Approximately 15% of the surveys were completed and returned. The _____ is 15%. a. response rate b. return rate c. sample rate d. variability rate
a
Cognitive-behavioral therapist Dr. Johnson believes her type of therapy is best for treating nocturnal enuresis (nighttime bed-wetting). To test her assumption, she has one group of bed-wetters undergo cognitive-behavioral therapy for 3 months, while the other group undergoes psychodynamic therapy for the same time period. Both groups' therapy sessions are led by an independent therapist, Dr. Jack, who is not aware of Dr. Johnson's prediction. At the end of treatment Dr. Johnson has a neutral therapist assess symptoms in both groups. In this study the experimental group is the ____________ while the control group is the ____________.
a
Daniella asked her bf Ricardo "Where do you see us in ten years?" Daniella is asking Ricardo a(n): a. open-ended question b. forced choice question c. multi-informant question d. closed-ended question
a
Dante used a public scale for an experiment in his sociology class to examine satisfaction with community resources. Dante realized that some of the questions are written inversely. He is trying to determine a way to sum participants' responses on the scale so that a higher number accurately reflects a higher degree of satisfaction with community resources. Dante should use: a. reverse-coding b. acquiescent response set c. dummy coding d. distractor items
a
Deandre is new teacher at a local elementary school. He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year. He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)? a. types of science group b. science knowledge at the beginning of the year c. science knowledge at the end of the year d. age of the fifth graders
a
Dr. Hurley decided to only provide two response alternatives, True and False, on his survey about preconceived notions of individuals who are classified as Internet addicts. Dr. Hurley should be concerned that his measurement has minimal: a. sensitivity b. internal consistency c. content validity d. specificity
a
Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing what type of data is obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries main use is for: a. self-report data b. collateral data c. projective assessment d. cognitive assessment
a
Dr. Okete wants to collect baseline data from her sociology students regarding knowledge of local cultures and then assess the students at multiple points throughout the academic year after each academic module has completed. Dr. Okete is conducting a: a. pretest-posttest design b. repeated-measures design c. Latin square design d. spurious design
a
Dr. Rappaport is studying short-term memory and attention in relation to a simple and repetitive cognitive task. However, starting in the fifth hour of the 10-hour study he noticed the participants start to yawn and take coffee breaks. Not only were the participants fatigued, but they also were jumpy due to the increased caffeine intake. What should Dr. Rappaport be concerned with? a. testing effects and maturation b. order effects and testing effects c. history and maturation d. attrition and history
a
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents between-subjects degrees of freedom in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .72 d. .30
a
Dr. Vela is studying comorbid substance use disorders and anxiety disorders among African Americans, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans between 15 years and 65 years of age. Dr. Vela is using a: a. multigroup design b. factorial design c. case study design d. repeated measures design
a
Dr. Williams had participants complete a demographic form first, then a mood form, then a behavioral activity form, and then the relationship satisfaction form, followed by an interview. Dr. Williams noticed that participants did not complete all of the later measures. This could be the result of: a. order effects b. practice efects c. maturation d. history
a
For which of the following test statistics would a score of 0 indicate significance? a. p value b. effect size d c. degrees of freedom d. t-score
a
For which of the following would a two-group experimental research design be appropriate? a. a study examining the effect of high- and low- mortality salience on risk taking b. an examination of the attachment styles of a mother and her three children c. an investigation of the developmental differences between children raised by one parent versus both parents d. interviews of returning soldiers aimed at assessing PTSD risk
a
Greater variability and a larger standard deviation within a dataset suggests: a. greater heterogeneity b. greater homogeneity c. greater consistency d. uniformity
a
In an experiment examining whether pet ownership leads to greater life satisfaction, pets would be considered the _____ variable, whereas life satisfaction would be considered the _____ variable. a. independent; dependent b. dependent; independent c. dependent; control d. control; independent
a
In an experiment, a null hypothesis states that: a. there will be no difference between the experimental and control conditions b. there will be a difference between the experimental and control conditions c. the IV will have a negative effect on the DV d. the IV will have a positive effect on the IV
a
In the discussion we realized that the manipulation check was not significant. All of the following are potential explanations for our findings, except: a. there were initial differences between the three conditions based on group assignment b. the actual room temp may matter less than the participants' subjective interpretation of the temp c. participants in the average temp condition gave widely diff estimates of temp d. estimating the temp in degrees may be too difficult to a task
a
Charlie's investigation of the relationship between length of commute to work and blood pressure revealed a significant causal effect of time spent commuting on elevated blood pressure. Which of the following could represent this finding? a. t(45) = 4.21, p=.61, d=.19 b. t(45)=7.53, p=.04, d=.65 c. t(45)=2.72, p=.10, d=.23 d. t(45)=3.99, p=.08, d=.31
b
Covariation tells us: a. that one variable causes changes in another variable b. that two variables are associated with each other c. that two variables are not associated with each other d. that one variable is not responsible for changes in another variable
b
Deandre is new teacher at a local elementary school. He decides to conduct a brief study testing the fifth graders knowledge of science at the beginning of the school year and at the end of the school year. He will randomly assign students to either a "hands-on" science group that does experiments with each lesson plan or to a "video" science group that assigns videos and online tutorials in support of the science lesson plans. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the dependent variable (DV)? a. type of science group b. pretest and posttest of science knowledge c. gender of fifth graders d. age of the fifth graders
b
Dr. Adkins noticed that the room was colder during the second administration of a performance task than during the first administration. This is a completely chance event. This would be an example of: a. bias b. random error c. an error of central tendency d. a validity issue
b
Dr. Ames is interested in whether his perfectionism scale and a grammar task given at the same time are related. Dr. Ames is interested in: a. construct validity b. concurrent validity c. convergent validity d. predictive validity
b
Dr. Clark gave his astronomy students an exam today and was pleased to hear that the students thought the exam was fair and covered a broad range of the lecture material from the past several weeks. This suggests that the students believed the exam had: a. low content validity b. high content validity c. low construct validity d. high discriminant validity
b
Dr. Cortez determined that the mean for both experimental groups was the same. However, it is important to not only look at the central tendency of both groups, but also the ______ of data among each group. a. mode b. variability c. covariates d. correlates
b
Dr. Lionel hypothesized that a greater enjoyment of vegetables and fruits would be related to higher degrees of cognitive flexibility in adults. Her hypothesis is: a. nondirectional b. directional c. skewed d. biased
b
Dr. Lumen's recent findings support the notion that his null hypothesis is false. This would suggest that Dr. Lumen's study: a. had a low degree of power b. had a moderate to high degree of power c. had an absence of power d. did not yield any significant results
b
Dr. Meek is interested in examining all possible combinations of conditions in his study examining obedience to authority for different generations. His initial analyses yielded significant results. Dr. Meek is interested in: a. planned contrasts b. post-hoc analyses c. independent samples t test d. paired samples t test
b
Each of the following is required in a true experiment, EXCEPT: a. experimental control b. a pretest and posttest measurement c. random assignment d. temporal precedence
b
Failing to find a significant difference between the experimental and control groups on variables that examine alternative explanations means: a. these variables are responsible for any observed group differences b. these variables are not responsible for any observed group differences c. the independent variable is responsible for any observed group differences d. the independent variable is not responsible for any observed group differences
b
Faustino is examining the allergy effects of different brands of men's cologne. He has collected 40 people for each of the cologne conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions. Faustino has set up his study to use a: a. within-subjects design b. between-subjects design c. mixed factorial design d. correlational design
b
Hillary is interested in a high degree of connectedness between the items on her scale of childhood anxiety. She is most interested in: a. test-retest reliability b. internal consistency reliability c. alternative consistency reliability d. equivalent forms reliabilty
b
If a research study asks personal or sensitive information it is important the purpose of the study is clearly stated and ______ is obtained to document reporting procedures. a. consent b. IRB approval c. CAC approval d. assent
b
Imagine that you are studying the effect of sour tastes on the human salivation response. In designing this study, what are you likely to ask participants in your experimental condition to do? a. taste something sweet b. taste something sour c. salivate d. not salivate
b
In a study examining the impact of dietary supplements on weight loss, an experimenter would manipulate _____ and measure _______ a. participants' weight loss; dietary supplement use b. participants' use of dietary supplements; weight loss c. participants' use of dietary supplements; well-being d. participants' weight loss; daily caloric intake
b
In designing an experiment, a _____ measure would give you the most objective and sensitive assessment of the dependent variable? a. true-false b. multiple choice c. short answer d. essay
b
In experimental studies examining the effectiveness of new medications, researchers often administer a placebo (an inactive substance that should have no medical effect on the participant). Giving a placebo to participants in the control condition increases: a. external validity b. internal validity c. independence d. extraneous variables
b
In order to reduce evaluation apprehension in participants Dr. Hugo included __________ in the scale a. fewer items b. distractor items c. discriminant items d. demographic items
b
In order to reduce evaluation apprehension in participants Dr. Hugo included ___________ in the scale a. fewer items b. distractor items c. discriminant items d. demographic items
b
In typical data software programs each row represents: a. multiple participants b. a single participant c. a single item d. multiple items
b
Juan is interested in his peers' responses in reaction to spiders. He designs an experimental paradigm where he has fake spiders and real spiders and then monitors his peers' fear responses. Based on Juan's design which variable is the independent variable (IV)? a. fear responses b. type of spider c. diagnosis of arachnophobia d. age of peers
b
Juanita randomly assigned 21 participants to think about the past, the present, or the future, then take a creativity test where they had to generate as many unique uses as possible for a brick. Juanita wants to compare the "future" condition with the other two. Which statistic should she use? a. A one-way ANOVA b. Planned contrasts c. Post-hoc tests d. a priori test
b
Knowing what you know about sample bias, which would be the best and most representative sample to address the following research question: Does an individual's geographic origin and age affect their political affiliations? a. a sample of residents in Alabama between the ages of 18 years and 45 years b. a random sample of residents from each state in the US between ages of 18 years and 99 years c. a random sample of residents from six southern states and six western states between the ages of 18 and 99 years d. a sample of residents in Vermont between the ages of 18 years and 65 years
b
Marisol used statistical software to calculate the Cronbach's alpha for a measure of impulsivity alpha = 0.0. This would suggest: a. too much redundancy among items b. the items of the scale measure different things c. that the items do not relate to another measure d. that the items relate too much to another measure
b
Marjorie felt indifferent so answered straight down the middle of the scale in a survey about her political associations. This bias is referred to as the: a. acquiescent response bias b. error of central tendency c. social desirability bias d. predictive bias
b
Mr. Wright is reviewing a measure of relationship satisfaction and realized that if he wants higher scores to represent higher relationship satisfaction then he needs to ______ before he sums the items to determine the overall score for an individual participant. a. calculate the mean b. reverse-code c. determine the variability d. calculate the standard deviation
b
Murray, a server in a restaurant wonders if writing a simple "thank you" on the check as her delivers it will increase his tips compared to not writing anything at all. What he is most worried about is the individual difference between his patrons in tipping habits, as some people naturally tip at a higher percentage than others. How can Murray reduce this concern? a. by having patrons report their average tipping tendencies b. by using random assignment c. by using random sampling d. by only using patrons that are know to be bad tippers
b
One study examined differences in women who wanted to join sororities and women who did not want to join. Those women who wanted to rush a sorority tended to have a higher need to be the center of attention, but surprisingly did not have a higher need for: a. social self-esteem b. affiliation c. academic success d. exhibitionism
b
One way to improve a scale's precision and minimize the error of central tendency is to: a. use more items b. use more response alternatives c. use fewer items d. use fewer response alternatives
b
Participant scores can vary between two administrations of a measurements because of ______ and not be a reflection of the scale itself. a. bias b. random error c. validity issues d. error of central tendency
b
Post-hoc analyses are: a. statistical tests in which both variables are categorical and determine if the distribution of participants across categories is different than expected. b. statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that we did not predict them ahead of time. c. statistical tests that determine whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others. d. statistical tests that allow a priori decisions to test comparisons between groups predicted ahead of time.
b
Professor Montgomery is interested in testing the utility of a new teaching technique but is worried that individual differences between her students' levels of comprehension of the course material may affect her outcomes. How might she reduce this concern? a. use random sampling b. use random assignment c. use another professor's students d. only examine students who are already doing well in the class
b
Ramona includes multiple distractor questions in the questionnaire she is developing about relationship satisfaction. These distractor questions are to help counteract: a. random error b. hypothesis guessing c. social desirability d. demand characteristics
b
Sabina wishes to use multiple strategies including self-report, interview, and a behavioral measure to answer her research question regarding alcohol use among teenagers. Sabina will most likely be employing: a. baseline measurements b. methodological pluralism c. multigroup design d. planned contrasts
b
Shaunta has a strong belief that she can achieve any academic outcome she sets her mind to. She is displaying a high level of: a. self-esteem b. self-efficacy c. self-concept d. academic performance
b
Tarzanna is writing a research report and has to discuss disadvantages of self-report measures. Which of the following would be correct for Tarzanna to note? a. Self-report measures are not susceptible to social desirability response biases. b. Self-report measures are susceptible to social desirability response biases. c. Self-report measures permit participants to report their own responses. d. Self-report measures have high internal reliability consistencies.
b
The F statistic included in a results write-up for a one-way ANOVA includes all of the following information, EXCEPT: a. F score b. Cronbach's alpha c. between-subjects degrees of freedom d. within-subjects degrees of freedom
b
The _____ experimental control a study has, the _____ internal validity it has. a. more; less b. more; more c. less; more
b
The _____ sensitive a measure is, the _____ ability it has to detect a difference between the experimental and control group. a. more; less b. more; more c. less; more
b
When would using an independent samples t-test be inappropriate? a. when the experimenter has more than two levels of the dependent variable b. when the experimenter has more than two levels of the IV c. when the experimenter is able to show covariation d. when the experimenter is using a control condition
b
Winona is interested in whether the purpose of a scale developed to measure parental discipline practices is known to participants while completing the measure. She wants to know if the scale appears to measure what the participants believe it to measure. This is an example of: a. content validity b. face validity c. construct validity d. convergent validity
b
All of the following can be associated with sensitization effects, EXCEPT: a. active deception b. demand characteristics c. selection bias d. hypothesis guessing
c
An independent samples t-test of between-group differences that fails to reach statistical significance indicates that: a. the hypothesis was supported b. the hypothesis was not supported c. there is not enough evidence to support the hypothesis d. the opposite of the hypothesis was supported
c
As an animal trainer, Melaine wants to test which type of reward (crab vs. fish) will work best in training otters for her new amusement park show. She creates sets of subjects based on both age and the level of previous training before she begins the training. What technique is Melaine using? a. random assingment b. random sampling c. matched pairs d. independence
c
Asking participants to complete two different versions of a scale is an effort to evaluate a scale's: a. internal consistency reliabiltiy b. content validity c. alternative-form reliability d. test-retest reliability
c
Dion is interested in study individual's affinity for warm weather. He decides to sample residents of Miami, Florida, and randomly selects individuals on the beach to complete his survey. Dion's study most likely suffers from: a. lack of reliability b. hypothesis-guessing c. sample bias d. lack of power
c
Dr. Andros is a history professor studying cultural stereotypes. He decides to sample the freshmen and senior classes at his university. This is an example of: a. stratified random sampling b. random sampling c. convenience sampling d. area probability sampling
c
Dr. Herrin was lecturing to his students about random assignment and noted that random assignment is integral to reduce _____ before a study begins. a. power b. random error c. systematic error d. regression to the mean
c
Dr. Hughes wants to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Time 1 and Time 2 administration of his neurocognitive performance measure. The best method of evaluation would be: a. experimental design b. alternative-forms reliability c. correlation d. regression
c
Dr. Kilgore was explaining the process of behavioral diaries and he described the method as recording behaviors: a. from the past b. desired for the future c. in real-time d. that are goals but not actually completed
c
Dr. Neff conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 200 participants was as expected. Dr. Neff was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea. Dr. Neff's results yielded a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence? a. d(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .01 b. χ2(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .55, eta2 = .30 c. χ2 (3, 200) = 13.49, p = .01, ᶲ = .22 d. F(3, 200) = 13.49, p = .42, eta2 = .02
c
Dr. Nixon noted the following results: χ2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the chi-square score in this results write-up? a. 422 b. 6 c. 10.72 d. .2
c
Dr. Nixon noted the following results: χ2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the chi-square score in this results write-up? a. 422 b. 6 c. 10.72 d. .20
c
Dr. Schubert noted the following results: F(2, 94) = .72, p = .02, eta2 = .30. Which of the following numbers represents the F score in this results write-up? a. 2 b. 94 c. .72 d. .30
c
Dr. Toya noted that her PTSD scale correlated highly with scales of similar variables and was uncorrelated with theoretically incompatible variables. This would suggest that Dr. Toya's PTSD scale shows a: a. high degree of discriminant validity b. high degree of convergent validity c. high degree of construct validity d. low degree of construct validity
c
Dr. Trudeau is in the process of a developing a(n) _____ to help standardize participants' experiences and assist researchers in systematically providing instructions to participants. a. adaptive clinical trial b. clinical trial c. protocol d. condition
c
Neil is doing a study on how working groups influences stress and mood. He has three groups: those who work in a group of 10; those who work in a group of 5; and those who work alone. Afterward, all participants list all of their sources of stress and then answer some questions about their current mood, followed by a few demographic questions. Because he is keeping the dependent measure in the same order, which of the following is a possible outcome for this study? a. mood will be lower for those working in a large group .b those working alone will list more sources of stress c. across all participants, mood may be lower after focusing on stress d. participants will complete the demographics inaccurately
c
Nestor is reviewing data for his research lab and is in the process of going down the spreadsheet column and changing responses. He is changing 5s to 1s and 1s to 5s. He is going through the process of: a. item differentiation b. item variability c. reverse-coding d. dummy coding
c
Nita signed up for a medication trial at the local hospital. She was informed that she would be in the group taking a new diet pill and other groups would be taking a new energy pill. Nita began to notice that her clothes felt different, even though the scale showed no difference in her weight. She continued to feel like she was losing weight. At the end of the 6-week trial she was informed by researchers that she in fact was taking a water pill that would have no effect on weight loss. Nita was in the: a. empty control group b. experimental group c. placebo group d. baseline group
c
Professor Tompkins notices that rats run quickly through a maze when exposed to loud noise. Identify which of the following is necessary to transform this observation into a two-group experimental design? a. multiple comparison conditions where rats run through mazes while exposed to several different volumes of noise b. multiple rats to observe running through the maze with loud noise c. a control condition where rats run through a maze without exposure to loud noise d. a subjective way to measure how fast a rat runs
c
Researcher notes are important because they do each of the following, EXCEPT: a. minimize alternative explanations b. document abnormalities c. increase the impact of extraneous variables d. identify issues that arose during data collection that should be considered
c
The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially effected depending on their respective condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information what was the standard deviation for the dog fear condition? a. 7.1 b. 4.20 c. 2.20 d. .67
c
Virtual reality has been used to increase _____ and helps to make a study feel as real as possible. a. temporal precedence b. covariation c. experimental realism d. internal validity
c
When discussing the Cronbach's alpha with regard to a measure of sensation seeking, Ricardo realized that the Cronbach's alpha evaluates the ______ of a scale. a. kappa b. beta c. internal consistency d. test-retest reliability
c
When including a write-up for a correlation in the results section of a manuscript you must include both magnitude and: a. strength b. standard deviation c. direction d. factor loading
c
Which of the following is noted as a key to minimizing systematic differences between multigroup design conditions before a study begins? a. remove covariates b. repeated measure design c. random assignment d. cluster sampling
c
Which of the following may have been a confounding variable in our "TV Show Opinions" study? a. the order in which the shows were shown b. the participants' preferences for watching reality tv shows c. the types of misfortunes experienced by the cast members d. how comfortable participants were while watching the shows
c
Which of the following represents a nondirectional hypothesis? a. Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a negative impact on his course evaulations b. Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a positive impact on his course evaluations c. Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have some type of impact on his course evaluations d. Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will not have an impact on his course evaluations
c
Which of the following would be helpful in reducing the chance of hypothesis-guessing on a measure? a. include more items on the questionnaire b. include less items on the questionnaire c. include distractor questions to help divert attention from the true purpose of the study d. increase the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the measure
c
You are able to do all of the following with a correlational study, EXCEPT: a. evaluate whether changes in one variable correspond with changes in another variable b. determine a positive or negative direction c. conclude cause-and-effect d. explore relationship between two variables
c
Counterbalancing can be used to minimize potential threats to internal validity due to which of the following potential order effects? a. carryover effects b. sensitization effects c. practice effects d. all of the above
d
A school psychologist believes that preschoolers who eat chicken nuggets in the shapes of letters show a greater interest in books. For the experimental group, preschoolers will eat five chicken nuggets shaped like the letters A, E, I, O, and U. What would be the best control group to test the school psychologist's belief? a. a group that eats 5 ounces of macaroni and cheese with noodles shaped like the letters A, E, I, O, and U b. a group that eats a bowl of cereal with alphabet-shaped bits c. a group that eats five chicken nuggets shaped like the letters D, N, R, S, and T d. a group that eats five regularly shaped chicken nuggets
d
Compared with participants in the control condition, participants in the experimental condition should be: a. older b. wealthier c. smarter d. essentially the same
d
Dr. Choi conducted a one-way ANOVA to test whether participant's responses in the psychotherapy treatment condition were different from participants' responses to treatment in both the antidepressant medication and supportive listening conditions as a whole. Dr. Choi did not find a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA? a. d(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02 b. χ(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02, eta2 = .30 c. F(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .02, eta2 = .30 d. F(2, 79) = 2.27, p = .42, eta2 = .02
d
Dr. Fong has 10 experimental conditions that he is exposing participants to and needs to make sure that all experimental conditions are counterbalanced in such a way that each condition appears at every position in the counterbalancing sequence to reduce order effects. Dr. Fong is implementing what type of design? a. chi-square design b. repeated-measure analysis of variance c. ANOVA d. Latin square design
d
Dr. Gustaf is known for his research in romantic partnerships and physical attractiveness. He recently decided to develop a new research study in which he has couples in different stages of their relationships (just met, recently dating, long-term relationship, newly engaged, newly married, married for more than five years, married for more than 10 years) monitor how physically attracted they are to their partner after implementation of different relationship assignments. Dr. Gustaf's research would best be addressed by using what type of design? a. pretest-posttest design b. mixed model design c. mixed factorial design d. repeated-measures design
d
Dr. Henries decided that it would be too difficult and costly to assess all bilingual students among three states receiving federal funding for bilingual studies. Dr. Henries serves as an advisor to the bilingual club on campus as well as advisor to the foreign-language students. Dr. Henries's most cost efficient and timely option for sampling would be: a. simple random sampling b. stratified random sampling c. cluster sampling d. convenience sampling
d
Dr. Nixon noted the following results: x^2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, d = .2. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up? a. 422 b. 6 c. 10.72 d. .2
d
Dr. Nixon noted the following results: χ2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, ᶲ = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the number of participants in this results write-up? a. 422 b. 6 c. 10.72 d. .20
d
Dr. Quezada is concerned about the measurement's ______ and that is why he is thinking at length about the type of response alternatives included in his survey of childhood bullying experiences. a. specificity b. internal consistency c. content validity d. sensitivity
d
Dr. Tykr determined that his null hypothesis is in fact true. This would suggest that Dr. Tykr's study: a. had a low degree of power b. had a moderate to high degree of power c. had an absence of power d. did not yield any significant results
d
Dr. Watkins believes that a participant's anxiety levels following a scare tactic will be strongly related to their ability on a subsequent performance measure. Dr. Watkins is interested in which type of validity? a. content b. construct c. convergent d. criterion
d
Emily wants to know if mood impacts cooperation. She has half of her participants watch a slide show that shows sad images and half watch a slide show of neutral images. Afterward, she gives each participant the opportunity to cooperate on a game with a player in another room. At the end of the study, she collects demographic info and administers a measure of mood. Which element of her study was included as a manipulation check? a. the sad slide show b. the neutral slide show c. the opportunity to cooperate d. the mood measure
d
Gustave is testing whether participants are more likely to comply with a request from an individual wearing a uniform than from someone in more casual clothes. Which of the following questions would be an appropriate manipulation check for his study? a. Did someone ask you for a request? b. What did the requester ask you to do? c. How did you feel in response to the request? d. What was the requester wearing?
d
If Dr. Ryan, a social psychologist, was investigating the relationship between temperature and participants' moods, an example of an extraneous variable would be: a. how hot it is in the study room b. how cold it is in the study room c. self-reports of how happy or sad one feels d. the time of day the study takes place
d
If Emmanuel is concerned about social desirability bias having an impact on his results, he should choose to use which of the following? a. a self-report measure for the independent variable b. a behavioral measure for the independent variable c. a self-report measure for the dependent variable d. a behavioral measure for the dependent variable
d
In a study investigating differences in first-time students in college who joined Greek life and those who did not, it was found that first-time college students who joined Greek organizations scored higher in: a. introversion b. self-esteem c. social deficits d. extraversion
d
Jayla's experimental study revealed a significant result. Which of the following will help to increase her confidence in her findings? a. confirmation bias b. covariation c. a confederate d. replication
d
Jessie is studying how watching different types of movies may lead people to have a better sense of humor. She randomly assigns 200 participants to one of three groups: comedies, action movies, and mysteries. She then has them complete an assessment of their sense of humor. Which of the following is a potential problem for her study? a. some participants will naturally have a better sense of humor than others b. some participants will not like action movies c. some participants may watch a lot of movies and may have already seen the movies she picked d. none of the above, because participants have been randomly assigned
d
Juan is conducting a study to evaluate the effects of music tempo no reaction time while operating a flight simulator. He notices that participants had the quickest reactions for the last song played. Which of the following may represent a threat to internal validity of Juan's study? a. instrumentation b. maturation c. attrition d. testing effects
d
Kimberly wants to know whether running on a treadmill leads to more weight loss than running outside. To test this hypothesis, she randomly assigns participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail. She then measures their weight loss. Would it be appropriate for her to analyze her data using an independent samples t-test? a. no, because she is measuring a naturally occurring relationship b. perhaps, but only if she has an adequate number of participants c. no, because she fails to manipulate the independent variable d. yes, because this is a two-group experimental design
d
Marcus is interested in examining whether attending preschool makes children more extraverted. In designing a study to examine this relationship, which of the following would NOT be a potential extraneous variables? a. the personalities of participants' classmates b. the age at which on starts school c. the personalities of participants' parents d. whether the participant attends preschool
d
Measures with strong face validity encounter several limitations including all of the following, EXCEPT: a. social desirability bias b. demand characteristics c. subjectivity d. objectivity
d
Which of the following would NOT be helpful in reducing social desirability bias in participant responding? a. assuring participants of their anonymity b. assuring participants of their confidentiality c. informing participants there is no pressure or judgment d. informing participants how important the study is and what the researchers hopes to find
d
____ is the extent to which the research setting influences the participant's behavior. a. temporal precedence b. covariation c. internal validity d. experimental realism
d