Research Methods Final

If people score low on one measure and also score low on another measure, there is A. a positive relationship between the two measures B. a negative relationship between the two measures C. no relationship D. a cause and effect relationship

A. a positive relationship between the two measures

A ______ is a brief summary of a psychology article A. abstract B. synopsis C. key word D. author name

A. abstract

You are intrigued by an explanation of children's problem- solving strategies found in a journal article, and so you can develop a research study to determine whether the articles ideas are correct. Your study can be classified as ______ research. A. basic B. applied C. systematic D. necessary

A. basic

Which of the following would be a danger of relying upon a secondary source? A. the author of the secondary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly B. secondary sources typically do not contain the details of methodology that are required for critical evaluation C. the author may describe results incorrectly and the source does not contain details of methodology D. there is no danger bc you can rely on secondary sources for accurate info

A. the author of the secondary source may describe or interpret research results incorrectly

A hypothesis should be A. a well developed and complete explanation of behavior B. a statement that describes the relationship between variables C. an unsupported guess about the causes of behavior D. considered to be unscientific and therefore not part of the scientific method

B. a statement that describes the relationship between variables

Which one of the following examples violates APA ethical guidelines concerning deception A. all of the other options violate the ethical guidelines concerning deception B. administering shocks without giving participants advanced warning and obtaining consent C. administering shocks even with advanced warning and informed consent D. informed consent that tells participant that they will receive shocks even though no shocks are administered

B. administering shocks without giving participants advanced warning and obtaining consent

A researcher initiates a study to determine whether there is a significant decrease in student stress if class quizzes are announced rather than given "pop" quizzes. This study can be classified as... A. basic B. applied C. systematic D. necessary

B. applied

Research studies that are intended to answer practical problems would be classified as A. basic B. applied C. systematic D. necessary

B. applied

Which section of research article is most likely to help you develop ideas for selecting participants and measuring the variables for your own study? A. intro B. method C. results D. discussion

B. method

A researcher decides to copy a study exactly. This is referred to as... A. empiricism B. replication C. control D. tenacity

B. replication

A newspaper article discussing someone's research is an example of ____ source A. primary B. secondary C. premier D. germinal

B. secondary

Pseudoscience is A. based on testable and refutable hypothesis B. based on objective and unbiased evidence C. based on subjective evidence D. based on all the other options

C. based on subjective evidence

Counting the number of people who smile at a baby stroller as they pass by is an example of ____ measure. A. self-report B. survey C. behavioral D. physiological

C. behavioral

Visual illusions, such as the vertical/ horizontal illusion, provide a demonstration of one problem with the _____ of knowing or acquiring knowledge. A. rational method B. method of authority C. empirical method D. scientific method

C. empirical method

A student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat is using... A. the method of empiricism B. the method of faith C. the method of tenacity D. the method of authority

C. the method of faith

For which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer? A. how many angels can stand on the head of a pin? B. is abortion moral or immoral? C. what conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom? D. how would life be diff. if the computer had never been invented?

C. what conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?

A disadvantage of using an operational definition is that A. may not be an accurate reflection of the construct B. may leave out important components of the construct C. may include extra components that are not part of the construct D. all of the options are disadvantages

D. all of the options are disadvantages

A good hypothesis must A. refer to variables that can be observed or measured B. make a positive statement about existence of an effect or a relationship C. allow for the possibility that the observations will not support the hypothesis D. all options

D. all options

An EEG, heart rate, and brain activity are all examples of ______ measures. A. self-report B. survey C. behavioral D. physiological

D. physiological

A measurement procedure can be reliable but not valid. T or F

T

Ideas for research can come from casual observation of the people around you T or F

T

The best strategy for finding a research idea is to begin with general topic are T or F

T

To determine how much difference there is bw individuals, you must use either an interval or ration scale of measurement. T or F

T

Using someone else's ideas in your research report without citing them is plagiarism, even if you paraphrase and use your own words. T or F

T

Using the amount of class participation as a definition of self-confidence is an example of an operational definition. T or F

T

You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on standardized measure of self-efficacy, You have demonstrated... A. concurrent validity B. divergent validity C. predictive validity D. reliability

A. concurrent validity

If a researcher tells stories at a party describing the behavior of individual participants in his or her research study, then which ethical principle is being compromised? A. confidentiality B. no harm C. informed consent D. anonymitity

A. confidentiality

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that participants cannot understand, then the researcher has violated A. informed consent B. confidentiality C. no harm D. anonymity

A. informed consent

The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that A. it ensures that there will be enough participants in each group to be able to make statistical decisions concerning the group B. it provides a sample that is guaranteed to be representative of the population C. it ensures that no single group is over-represented in the sample D. the other three choices

A. it ensures that there will be enough participants in each group to be able to make statistical decisions concerning the group

A patient who demands a second opinion before agreeing to surgery, is double checking info obtained by the A. method of authority B. rational method C. empirical method D. method of intuition

A. method of authority

If you deliberately omit informing your participants about the true nature of your study in a questionnaire, you are committing A. passive deception B. fraud C. plagiarism D. active deception

A. passive deception

A _________ source contains original research reports A. primary B. secondary C. premier D. germinla

A. primary

Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory using participants above the age of 65. Bc she cannot include all people above the age of 65, she selects A. sample B. world C. population D. subgroup

A. sample

Which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question? A. title B. abstract C. discussion D. results section

A. title

Finding out why clients diagnosed with schizophrenia do not consistently taker their meds would be an example of A. basic B. applied C. pseudoresearch D. commonsense research

B. applied research

Using a general hypothesis to develop a testable prediction involves the sue of A. induction B. deduction C. analysis D. synthesis

B. deduction

When you identify a gap in the literature, you A. have found a poor study B. have found a research idea C. are dealing with a poorly researched area D. are wise to switch topics

B. have found a research idea

A measurement procedure is valid if A. produces measurements that are stable and consistent B. measures what you intend it to measure C. produces measurements that make sense D. produces measurements that are obvious

B. measures what you intend it to measure

Using number of facial smiles in a 60 second period as a definition and a measurement of happiness is an example of _______ happiness A. validating B. operationalizing C. desynchronizing D. sensitizing

B. operationalizing

Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and F) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a ______ scale of measurement. A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

B. ordinal

What are "confederates" in a research study? A. experimenters B. people who pretend to be participants C. people who pretend to be experimenters D. participants

B. people who pretend to be participants

A group of students in a cooking class is trying to find a faster way to bake a cake. They know that it takes 30 minutes to bake a cake at 350 degrees, so they figure that it should take only 15 minutes at 700 degrees. These students are using _____ to solve the problem. A. method of empiricism B. rational method C. method of authority D. scientific method

B. rational method

A _________ source summarizes info from the other sources of original research reports. A. primary B. secondary C. premier D. germinal

B. secondary

The review of the literature in the intro section of a research report is an example of a _______ source A. primary B. secondary C. premier D. germinal

B. secondary

Although ______ sources can be good starting points for a lit search, you must rely on ______ sources for the details of the original research A. primary, secondary B. secondary, primary C. textbook, journal D. journal, textbook

B. secondary, primary

A class consists of 20 girls and 12 boys. The names of all the students in a class are listed on separate pieces of paper. The teacher places all the boys names in one hat and all the girls names in another hat and then draws 5 names from each hat. The teacher is using A. simple random sampling B. stratified random sampling C. proportionate stratified random sampling D. cluster sampling

B. stratified random sampling

A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four diff. ethnic groups of students at a local state college. To obtain participants for the study, the researcher should probably use ______ A. simple random sampling B. stratified random sampling C. proportionate stratified random sampling D. systematic sampling

B. stratified random sampling

Researchers want to generalize their results to the entire group of individuals. This entire group is called A. accessible population B. target population C. representative population D. real population

B. target population

What is demonstrated by showing that the scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the sam measurement procedure last week? A. predictive validity B. test- retest reliability C. inter-rater reliability D. construct validity

B. test- retest reliability

Which of the following is not a good hypothesis? A. academic performance will improve if students begin classes earlier in the day B. there would be less racial tension today if Abraham Lincoln had not been assassinated C. children can learn a new language faster than adults can D. people can respond faster to a sound stimulus than to a light stimulus

B. there would be less racial tension today if Abraham Lincoln had not been assassinated

Participants taking on the negativistic subject role are participants who A. are concerned that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate them B. try to act so that their data are in contrast with the hypothesis C. try to act so that their data are consistent with the hypothesis D. try to avoid acting on the basis of their suspicions

B. try to act so that their data are in contrast with the hypothesis

You find some mushrooms growing in your backyard and want to find out whether or not they are poisonous, so you eat a few to see what happens. This is an example of the ______ of knowing or acquiring knowledge. A. rational method B. method of authority C. empirical method D. scientific method

C. empirical method

If a participant is pressured or coerced into a participating study by someone in authority, which ethical principal is being ignored? A. clinical equipoise B. confidentiality C. informed consent D. beneficence

C. informed consent

The goal in conducting a literature search is to A. learn of the existing knowledge in an area B. identify a gap in that knowledge C. learn of existing knowledge and identify a gap in that knowledge D. find the most recently published article in the area

C. learn of existing knowledge and identify a gap in that knowledge

Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks? A. method of empiricism B. rational method C. method of authority D. scientific method

C. method of authority

Which of the following is not a basic characteristic of scientific research? A. is public B. is empirical C. must be conducted in a lab D. is objective

C. must be conducted in a lab

It is possible for psychologists to study constructs such as hunger, motivation, and self esteem bc these variables can be indirectly measured using A. hypothetical constructs B. interval or ratio scales C. operational definitions D. participant reactivity

C. operational definitions

What kind of sampling technique requires that you can get a list of all the individuals in the population? A. quota sampling B. convenience sampling C. probability sampling D. non probability sampling

C. probability sampling

Using which of the following databases will result in quality psychological info being found about a keyword A. yahoo B. world wide web C. psycinfo D. AOL

C. psycinfo

Which section of research article provides a complete list of all the publications cited in the article? A. bibliography B. citation list C. reference D. discussion

C. reference

Measurement that includes a large error component will have very low A. face validity B. concurrent validity C. reliability D. all of the above

C. reliability

A cluster sample usually does not qualify as a true random sample bc A. the individual groups selected are not usually chosen using a random process B. the selections are not ind. of each other C. the individuals within each group are usually not ind. D. all other choices are correct

C. the individuals within each group are usually not ind.

The method of faith is a on subtype of which other method of inquiry? A. method of empiricism B. rational method C. method of authority D. scientific method

C. the method of authority

Which of the following is least likely to be a part of the scientific method? A. the method of empiricism B. the rational method C. the method of tenacity D. the method of authority

C. the method of tenacity

Which questions should you ask when reading the introduction of an article? A. is the literature up to date? B. is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed? C. does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis? D. all three choices

D. all three choices

You can limit psycinfo search by A. limiting the publication type of peer reviewed journal B. limiting the methodology to empirical study C. limiting the age group or population D. all three options

D. all three options

If the individuals your sample have characteristics that are noticeably different from the individuals in the population, your sample is A. representative B. random C. stratified D. biased

D. biased

The discussion section of the article contains A. details of the results B. details of the methodology C. an intro to the topic area D. conclusions and applications of research

D. conclusions and applications of research

A variable such as intelligence that cannot be seen or measured directly is known as a A. theory B. theoretical variable C. operational variable D. construct

D. construct

Which type of validity requires multiple research studies, usually conducted over a long period of time? A. face B. concurrent C. predictive D. construct

D. construct

What kind of validity requires that a researcher uses two different ways to measure the same variable? A. face B. predictive C. concurrent D. convergent

D. convergent

Which section of research article is most likely to provide suggestions for additional research? A. intro B. method C. results D. discussion

D. discussion

A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children. However, the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children's reading ability. To show that the test is really measuring intelligence and not reading ability, the researcher must demonstrate ________ validity. A. face B. concurrent C. convergent D. divergent

D. divergent

Two observers record similar measurements of behavior for a group of children they are watching. The researchers have established what kind of reliability? A. split-half reliability B. internal reliability C. test-retest reliability D. inter-rater reliability

D. inter-rater reliability

The major disadvantage of a simple random sample is that A. it ensures that there will be enough participants in each subset of the pop. to be able to make statistical decisions concerning the subset B. it ensures that no single group is over represented in the sample C. it ensures that the sample will provide an accurate representation of the pop. D. it ensures that the selection procedure is unbiased although the outcome may be biased

D. it ensures that the selection procedure is unbiased although the outcome may be biased

Which modality of measurement is least likely to be distorted by the participant's or the researchers subjective interpretation? A. self-report B. survey C. behavioral D. physiological

D. physiological

"Ethics" is concerned with A. moral v. immoral B. right v. wrong C. truth v. falsehood D. proper v. improper

D. proper v. improper

If your primary concern is that the composition of your sample should accurately reflect the composition of the pop., then you should use A. parametric sampling B. cluster sampling C. stratified sampling D. proportionate stratified sampling

D. proportionate stratified sampling

After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob's score is three times greater than Jane's score. Theses measurements must come from a _____ scale. A. nominal B. ordinal C. interval D. ratio

D. ratio

A _______ measure produces similar results when the same individuals are measured under identical conditions. A. valid B. accurate C. good D. reliable

D. reliable

A researcher conducts a study in which 50 rats are assigned to diff. treatments and tested. In the study, the rats are called A. research associates B. research cohorts C. research participants D. research subjects

D. research subjects

A professor teaching an introductory psychology class of 200 students obtains a sample of 25 students by selecting every 8th name from the class list. The professor is using A. simple random sampling B. convenience sampling C. proportionate stratified random sampling D. systematic sampling

D. systematic sampling

A person who buys a lottery ticket bc he just feels lucky is using... A. the method of empiricism B. the method of faith C. the rational method D. the method of intuition

D. the method of intuition

Which of the following is a potential problem with the method of authority? A. a person may claim to be an expert when he or she really is not B. an "expert" answer may be only a personal, subjective opinion C. an expert may be giving answers outside his or her area of expertise D. the other three choices are potential problems

D. the other three choices are potential problems

The danger of full text databases is that A. they contain non-refereed publications B. they contain too many publications to be useful C. they contain secondary sources only D. they contain only a fraction of the publications in an area

D. they contain only a fraction of the publications in an area

According to the principle of clinical equipoise, it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments A. when there is no info about the effectiveness of either treatment B. when the treatments are known to be equally effective C. when experts disagree about the effectiveness of the treatments D. when one treatment is known to be more effective than the other

D. when one treatment is known to be more effective than the other

A researcher decided not to report the data from the three participants whose results contradicted the researchers hypothesis. This is acceptable because it makes the results more consistent T or F

F

A textbook is a primary source T or F

F

All journal articles are primary sources T or F

F

All researchers, independent of where they receive their funding and what area of research they conduct, follow the same ethical guidelines T or F

F

Humans who participate in a research study are called research subjects. T or F

F

Mens shirt sizes are classified small, medium, large, extra large. This is an example of measurement on a nominal scale. T or F

F

You have dinner reservations at 7:30 at a restaurant that is 30 minutes away and it is already 7:20. Based on this info, you know that you are going to be late. This is an example of using the empirical method. T or F

F

A researcher records the number of mathematics problems answered correctly during a 15 minute period. This is an example of measurement on a ration scale. T or F

T

According to the APA guidelines, it is unethical to offer pay to participants to entice them to participate in research that they might otherwise avoid. T or F

T

An important element of the scientific method is that research results should be made public. T or F

T

In the scientific method, the actual research study is not done until after the researcher has formed a hypothesis and made a specific prediction. T or F

T

It is best to let the background literature lead you to a new research idea T or F

T

Many predictions can come from one hypothesis T or F

T

One goal of your background reading is to fin an unanswered research question T or F

T