Research Methods TEST 1

40. Researchers studying children and attempting to develop a classification system for children's play are illustrating which of psychology's goals? a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. control

A Description

9. Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce's ways of fixing belief? a. the a priori method b. the method of direct experience c. the scientific method d. the method of authority

A. The a priori method

7. Which of the following is true about relying on authority as a way of searching for the truth? a. the authority could be wrong b. it is a problem for nonscientists but not for scientists c. it is almost certain that the authority's knowledge is based on subjective experience only d. authority should seldom if ever be believed-people should discover things for themselves

A. The authority could be wrong

24. The method of introspection was gradually replaced by behavioral methods because a. the latter were more objective b. the latter yielded more in depth descriptions of one's personal experience c. introspection required considerable training but no training is required to use behavioral methods d. behavioral methods allowed a closer examination of mental processes

A. The latter were more objective

18. Concerning the assignment of risk, where would you place the participants in Milgram's experiment? a. at minimal risk b. at risk c. experiencing no risk d. none of the above

B at risk

16. If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be a. experiencing no risk b. at risk c. at minimal risk d. none of the above

C at minimal risk

43. Psychologists would conclude that frustration was a cause of aggression if it could be shown that a. when frustration occurred, aggression also occurred with some regularity b. other explanations for the aggression could be ruled out under the circumstances c. the frustration preceded the aggression d. all of the above

D all the above

41. Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called a. explanations b. theories c. predictions d. laws

D laws

9. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. Which of the following is true? a. the standards are "aspirational goals" guiding the general behavior of psychologists b. the principles are "enforceable rules of conduct" for psychologists c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above

D none of the above

44. When psychologists use the various principles that have been established through research to help people, they are meeting the goal of a. description b. prediction c. explanation d. application

D. Application

47. "Ergonomic" psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates the use of which of psychology's goals? a. description b. explanation c. prediction d. application

D. Application

34. Which of the following is true about graphology? a. it relies on anecdotes as supporting evidence b. it reduces complexity to simplicity c. it uses multiple measurements and calculations to appear scientific d. all of the above

D. all of the above

16. Relying on Peirce's a priori method as a way of fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest b. My country, right or wrong c. Nothing will ever convince me that men have been on the moon d. Of course it's right—it was in the book

a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest

50. In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionists criticized a. Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning b. Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study c. Small's pioneering maze learning studies d. any medical research involving either humans or animals

a. Watson's research on determining which senses contributed to maze learning

8. What was the "critical incidents" technique? a. a survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists b. a 10-point scale measuring the severity of an ethical infraction c. a procedure for identifying studies that were ethically questionable but "critical" for advancing psychological science d. a procedure whereby psychologists were sent a set of 50 experiments and asked to criticize them on ethical grounds

a. a survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists

30. Empirical questions a. are answerable with objective data b. cannot be answered via scientific methods c. are best answered through Peirce's a priori method d. can only be answered relying on accounts of personal experiences

a. are answerable with objective data

10. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weigh the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this? a. beneficence and nonmaleficence b. integrity c. justice d. fidelity and responsibility

a. beneficence and nonmaleficence

24. According to the APA's ethics code for humans, those who volunteer for a study a. can quit at any time, without penalty b. must be debriefed at the end of the study, if they request it c. must sign an informed consent form that fully explains all aspects of the study ahead of time, including its complete hypothesis d. must complete the study, once they begin

a. can quit at any time, without penalty

48. The statement "Many students likely fear taking the research methods course" is an example of ________ behavior; the statement "The fear of taking the research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip" is an example of _________ behavior. a. describing; explaining b. describing; predicting c. explaining; predicting d. predicting; explaining

a. describing; explaining

3. The purpose of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study was to a. determine if emotional responses could be conditioned b. evaluate the effectiveness of a therapy for treating children's fears c. determine the stimuli that produced the basic emotions d. see if humans learned in the same way as animals

a. determine if emotional responses could be conditioned

20. A study that involves naturalistic observation of public behavior would likely receive the following designation from an IRB a. exempt from review b. expedited review c. full review d. none of the above

a. exempt from review

39. Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________. a. explanation; stress reduction b. explanation; consent c. stress reduction; explanation d. stress reduction; consent

a. explanation; stress reduction

25. To be data driven is to a. insist on empirical support for assertions b. use scientific methods even when they are inappropriate c. collect more data than is really necessary in order to answer an empirical question d. insist that the only valid question is an empirical question

a. insist on empirical support for assertions

22. Which of the following is true about an IRB? a. its membership includes nonscientists b. it always judges the methodological soundness of studies c. its approval is not needed for research completed outside a laboratory d. its decisions can be appealed to the APA ethics board

a. its membership includes nonscientists

12. The problem with relying on a belief that "experience is the best teacher" is that a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias b. our experiences seldom provide any information about what life is like c. relying on experience makes us overlook the most important source of knowledge—authorities d. none of the above—personal experience is the only reliable way to truth

a. our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias

2. A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing a. process over content b. content over process c. basic rather than applied research d. applied rather than basic research

a. process over content

14. When planning any study, the research psychologist faces the conflicting demands of producing meaningful research and a. respecting the rights of human participants b. wasting time by doing an experiment that doesn't come out as predicted c. getting something published d. being sure to avoid any deception of participants

a. respecting the rights of human participants

5. What was Myrtle McGraw's purpose in doing the "pin-pricking" study with infants? a. she wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants b. she wished to determine if the infants would habituate to the pin pricks and not notice them c. she was studying fear conditioning, but using better controls than Watson d. she was examining which parts of the body were most sensitive to skin punctures

a. she wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants

46. Which of the following is an example of predicting behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects

a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests

21. IRB's have been criticized by some researchers in psychology. Which of the following is an often-heard and serious criticism? a. there is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's b. IRB procedures slow down the research process c. because psychologists have always had a keen sensitivity to ethical issues, IRB's are not really needed d. IRB's should be made up of research scientists only—nonscientists just don't get it

a. there is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's

36. Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee syphilis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers were really studying poverty, not syphilis c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled participants should only be studiedin research concerning mental disability d. confidentiality was violated when patients were described in a news story

a. there was a complete absence of informed consent

25. Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because a. without it, participants might not behave naturally b. without it, participants would be less likely to volunteer c. most participants really cannot understand the complexity of research in psychology d. participants expect to be deceived

a. without it, participants might not behave naturally

7. When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the __________ method. a. informed consent b. critical incidents c. ethics case study d. archival

b critical incidents

15. If a study is planned by a research psychologist but actually carried out by a graduate student, who holds primary responsibility for the "dignity and welfare" of the participants? a. the graduate student b. the research psychologist c. the Institutional Review Board (i.e., neither the student nor the psychologist) d. the participants themselves (buyer beware)

b the research psychologist

31. Which of the following is not an empirical question? a. Can prayer reduce blood pressure? b. Are prayers regularly answered by God? c. Do college seniors pray for different things than college freshmen? d. none of these are empirical questions — prayer is too private

b. Are prayers regularly answered by God?

29. Which of the following is most clearly phrased as an empirical question? a. Are newborns essentially good or bad? b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell? c. Are the mind and body two separate entities? d. Is there life after death?

b. Do Catholics believe in the reality of Hell?

42. Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur? a. X and Y covary b. X and Y should occur simultaneously c. alternative explanations for Y can be ruled out d. variation in X produces predictable variation in Y

b. X and Y should occur simultaneously

47. Most research psychologists believe that a. "sentient" animals have the same basic rights as humans b. animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people c. ethical guidelines are essential for research with humans, but not so for research with animals d. animal research has no relevance for understanding human behavior

b. animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people

14. Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don't support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes a. use the availability heuristic b. have a confirmation bias c. decide on the truth on the basis of logic rather than direct experience d. rely too much on introspection

b. have a confirmation bias

6. Dennis studied a pair of female twins. What was true about his study? a. he obtained parental consent before testing them b. he was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development c. he was able to show that twins have about the same IQ, even if raised in different environments d. it was the first developmental psychology study to use assent in addition to consent

b. he was interested in whether environmental deprivation would affect development

19. Research psychologists believe all of the following except a. the causes of behavior can be discovered by using scientific methods b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made c. it may not be possible to predict behavior with certainty d. making effective choices requires that events be predictable

b. if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made

30. The Society for Research in Child Development publishes a set of ethical guidelines that supplement the APA code. One such guideline applies when studying school age children in a school setting. In this research, which of the following is true? a. no student in a class can be tested unless all students in the class agree to be tested b. in addition to parents, the students' teachers should also give their consent c. at least one representative parent must be recruited to observe the research trials d. because some children might be reluctant to participate, it is OK to provide them with incentives large enough to get them to volunteer

b. in addition to parents, the students' teachers should also give their consent

41. If a researcher is concerned about _______, then the researcher may ask participants to not disclose any information to others until the study is completed. a. deception b. participant crosstalk c. confidentiality d. desensitizing

b. participant crosstalk

23. Which of the following is not part of the APA's ethics code for humans? a. those who are at least at minimal risk must give their informed consent b. people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it c. participants must be thoroughly debriefed at the end of a study d. participants must be assured of confidentiality

b. people may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it

3. A research methods course is to a social psychology course as ______ is to ______. a. content; process b. process; content c. scientific; nonscientific d. philosophy; sociology

b. process; content

13. Milgram's participants thought they were in a study about _______ when in fact they were in a study about _________. a. obedience; punishment and learning b. punishment and learning; obedience c. obedience; helping behavior d. helping behavior; obedience

b. punishment and learning; obedience

35. What did the Willowbrook and Tuskegee studies have in common? a. took advantage of mentally ill participants b. questionable informed consent procedures c. first uses of effective debriefing d. first medical studies to use proper control procedures

b. questionable informed consent procedures

17. Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief? a. scientific thinking via logical deduction b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences c. a priori thinking—they reason that it would have been better to go with the first hunch or instinct d. none of the above—students in fact believe that they are successful when they change answers

b. social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences

37. What distinguishes the following two historical examples of ethically "challenged" incidents: the Willowbrook case and the MK-ULTRA case? a. Willowbrook broke confidentiality; MK-ULTRA was a failure to debrief b. the Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society c. Willowbrook failed on the issue of assent, but was adequate on the issue of consent; the opposite was true of MK-ULTRA d. Willowbrook involved human participants, while MK-ULTRA used animals

b. the Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society

49. Eleanor Gibson's creation of the visual cliff was motivated by her interest in a. the ability to perceive details at great distance b. the perception of depth c. experimental extinction of a conditioned response d. discovering an alternative to introspection

b. the perception of depth

26. Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except a. they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body) c. they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion d. they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods

b. they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body)

26. A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results? a. fully informed subjects were more adversely affected by the noise than uninformed subjects b. uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed c. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is not needed for that type of research d. there was no difference between the two types of participants, thereby showing that deception is needed for that type of research

b. uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed

38. In debriefing after helping behavior studies, experimenters often emphasize that some situations are often so powerful that nobody could be expected to help. This portion of the postexperimental session is emphasizing what Holmes referred to as a. debriefing b. dehoaxing c. desensitizing d. both alternatives b. and c.

c desensitizing

11. In the original Milgram obedience experiment, the research participants played the role of a. experimenter b. learner c. teacher d. either learner or teacher, depending on a coin toss

c teacher

1. People are using their own personal system of ethics when they make statements like this: a. I enjoy watching baseball on TV b. I think I'll cut the grass tomorrow instead of today c. I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children d. I don't think it is a good idea to take a research methods course until after you've taken a statistics course

c. I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children

2. All of the following are the kinds of statements that derive from one's system of ethics except a. I don't think it is appropriate to allow children to watch more than three hours of TV per day b. People should not be allowed to have pets; it's slavery c. I don't think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain d. If you spare the rod, you will produce an emotionally healthy child

c. I don't think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain

8. Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements? a. Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God b. Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all c. My country, right or wrong d. It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousness

c. My country, right or wrong

29. Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found? a. a statement of the possible risks for participating b. a mechanism for contacting the researcher after the participation is over c. a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis d. an assurance of confidentiality

c. a statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis

28. Consent forms typically include a. a brief survey eliciting participant opinions about psychological research b. the precise research hypothesis being tested c. an assurance of confidentiality d. a statement indicating that participants must complete the study once they start it

c. an assurance of confidentiality

37. In general, pseudoscientific theories a. take fairly simple behavioral phenomena and overly complicate them b. recognize the weakness of relying on anecdotal evidence c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms d. reject the idea that their theories should be tested by collecting empirical data

c. avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms

12. The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. The general principles are "aspirational goals." Which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal? a. concern for the rights and dignity of others b. ethnic quotas for admission to graduate school in psychology c. blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author) d. the obligation for psychologists to provide some of their services free of charge

c. blind review of research articles (reviewer doesn't know name of article's author)

5. Why is it important for professional psychologists to be familiar with research methods? a. they might need to perform an evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an agency's program b. they might need to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some new clinical treatment for depression c. both alternatives a. and b. are true d. none of the above—professional psychologists only need to apply the results of research; they need not be familiar with how the research was done

c. both alternatives a. and b. are true

34. How did researchers justify the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. they believed the ultimate goal of eliminating hepatitis at the institution justified the deliberate exposure to hepatitis b. they believed that hepatitis was so rampant that the participants would be likely to contract it anyway c. both of the above justifications were used d. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study

c. both of the above justifications were used

15. According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why? a. they seem more human that way b. by seeking out controversies with other scientists, they keep their aging minds sharp c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test d. none of the above—because they are objective, dispassionate, and ruled only by data, "tenacity" is not a term that characterizes scientists

c. by vigorously advocating their theory, it won't be abandoned without a thorough test

28. Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called a. introspective questions b. authoritative questions c. empirical questions d. nonempirical questions

c. empirical questions

19. At a university or college, the Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that a. evaluates proposals and awards grant money to researchers b. evaluates the methodological soundness of research proposals c. evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals d. accomplishes all three of the tasks outlined in alternatives a., b., and c.

c. evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals

50. B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when a. he repeated Pavlov's famous experiments (i.e., followed authority) b. he reasoned that an absence of reinforcement would eliminate a behavior c. his apparatus malfunctioned d. he forgot to feed his animals

c. his apparatus malfunctioned

33. Phrenology eventually failed as science because a. it was shown that localization of brain function does not occur b. its measures failed the test of objectivity c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome d. it abandoned its use of the anecdotal method

c. it avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome

4. Which of the following is not listed in the text as a reason for taking a research methods course? a. it helps the student become a critical consumer of information b. it is essential for admission to most graduate schools c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding d. it provides a foundation for achieving a better understanding of other psychology courses

c. it is the most important course in the psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding

33. Which of the following is true of the Willowbrook hepatitis study? a. there was a complete absence of informed consent b. the researchers made no attempt to justify the study c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability d. patient confidentiality was violated

c. it violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability

21. A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that a. science is free from human biases b. psychologists assume that people are essentially machines c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer d. results of research are always reported in terms of numbers (statistics)

c. observations can be verified by more than a single observer

32. In a study using prisoners, special care must be taken to insure that a. families of the prisoners give consent b. deception is never used c. prisoners don't feel coerced into participating d. provide incentives large enough to gain the trust of the prisoners

c. prisoners don't feel coerced into participating

36. Which of the following is true about pseudoscience? a. pseudosciences seldom last very long because they are so easily falsified b. to create apparent legitimacy, they take simple phenomena and add unnecessary complexity c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories d. all science eventually becomes pseudoscience

c. pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories

42. Sullivan and Deiker asked psychologists and students to evaluate the ethical appropriateness of several deception studies. What did they find? a. for the psychologists it was "anything goes"; the students were deeply concerned b. psychologists were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were students c. students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists d. psychologists found some of the procedures questionable; students found all of the procedures questionable

c. students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists

32. Phrenology originated in the legitimate scientific attempt to a. find a good measure of personality b. prove that humans were descended from apes c. study localization of brain function d. none of the above—like other pseudosciences, phrenology had no connection with legitimate science

c. study localization of brain function

22. An objective observation is one a. that can only be made by a mechanical recording device b. completely free from any personal bias on the part of the observer c. that can be verified by a second observer d. that cannot be questioned

c. that can be verified by a second observer

13. If our experiences include some unforgettable events, we might overestimate how often those kinds of events occur. This is called a. belief perseverance b. a confirmation bias c. the availability heuristic d. the a priori heuristic

c. the availability heuristic

27. With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public? a. the desire for objectivity b. the emphasis of supporting claims with data c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative d. the reliance on empirical questions

c. the recognition that conclusions are tentative

1. What do the preface to Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology and the original constitution of the American Psychological Association have in common? a. they both defined psychology as the study of behavior b. they both recognized that psychology was a subdivision of philosophy c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology d. they both defined psychology as the study of the mind

c. they both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology

4. How did Watson and Rayner justify doing the Little Albert study? a. they knew they would be removing the fear at the end of the study; thus Albert would leave the experiment without the fear b. they had the parents' informed consent and the approval of the IRB c. they thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure d. none of the above - they gave no thought to the ethical dimensions of their study

c. they thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure

31. In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent? a. this is when the parents give consent b. this is when the teachers allow their classroom to be used in the study c. this is when the children agree to participate d. this is when the children are given concrete rewards for participating

c. this is when the children agree to participate

17. If there is minimal or no risk to participants, the IRB will a. not have to consider the case b. typically complete a formal review (just to be sure) c. typically complete an expedited review d. always approve the research

c. typically complete an expedited review

49. In their visual cliff research, Gibson and Walk studied both children and goats. Why goats? a. goat and human visual systems are identical b. goats could be placed on the visual cliff while blindfolded; you cannot do that to children c. unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation d. goats can move through the environment at about the same time as humans

c. unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation

48. Why did Gibson and Walk study animals in the visual cliff studies? a. the animals could be raised in visual isolation b. animals can be fully mobile without a matter of hours c. studying animals enabled them to control for perceptual experience d. all of the above

d all the above

39. A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claims is to a. collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text) b. compare graphology's results with those of valid and reliable personality tests c. avoid anecdotal evidence d. all of the above

d. all of the above

27. In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue? a. confidentiality b. debriefing c. following up on participants to insure their well being d. allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure

d. allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure

46. Which of the following is true about the use of animals in psychological research? a. animals used to be subjects in the majority of psychological research; they are now used in less than 1% of the studies b. animals are no longer used in psychological research c. animals are used in about half of the studies done by research psychologists d. animals are used in about 8% of psychological research

d. animals are used in about 8% of psychological research

6. When students assume that their textbook must be correct, they are relying on _________ as a way of knowing. a. the a priori method b. experience c. creativity d. authority

d. authority

11. Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of fixing belief because a. it was especially prone to a confirmation bias b. the use of logic is not really needed for arriving at truth c. it really meant nothing more than relying on authority d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions

d. carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions

10. As a way of fixing belief, Peirce's a priori method relies heavily on a. belief perseverance b. drawing conclusions from making systematic observations of nature c. relying on the expertise of others d. convincing others through logical arguments

d. convincing others through logical arguments

40. During debriefing, the experiment must be prepared to reassure the participant if the procedures have created some stress. This part of debriefing is called a. informed consent b. insuring confidentiality c. dehoaxing d. desensitizing

d. desensitizing

38. People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one's personality. One reason is motivational—having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. availability heuristic d. effort justification

d. effort justification

18. As psychologists use the term, determinism means that a. free choice does not exist b. all the events of our lives have been "determined" ahead of time c. every event has a cause that can be known and discovered with certainty d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability

d. events can be predicted with greater than chance probability

23. The major shortcoming with introspection as a method was that a. it relied too heavily on the a priori method b. it was used to answer philosophical rather than empirical questions c. it relied too heavily on direct observations of behavior d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective

d. observations could not be verified—they were too subjective

43. According to APA guidelines, when is it considered appropriate to deceive participants about the true purpose of the study? a. never b. only when debriefing is excluded (therefore participants won't need to discover that they have been deceived) c. only when the subjects are nonhuman d. only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way

d. only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way

45. Which of the following is an example of describing behavior? a. students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests b. test anxiety results from an early history of school failure c. test anxiety can be reduced through relaxation training d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects

d. test anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects

20. What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about human freedom of choice? a. free choices are really determined ahead of time by fate b. the concept is meaningless if determinism is true c. because determinism is true, we might think we have free choice, but we don't d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable

d. the ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable

44. Research using the Internet is increasing. Which of the following guideline is least likely to be a problem for participants? a. informed consent b. confidentiality and privacy c. debriefing d. the option to quit any time

d. the option to quit any time

45. Which of the following problems is unique to electronic research? a. it is impossible to accomplish debriefing b. deception might occur c. participants might think they cannot quit the experiment without penalty d. there is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older

d. there is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older

35. All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except a. they try to confuse the naive by associating with concepts from legitimate science b. they rely exclusively on anecdotal evidence for support c. they cannot be adequately falsified d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex

d. they take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex