Respiratory labs Physio

rapid ventilation generally accompanied by an increase in ventilation volume.

Tachypnea

age and height.

There are many factors that affect an individual's lung volumes and capacities besides gender. What are two other factors?

medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Although you do have some conscious control over your breathing, ventilation is a reflex regulated by the primary respiratory centers of what 3 places?

volume of air available in the respiratory zone and thus available for gas exchange (Tidal volume - conduction zone volume) X respiratory rate

Alveolar ventilation

increase

An increase in the PCO₂, a decrease in blood pH, and a decrease in the PO₂ would all be expected to lead to an ________ in minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation

involuntary cessation of breathing. This is expected to begin at the end of an expiration when no stimulus to breathe is given.

Apnea vera

passageway for air. Includes anatomic dead space. does not allow for exchange of gases

Conduction zone

PO2 is in normal range. PCO2 decreases but still in normal range. blood pH decreases due to metabolic acids, not due to ventilation

Discuss PCO2 and PO2, and also blood pH during Hyperpnea.

Hyperventilation would be expected to result in the following systemic arterial blood changes: a decrease in the PCO2, 'blowing off CO₂', an increase in pH, and an increase in the PO2.

Discuss PCO2 and PO2, and also blood pH during Hyperventilation.

Hypoventilation would be expected to result in the following systemic arterial blood changes: an increase in the PCO₂, a decrease in pH, and a decrease in the PO2.

Discuss PCO2 and PO2, and also blood pH during Hypoventilation.

difficulty in breathing, often described as an inability to catch one's breath or feeling starved for oxygen.

Dyspnea

normal quiet breathing that maintains a normal level of systemic arterial blood gasses.

Eupnea

PCO₂ = 40 ± 5 mm Hg PO₂ = 75 to 100 mm Hg pH = 7.4 ± 0.05

Eupnea breathing pattern maintains systemic arterial blood gasses (PCO2 and PO2, and also blood pH) within their respective homeostatic ranges. What are the normal ranges?

150 mL

For every inspiration, about ____ mL of the total volume of the breath (about 500 mL) is contained in the conduction zone and is not available for exchange.

an increase in respiratory rate and/or volumes as a result of an increase in metabolic rate.

Hyperpnea

an increase in respiratory rate and/or volumes without an increase in metabolic rate. This usually results in a decrease in the partial pressure of systemic arterial carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Hyperventilation

a decrease in respiratory rate and/or volumes without a decrease in metabolic rate. This usually results in an increase in the partial pressure of systemic arterial carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Hypoventilation

central, pH

In addition to the peripheral chemoreceptors, there are also ______ chemoreceptors in the DRG. These receptors respond to the ___ of the cerebrospinal fluid.

bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and H⁺ (CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3⁻).

Once CO₂ is in the cerebrospinal fluid, it is converted to:

chemoreceptors

Peripheral _________ in the carotid bodies and in the aortic arch are sensitive to partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PCO₂) and oxygen (PO₂) and pH (concentration of hydrogen, H⁺) in the systemic arterial blood

alkalemia

Prolonged hyperventilation can lead to the process of respiratory alkalosis resulting in ________, a condition of higher than acceptable blood pH (pH > 7.45

acidemia

Prolonged hypoventilation can lead to the process of respiratory acidosis resulting in _______, a condition of lower than acceptable blood pH (pH < 7.35).

Total volume of air exchanged between the lungs and the atmosphere per minute. Product of the volume of gas exchanged in ventilation ((tidal volume) multiplied by the respiratory rate (bpm) OVERESTIMATE of volume of gas available for exchange but it includes anatomic dead space.

Pulmonary ventilation (or minute ventilation)

number of respiratory cycles or breaths per minute

Respiratory rate

where exchange of gases occurs

Respiratory zone

to rhythmically stimulate inspiratory muscles (inspiration) and block stimulation of inspiratory muscles (expiration). They also regulate the changes in respiratory patterns for forced inspiration and expiration.

The medulla oblongata, dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, and the pontine respiratory group (PRG) in the pons work cooperatively to....

voluntary cessation of breathing. This will usually begin with a maximal inspiration.

Voluntary Apnea

It is a complete cycle of lung ventilation that includes inspiration and expiration. Starts at beginning of an inspiration and ends at the completion of the expiration.

What is a respiratory cycle?

Hyperventilation

__________ occurs when alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demand, the result of increasing both the rate and depth of the tidal volume without increasing metabolic activity.

Hypoventilation

________________ occurs when metabolic demand exceeds alveolar ventilation, the result of decreasing both the rate and depth of the tidal volume without decreasing metabolic activity.