Respiratory System

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

Around week 20

Bohr effect

A phenomenon that arises from the relationship between pH and oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin: A lower, more acidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin

Heme

A portion of the Hb that binds to oxygen and contains iron

__ is responsible for gas exchange

Alveoli

Which of the following has the greatest stimulatory effect on the respiratory centers in the brain stem?

Carbon dioxide

What is the larynx

Cartilage structure inferior to the laryngopharynx that connects it to the trachea and helps with regulation of volume of air that enters the lungs (voice box)

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

Difficulty inflating the lungs

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.

Internal respiration

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

Pulmonary ventilation

Removal of carbon dioxide from the blood helps to _____ hydrogen ions thus _____ pH

Reduce & increasing

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

Residual volume

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.

Resistance

The ____ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

Respiratory

The alveoli and capillary membranes form a

Respiratory membrane that allows gases to cross by simple diffusion

Gas exchange occurs at what places in the body

In the lungs and at the tissues (internal respiration)(where oxygen is released and CO2 is picked up)

An ___ in altitude results in a ____ in atmospheric pressure

Increase & decrease

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.

Increase in

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

Increase surface area

Hyperpnea

Increased depth and rate of ventilation to meet an increase in oxygen demand as might be seen in exercise or disease. Not caused nu exercise

The respiratory rate and the depth of inspiration are regulated by ____

Medulla oblongata and pons

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

All of the above: temperature, pH, BPG

Henry's Law

Describes the behavior of gases when they come into contact with a liquid, such as blood. Henry's law states that the concentration of gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility and partial pressure of that gas.

Contraction of the ____ it moves inferiorly toward the abdominal cavity, creating a larger thoracic cavity. ___ relaxes during expiration

Diaphragm

Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.

High; low

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

Hyperventilation

What is a bronchial tree

Is the collective term used for these multiple-branched bronchi. The main function of the bronchi, like other conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung.

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?

Alveoli

Which of the following anatomical structures is/are not part of the conducting zone

Alveoli

What are the 2 pleural layers

Visceral and parietal

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.

Visceral and parietal pleurae

Respiratory zone

Where gas exchange occurs

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the lungs alveoli is called ___

External respiration

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?

Fissure

Which of the following structures divides each lung into lobes

Fissures

The respiratory rate is

total number of breaths or respiratory cycles, that occur each minute

Inspiration

Inhalation. 1 step of pulmonary ventilation. 2 muscle groups are used: the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

Contraction of the ___ moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Intercostal muscles

A bronchiole is a branch of bronchi that is __ mm or less in diameter and terminates ___

2 mm or less & terminates at the end of it

The development of the respiratory system begins at about week ___ of gestation.

4

A bronchopulmonary segment is

A division of a lobe separated by a fissure

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve

All of the above: BPG, pH, temperature

Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Which pharynx serves only as an airway

Nasopharynx

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx

Oral cavity

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?

Oral cavity

The major organs of the respiratory system provide

Oxygen to body tissues, cellular respiration, remove waste of CO2 and help maintain acid-base balance

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2

What is the main function of the lungs

Perform the (gas) exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere. Each lung has both zones

The cutting of the ______ nerves will result in paralysis of the main muscle of ventilation, the diaphragm, which will then necessitate the need of mechanical ventilation

Phrenic

The blood supply of the lungs

Plays an important role in gas exchange and serves as a transport system for gases throughout the body

The second respiratory center of the brain is located within the pons, called the ____

Pontine respiratory group

As volume increases

Pressure decreases

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the bronchial tree?

Terminal bronchioles

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?

The capillary constricts

Hyperventilation

The condition of taking abnormally fast, deep breaths. Increased ventilation rate that is independent of the cellular oxygen needs and leads to abnormally low blood carbon dioxide levels and high (alkaline) blood pH.

Ventilation is regulated by

The diameter of the airways (capillaries)

The medullary respiratory center (located in medulla oblongata) sets _____

Basic rhythm of breathing

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________.

Early childhood, around 8 years of age

The olfactory pits form from which of the following?

Ectoderm

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

Erythropoietin

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?

Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate

Expiration

Exhalation

Conducting zone & major function

- Includes organs and structures NOT directly associated with gas exchange - provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris & pathogens from incoming air, and warm and humidity incoming air

Carbon dioxide is transported by three major mechanisms

Blood plasma, bicarbonate, by erythrocytes

The relationship between volume and pressure as described by the formula P1V1= P2V2 is known as

Boyle's law

Pulmonary ventilation is

Breathing. Movement of air in/out of the lungs. 2 major steps

Parasymphatic nervous system causes

Bronchoconstriction

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.

Bronchopulmonary segment

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?

C- shaped cartilage

The major factor that stimulates the medulla oblongata and pons to produce respiration is

Carbon Dioxide

The medulla oblongata contains the DRG and the VRG. The ____ is involved in maintaining consistant breathing rhythm by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract resulting in inspiration.

DRG

A decrease in thoracic cavity volume leads to an __ in the lungs

Decrease in pressure

The _____ the partial pressure of the gas, the _____ the number of gas molecules that will dissolve in the liquid

Greater & greater

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.

Haldane effect

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?

Hemoglobin and oxygen

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen in an reversible chemical reaction. Bright red molecule

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?

It diffuses into the alveoli

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

It is absorbed shortly after birth

Where do respiratory and digestive systems diverge

Laryngopharynx

The act of swallowing causes the pharynx and larynx to

Lift upward, allowing the pharynx to expand and the epiglottis of the larynx to swing downward, closing the opening to the trachea.

A ___ partial pressure of oxygen means that there is a _____ difference in partial pressures between the alveoli and the blood, so ___ oxygen crosses the respiratory membrane

Lower & smaller & less

Which lung is shorter and wider

Right

The trachea branches into

Right and left primary bronchi at the carina

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following?

Small venous reserve of oxygen

Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles causes which of the following events

The rib cage is compressed

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?

The ribs and sternum move upward

The respiratory zone begins where

The terminal bronchioles join a respiratory bronchiole

The ____ is involved in forced breathing as the neurons in the ___ stimulate the accessory muscles involved in forced breathing to contract, resulting in forced inspiration. It also stimulates the accessory muscles involved in forced expiration to contract.

VRG

The trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.

What is a bronchiole

They branches from the tertiary bronchi. Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange

What 3 types of cartilage form the pharynx

Thyroid cartilage (anterior), epiglottis (superior), and cricoid cartilage (inferior)

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

To remove pathogens and debris

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.

Transpulmonary pressure