respiratory system

small cell carcinoma

(~20% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

1. primary bronchus 2. secondary bronchus 3. tertiary bronchus 4. terminal bronchiole 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveolar duct

A normal residual volume would be Blank______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 3000 4600 500 1300

1300

A normal functional residual capacity would be Blank______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 4800 2500 500 1200

2500

Each bronchiole divides into how many terminal bronchioles? Multiple choice question. 5 to 8 50 to 80 500 to 800

50 to 80

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech.

Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in.

Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood oxygen saturation Blood pH

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? Multiple choice question. Along the sides of the medulla oblongata Swollen bodies of the inferior and superior vena cava Carotid and aortic bodies in large arteries above the heart

Carotid and aortic bodies in large arteries above the heart

Pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC)

Location: Ventral medulla, part of the VRG. • Function: • Considered the primary respiratory rhythm generator. • Contains pacemaker neurons responsible for initiating rhythmic breathing.

Which of these occurs during exhalation? Multiple choice question. Lung volumes remain constant and air expands. Lung volumes increase and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases. Lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases

Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.

One shared basement membrane Endothelial cell of capillary Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

squamus-cell carcinoma origin

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

small cell carcinoma origin

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

adenocarcinoma origin

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

During inhalation, air flows from the nasal cavity directly into which of the following? Multiple choice question. Bronchi Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Pharynx

Apneustic Center

Portion of the pons that increases the length of inspiration and decreases the respiratory rate.

How is the functional residual capacity calculated? Multiple choice question. Tidal volume + residual volume (TV + RV) Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume (TV + ERV) Anatomic dead space + residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (dead space + RV + ERV) Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Which best describes what happens during exhalation? Multiple choice question. The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung? Multiple choice question. Chondrocytes Type I alveolar cells Alveolar macrophages Type II alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules.

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure is called what? Multiple choice question. Pneumothorax Stroke Infarct Atelectasis

atelectasis

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea? Multiple choice question. C-shaped rings composed of fibrocartilage C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage Overlapping plates of hyaline cartilage Plates of osseous tissue

c shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

Adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? Multiple choice question. CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule. CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site. CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane.

co competes with oxygen for the same bonding site

The principal muscles of respiration are the ____-and the intercostal muscles.

diaphragm

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Multiple choice question. Intercostal muscles Diaphragm Scalene muscles Erector spinae

diaphragm

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Multiple choice question. Emphysema Pneumonia Bronchitis Asthma

emphysema

Where are irritant receptors located? Multiple choice question. Lateral edges of medulla oblongata Carotid bodies of aorta Epithelial cells of airways

epithelial cells of airways

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? Multiple choice question. Elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage Bone Fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

The term ________describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

hypercapnia

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg? Multiple choice question. Hypocapnia Hypercapnia

hypocapnia

pneumotaxic center

inhibits inspiration

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response? Multiple choice question. Stretch receptors Irritant receptors Peripheral chemoreceptors Central chemoreceptors

irritant receptors

The lungs of an emphysema patient eventually become which of the following? Multiple choice question. More elastic and more fibrotic More elastic and less fibrotic Less elastic and more fibrotic Less elastic and less fibrotic

less elastic and more fibrotic

A normal total lung capacity would be Blank______ mL of air. Multiple choice question. 6000 500 2500 1200

lung

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the _______escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary escalator

DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

part of medulla active during inspiration

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called Blank______ chemoreceptors. Multiple choice question. pontine spinal central peripheral

peripheral

Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers. Multiple select question. Fornix Pons Corpora quadrigemina Medulla oblongata

pons, medulla oblongata

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? Multiple choice question. Prevents gas exchange Prevents collapse of bronchioles Prevents infection Increases blood flow

prevents collapse of bronchioles

One complete breath in and out is called a(n)________ cycle.

respiratory cycle

The barrier between alveolar air and blood is called the what? Multiple choice question. Lung-blood barrier Respiratory membrane Endothelium

respiratory membrane

What structure of the medulla oblongata and pons contain respiratory centers? Multiple choice question. Pyramids Reticular formation Corpora quadrigemina Lemnisci

reticular formation

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic? Multiple choice question. Squamous-cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma

small cell carcinoma

Which is the most common form of lung cancer? Multiple choice question. Small-cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma

small-cell carcinoma

Type II alveolar cells produce Blank______. Multiple choice question. macrophages mucus water surfactant

surfactant

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid cartilage

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? Multiple choice question. Functional residual capacity Total lung capacity Expiratory reserve volume Vital capacity Tidal volume

total lung capacity

pontine respiratory group

transmit impulses to VRG to fine-tune breathing rhythms

Which cells secrete surfactant? Multiple choice question. Dust cells Alveolar type II cells Alveolar type I cells

type II alveolar cells

Choose all the structures that are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Multiple select question. Vocal cords Vocal folds Vestibular folds Vestibular ligaments

vocal cords, vocal folds

When do expiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group fire? Multiple choice question. Expiratory neurons fire all the time. When inhibitory neurons do not fire When inhibitory neurons fire

when inhibitor neurons do not fire