Respiratory System

What is the primary factor the brain uses to determine breathing rate at rest?

carbon dioxide and pH

trace the path of CO2 through the body

cells --> blood --> alveoli --> bronchus

the process in which organisms transfer energy from food molecules into a useable form for cellular work

cellular respiration

what is the goal of gas exchange

cellular respiration

which produces carbon dioxide in the biocarbonate buffer system

cellular respiration

why is the PO2 at the cells lower than at the lungs

cellular respiration

if work by cells must increase,

cellular respiration must increase and pH of blood will decrease

Place the events leading to inspiration in correct order.

1. The respiratory center sends an impulse via the phrenic nerves. 2. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward. 3. The volume of thoracic cavity increases. 4. The pressure in the alveoli decreases to 758 mmHg. 5. Air moves into the lungs.

How can oxygen be transported to the cells?

2% dissolved in plasma, 98% binds to hemoglobin

the allowable pH range in human blood

7.35-7.45

What are the three major ways carbon dioxide can be transported? How is it possible without destroying blood chemistry?

70% turned into bicarbonate, 23% binds with hemoglobin, 7% dissolves into plasma. doesn't destroy body chemistry because hemoglobin take hydrogen ions out of bloodstream

Complete each sentence describing the relationship between volume and pressure, and how it applies to ventilation.

As the volume of a chamber decreases, the pressure inside the chamber increases. As the volume increases, the pressure decreases. Air always moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. During inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. During expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. When the diaphragm contracts, the intra-alveolar pressure decreases. As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the intra-alveolar pressure increases. Pressure and volume are inversely related, so as the thoracic cavity and alveolar volumes increase, the pressure drops and air moves into the lungs. When the thoracic cavity and alveolar volume are reduced, the pressure rises and air rushes out.

central chemoreceptors stimulated by

H+ (CO2)

Complete each sentence and place them in the correct order, describing the events of inspiration.

Inspiration begins with the contraction of the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle, and the external intercostals, located between the ribs. Contraction of these muscles causes the thoracic volume to increase. The change in thoracic volume causes a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure. As a result, the alveolar air pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. The final result is that air flows into the lungs.

Ordinary air is about 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide.

True

What effect do pH and temperature have on hemoglobin? How is this convenient to cell function?

a high pH and high temperature will make the hemoglobin less affinitive to oxygen and drop its oxygen. this is convenient to cell function because the pH and temperature is high near working muscles, so the oxygen is released where the working muscles need it

which of these statements are true about pH

a solution with equal concentration of H+ and OH- ions has a neutral pH, and a solution with a higher OH- concentration than H+ concentration will have a basic pH

The respiratory system

aids in pH control, removes heat from body, and helps control water level within body

functional unit of the respiratory system

alveoli

where gas exchange takes place

alveoli

Gases are exchanged so they can be delivered and picked up from cells

as a result of cellular respiration and as a result of producing ATP

how might this graph explain a concept that is helpful during exercise (oxygen dissociation curve)

as increases CO2 is produced by the cell, pH will fail in the bloodstream allowing further release of O2 by hemoglobin, and as pH in the bloodstream decrease hemoglobin can bind less oxygen

oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream

at the alveoli

where in the body does the bicarbonate buffer system equation move to the right

at the cells

if you are a molecule of oxygen trace your journey

atmosphere --> nasal cavity --> pharynx --> epiglottis --> trachea --> bronchus --> bronchiole --> alveoli --> pulmonary capillary --> pulmonary vein --> left side of heart --> aorta --> cells

The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the

atmospheric pressure.

CO2 primary transport method in the bloodstream

bicarbonate ions

hemoblobin

binds with oxygen, transports CO2, controls pH, buffers hydrogen ions

where does the bicarbonate buffer system formula occur in the body

bloodstream

what problem does decreased pH cause for he body

body chemical reactions fail

which of these would cause the formula on the top of the page to move to the left

decrease in CO2 (at alveoli/pulmonary capillaries)

during inhalation

diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure falls

ventillation or breathing is caused by

diaphragm movement and thoracic volume changes

during exhalation

diaphragm relaxes (upward), thoracic volume decreases and thoracic pressure increases

what causes the exchanges that take place in the lungs and cells, and why does it happen

diffusion, and because cellular respiration and cells are consuming oxygen

The force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the

elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension.

covers opening to air passage to prevent food entering lungs and choking

epiglottis

The trachea and respiratory passages are lined with

epithelial tissue

if the thoracic pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

exhalation

blood buffer that removes hydrogen ions

hemoglobin

which of the items is directly a major problem that living organisms must deal with (in the bicarbonate buffer system)? and why?

hydrogen ions because it causes a decrease in pH

your brain is receiving signals that your blood pH is starting to fall two low. how can it respond?

increase blood flow (heart rate, vasodilation, etc) and increase air flow (breathing rate, bronchial dilation, etc)

which of these would cause the bicarbonate buffer system formula to move right

increase in CO2

which of these would cause the bicarbonate buffer system to move right

increase in CO2 (at cells)

during deep inhalation

intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm contracts, thoracic volume increases, thoracic pressure decreases

ATP

is produced in the mitochondria of a cell, is used for work by cells

breathing into a bag

lowers blood pH

the respiratory center in the brain

medulla oblongata and pons

chemoreceptors that are used to determine breathing control

medulla oblongata, aorta, carotid artery, central, peripheral

The primary way oxygen is transported in the blood is

oxyhemoglobin

what is the primary value the brain uses to determine your breathing rate and volume

pH (CO2)

The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when

partial pressure of CO2 increases, the blood pH decreases, and blood temperature increases

combined passageway that carries both food and air

pharynx

goblet cells

produce mucus

oxygen diffuses into, Carbon Dioxide diffuse out of

pulmonary capillaries

hyperventilation

raises blood pH

when the brain increases your rate of breathing what is it trying to do in most cases

remove CO2 more quickly and maintain the pH of the bloodstream

when the brain increases your rate of breathing what is it trying to do in most cases?

remove carbon dioxide more quickly and maintain the pH of the bloodstream

the respiratory center (brain stem) removes H+ from the bloodstream by

sending action potentials to the diaphragm

when these relax airflow will increase

smooth muscle (bands around bronchioles)

at high altitude why do exercising and breathing become more difficult

the concentration gradient of oxygen diffusion at the cell is lower

at high altitude

the partial pressure of oxygen is lower

which is/are true

there are large oxygen reserves in blood stream at rest (75%) and CO2 (pH) is used to determine breathing rate at rest

Why do our cells need oxygen?

to accept electrons in the electron transport chain, to combine with hydrogen ions to form water, to allow the completion of cellular respiration, and to create ATP for the cell

What are the three major roles of Hemoglobin?

transports oxygen transports CO2 buffers H+ ions so they don't destroy the pH and fail body chemistry

cilia

traps particles and moves mucus

food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream as glucose, and blood carries CO2 away from cells

true

which of these molecules can pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide