Respiratory System

Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can

close the glottis.

What description matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

contraction increases airway resistance

Conchae

create a turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

During swallowing the

epiglottis is depressed

Elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx is the

epiglottis.

Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in

epistaxis or nosebleeds.

The respiratory mucosa consists of

epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.

Quiet breathing is to___ as shallow breathing is to____

eupnea, diaphragmatic breathing.

Damage to phrenic nerves would

force reliance on costal breathing.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate.

Dalton's Law

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe

increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.

Normal rate and depth of breathing is est by the

inspiratory center

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.

internal intercostal

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

internal respiration.

The ____ branch from the trachea at the carina?

primary bronchi

Order in which air passes through is

primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, bronchioles,terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli.

Hering-Breur reflex

protects the lungs from damage to to overinflation.

Interlobular septa divide the lungs into

pulmonary lobules

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium (think, we like things to be simple when we breathe)

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ____portion of the airway.

Conducting

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the

Cricoid

The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the

Cricothyroid ligament

What is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent?

Cystic fibrosis

Nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

soft palate

Vital Capacity

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

The glottis is

the opening to the larynx.

Henry's Law

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

The right lung is to __ as the left lung is to __ lobes.

three, two in left (Think- right is stronger, has more)

Unit of pressure

torr

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

venous blood.

portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissue of the external nose is the

vestibule

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are

vocal folds.

When the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, the

volume of the thorax increases.

Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

From the tissue cells into the blood

Largest cartilage of the larynx is the ___ cartilage.

Thyroid

The amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume.

The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)

Tracheostomy (remember the st)

The portion of the nasal cavity within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

Vestibule (think flexible, vestibule)

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in

a loss of surfactant.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

prolonged inspirations can result from stimulations in the

apneustic center. (think sleep apnea- prolonged)

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ___ cartilages

aryetenoid

About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood

as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

100mm HG

The adult human trachea is about ____ in diameter and contains ____ tracheal cartilages.

2.5cm; 15-20

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.

20

) The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

40

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

40 mm Hg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

45 mm HG

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

45 mm Hg.

Roughly ___ Terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.

6500

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.

75 percent.

Larynx contains ___ cartilages.

9

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

carbonic acid.

Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation

causes fluids to leak into the alveoli

____= respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

Alveolar ventilation rate

Function of pulmonary ventilation is to

maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

more than 90

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the

olfactory epithelium

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation

The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as

pleurosy

football game, rib sticking out is a ...

pneumothorax

Laryngeal cartilage NOT composed of hyaline cartilage is the

Epiglottis.

The amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

Internal respiration

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

Left lung

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

Minute volume

The auditory tubes open into the

Nasopharynx.

The _____ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Oropharynx

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs

PCO2 should be low.

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

Pharynx

What describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space?

Pneumothorax.

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways always consists of

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

Rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles.

During a choking episode most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

Right primary

As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?

decreased alveolar PO2

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?

during external respiration.

Hypercapnia

elevated PCo2

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx.

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

lobes of the lungs