Respiratory System
Contraction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles can
close the glottis.
What description matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
contraction increases airway resistance
Conchae
create a turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
During swallowing the
epiglottis is depressed
Elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx is the
epiglottis.
Physical damage to the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is likely to result in
epistaxis or nosebleeds.
The respiratory mucosa consists of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
Quiet breathing is to___ as shallow breathing is to____
eupnea, diaphragmatic breathing.
Damage to phrenic nerves would
force reliance on costal breathing.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate.
Dalton's Law
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
A patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Over a period of time you would expect to observe
increased thickness of the right ventricular wall.
Normal rate and depth of breathing is est by the
inspiratory center
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.
internal intercostal
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration.
The ____ branch from the trachea at the carina?
primary bronchi
Order in which air passes through is
primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, bronchioles,terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli.
Hering-Breur reflex
protects the lungs from damage to to overinflation.
Interlobular septa divide the lungs into
pulmonary lobules
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium (think, we like things to be simple when we breathe)
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ____portion of the airway.
Conducting
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the
Cricoid
The thyroid cartilage is attached to the cricoid cartilage by the
Cricothyroid ligament
What is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent?
Cystic fibrosis
Nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the
soft palate
Vital Capacity
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.
The glottis is
the opening to the larynx.
Henry's Law
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
The right lung is to __ as the left lung is to __ lobes.
three, two in left (Think- right is stronger, has more)
Unit of pressure
torr
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
trachea
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood.
portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissue of the external nose is the
vestibule
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are
vocal folds.
When the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, the
volume of the thorax increases.
Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
From the tissue cells into the blood
Largest cartilage of the larynx is the ___ cartilage.
Thyroid
The amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume.
The placement of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass the larynx is termed a(n)
Tracheostomy (remember the st)
The portion of the nasal cavity within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the
Vestibule (think flexible, vestibule)
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
a loss of surfactant.
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
a person would stop breathing.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli
prolonged inspirations can result from stimulations in the
apneustic center. (think sleep apnea- prolonged)
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ___ cartilages
aryetenoid
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood
as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100mm HG
The adult human trachea is about ____ in diameter and contains ____ tracheal cartilages.
2.5cm; 15-20
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.
20
) The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45 mm HG
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45 mm Hg.
Roughly ___ Terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.
6500
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.
75 percent.
Larynx contains ___ cartilages.
9
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid.
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli
____= respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).
Alveolar ventilation rate
Function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation.
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
more than 90
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the
olfactory epithelium
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces
phonation
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
pleurosy
football game, rib sticking out is a ...
pneumothorax
Laryngeal cartilage NOT composed of hyaline cartilage is the
Epiglottis.
The amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume.
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
Internal respiration
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?
Left lung
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
Minute volume
The auditory tubes open into the
Nasopharynx.
The _____ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Oropharynx
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs
PCO2 should be low.
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
Pharynx
What describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space?
Pneumothorax.
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways always consists of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
Rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles.
During a choking episode most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
Right primary
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
decreased alveolar PO2
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
during external respiration.
Hypercapnia
elevated PCo2
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx.
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
lobes of the lungs