Review Chapter 28
Cycad reproduction is similar to that in pines and both cycads and pines are monoecious
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During the life cycle of a pine tree, pollen fertilizes the egg during the haploid gametophyte generation
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Embryo sacs in the vast majority of angiosperms contain just one egg cell with two haploid nuclei
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Eudicots are mostly herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have paralell veins
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Flowering plants have efficient sugar conducting cells called vessel elements in their phloem
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One disadvantage for angiosperms is cross fertilization by the transfer of pollen from other plants which causes genetic variation among the offspring
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Only angiosperms have the 2 vascular tissues: xylem and phloem
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The parts of a monocot flowers usually ocurr in fours and fives
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cross section through a pistil reveals that the pistil
is compound, with three fused carpels
seed plants lack
large, nutrionally independent gametophyte
immature male gametophytes of pine
pollen grains
grows through the megasporangium to the egg within the archegonium
pollen tube
transfer of pollen grains from male to female cones/reproductive structure
pollination
floral sexual reproduction parts
sepals, petals, stamen, and carpals
Angiosperms produce seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones
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results in the formation of (2n) zygote and (3n) endosperm
double fertilization
about how many species of flowering plants world wide
300,000
this flowering plant may be the nearest living relative to the ancestor of all flowering plants
Amborella
An evolutionary advantage of flowering plants is the shedding of their leaves during cold or dry periods to reduce H2O loss
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During double fertilization, one sperm cell unites with the egg while another unites with the two polar bodies, forming a triploid cell that gives rise to a endosperm
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Flowering plants are the most successful type of plants on earth, having adapted to almost every habitat
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Most conifers have seperate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant
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One major advantage of gymnosperms over the seedless vascular plants is their production of windborne pollen grains
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Progymnosperms descended from ancestral seedless vascular plants and had 2 derived features: leaves with branching veins and woody tissue
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after fertilization, the ovary develops into a fruit, and the ovule develops into a seed
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ovules of flowering plants enclosed with an ovary that develops into the fruit
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floral parts in 4s or 5s, each have 2 cotyledons
eudicots
zygote develops into an embryo encased inside a seed adapted for wind dispersal
after fertilization
sporophyte generation dominant
angio and gymnosperms
flowering plants that produce their seeds within a fruit (mature ovary), most diverse an successful group of plants
angiosperms
a simple pistil consists of a single
carpel
largest phylum of gymnosperms, woody plants that bear needles, seeds in cones, monoecious
conifers
palmlike/fernlike, dioecious
cycads
motile sperm cells are found as vestiges in 2 gymnosperm groups:
cycads, ginkgo
male and female reproductive structures on seperate plants
dioecious
the female gametophyte in flowering plants is called
embryo sac
produce megaspores, 1/4 develops into an ovule
female cone
only surviving species in phylum Ginkophyta, a deciduous, dioecious tree
ginkgo bilboa
obscure clade of gymnosperms that has a few associated traits with angiosperms
gnetophytes
conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes are
gymnosperms
produce seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones (ovary wall does not surround the ovules)
gymnosperms
a flower that lacks stamens is both
incomplete and imperfect
produce microspores that develop into pollen grains that are carried by wind
male cones
have floral parts in 3s, seeds each contain one cotyledon
monocots
have male and female reproductive parts in seperate cones on the same plant
monoecious