Review Questions Ch. 15

Which structure is part of the central nervous system (CNS)? A. Brain B. Somatic nervous system C. Peripheral nerve pathways Cranial nerves

A. Brain ~The brain is part of the CNS. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves. The PNS can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Which statement is true regarding a subdural hematoma? A. It is a collection of blood between the dura and arachnoid. B. It occurs as a result of the disruption of an artery. C. It is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura. D. It produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A. It is a collection of blood between the dura and arachnoid. ~A subdural hematoma is a collection of venous blood between the dura and the arachnoid. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura that involves an arterial bleed. The pia mater closely adheres to the brain. The choroid plexuses produce CSF.

Which term describes successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse? A. Temporal summation B. Spatial summation C. Convergence D. Facilitation

A. Temporal summation ~Temporal summation refers to the effects of successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse. Spatial summation refers to the combined effect of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time. Facilitation refers to the effects of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) on the plasma membrane potential. Convergence refers to a number of neurons firing and converging on one neuron.

Which statements are true regarding epinephrine? (Select all that apply.) A. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release epinephrine. B. Dopamine is the precursor of epinephrine. C. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation. D. The action of epinephrine is the same no matter which receptor it binds.

B. Dopamine is the precursor of epinephrine. C. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation. ~Dopamine is the precursor of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine induces general vasodilation because of the predominance of β-adrenergic receptors in the muscle vasculature. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers release epinephrine. Epinephrine varies with the type of neuroreceptor stimulated.

Which is an arterial bleed from the blood vessels that lie within the grooves of the skull? A. Subdural B. Epidural C. Subarachnoid D. Lumbar cisterna

B. Epidural ~An epidural hematoma develops from an arterial bleed of blood vessels that lie within the grooves in the skull. A subdural hematoma is a collection of venous blood between the dura and the arachnoid. A subarachnoid bleed occurs within the subarachnoid space, which is between the brain and tissues that cover the brain. CSF, contained within the subarachnoid space, circulates down to the large lumbar cistern, which extends from the second lumbar vertebra to the second sacral vertebra. Cisterns are expanded areas of the subarachnoid space.

Which statement is true regarding Broca's area? A. Is responsible for receptive speech B. Is responsible for motor speech C. Results in the inability to hear D. Is located in the right cerebral hemisphere

B. Is responsible for motor speech ~Broca's area is found on the left and is responsible for motor speech. Deficits in this area result in the inability to form words, which is also called expressive aphasia.

Which statement is true regarding the cerebellum? A. Makes up fibers of the corticospinal tract B. Maintains balance or posture C. Controls respiration D. Is the location of cranial nerves V through VIII

B. Maintains balance or posture ~The cerebellum is responsible for balance and posture and is also responsible for both conscious and unconscious muscle synergy. The pons controls respirations and is the location of cranial nerves V through VIII. The fibers of the corticospinal tract are made up in the basis pedunculi.

Which is an insulating substance for the neuron? A. Schwann sheath B. Myelin C. Neurilemma D. Node of Ranvier

B. Myelin ~Myelin is an insulating substance. The neurilemma is the same as a Schwann sheath; it is the delicate tissue that surrounds each axon. The nodes of Ranvier are interruptions at regular intervals that occur in the myelin.

Which is involved in pain transmission? A. Posterior horn B. Substantia gelatinosa C. Anterior horn D. Dorsal root ganglia

B. Substantia gelatinosa ~The substantia gelatinosa is a structure involved in pain transmission. The posterior horn (dorsal horn) is primarily composed of interneurons and axons from sensory neurons. The anterior or ventral horn contains nerve cell bodies for efferent pathways leaving the spinal cord. The dorsal root ganglion is part of the sensory ganglion.

Which is a component of the midbrain? A. Cerebral hemisphere B. Tegmentum C. Cerebellum D. Medulla oblongata

B. Tegmentum ~The tegmentum, corpora quadrigemina, and cerebral peduncles are parts of the midbrain. The cerebral hemispheres make up the forebrain. The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons.

Which part of the brain contains all cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons? A. Gyri B. Sulci C. White matter D. Gray matter

D. Gray matter ~The gray matter contains the cell bodies and dendrites of the neurons. The gyri are the convolutions of the cerebrum. The sulci are the grooves between adjacent gyri. The white matter contains myelinated nerve fibers.

Which neurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron? A. Unipolar neurons B. Sensory neurons C. Motor neurons D. Interneurons

D. Interneurons ~Interneurons, or associational neurons, transmit impulses from neuron to neuron. Motor neurons transmit impulses away from the CNS. Sensory neurons carry impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS. Unipolar neurons have one process that branches shortly after leaving the cell body.