Social Studies Inca Test

Ayllu

People who were conquered by the Inca. Most of the common people. basic unit of organization.

Religion

Polytheistic- belief in many gods Believed in afterlife Believed in huacas=sacred objects or places in which spirits lived Believed that the Sapa Inca continued to rule the lands that he conquered in life after he died. So each new Sapa Inca HAD TO CONQUER MORE LAND to create his own source of power and wealth in the afterlife. Practices Formal religion-had rituals and ceremonies(sacrifices_ Chosen Women Most beautiful Went to live in convents Studied religion,prepared food and drinks for religious ceremonies Wove garmentsfor Sapa Inca and Coya(primary wife of Sapa Inca=his full sister0 Some chosen women were wives of Sapa Inca/nobles

Inca Empire

1400CE-1532CE (Height of Empire) Inca people lived for much longer, but this was the time in which the Inca people expanded beyond Cuzco and formed their empire There were many other people/tribes that lived in and around Cuzco that the Inca brought into their empire/culture. The Moche and Chimu were historic groups with an impact on the Inca.

Capac Incas

4 men who were relatives of Sapa Inca. Believed to be descended from Manco Capac. Controlled empire land & valuables, held highest position, led 4 quarters.

Sapa Inca

All poweful, with complete authority,Incas believed he was descended from Sun God, Inti

Physical features of Inca Empire

Andes Mountain Range Rivers White Granite Rocks Big Empire-2600 miles long Amazon Jungle Amazon River Basin Nazca Desert High Altitudes(11,000) ft Ravines Gorges Uneven Terrain

How did the Inca adapt to the geographic challenges?

Andes Mtn range- Keeping City from sliding off(mudslides): Built terraced fields + mountainsides(andenes) 5-13 ft high and maybe 5,000 ft wide at the bottom. Used fieldstones and rubbles. More space for crops and food River- Needed a source of water for the society Cuzco received 89+ inches of rain: Constructed channels to bring water from glacier-fed rivers. Conduits along terraces for free flow of water 1 level to another White Granite Rocks- Needed to find rocks close to water and transport them : The Incas built rock sleds made out of wood to transport the heavy rocks up the mountain. Levers were used to guide the sleds in different directions and up the incline. Mountain Peaks+Deep Gorges, Ravines- They couldn't move people, goods, or ideas over those geographic features. Government officials, military, and nobles couldn't get around the empire effectively. There were no flatlands to plant crops since they live in the mountains. : They built bridges out of sturdy vines. Suspension bridges over vast space, pontoon bridges over streams and creeks and pulley basket over the terrain. The idea of terrace farming was created where they built terraces for more space to grow crops. It was difficult to grow crops in the mountains without them. The Inca built roads that connected everywhere and were very well paved. Although commoners built them, they belonged to the government and were the only nones allowed on it. Rest Inns and storehouses were along the way as well as markers so people knew where they were. Big Empire- No form of communication over long distance : They established a road runner system to relay messages from one person/village in the empire to another. Amazon Jungle+Nazca Desert- They couldn't establish civilizations in those areas. : The Inca used those as natural barriers for protection. They also went in to harvest seafood, wood, and fruit. High Altitudes(11,000 fts)- Not many crops could grow at high altitudes : The Inca grew corn and potatoes as they settled up high in the Andes Mountains. In Macchu Pichu, they grew crops on terraces. Terrace Farms-The Inca didn't know when to plant crops : They followed the movement of the sun to know the proper time to plant crops.

Hahua Incas

Army leaders, priests, judges, other nobles. Incas by privilege- often leaders from Cuzco. Sometimes people of common birth.

Ayllu

Basus if the Inca society- Primary unit of organization for the Inca. Born into Ayllu All land belonged to the Sapa Inca who allowed the Ayully to farm/herd on land. Communal-all people in aylly worked land cooperatively Everyone had job (share produce) Leader= Curacas made sure that the work got done and collected the taxes (goods & labor)

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizerin the terrace farms(andenes). Came from the coastal islands.

Taxes

Curacas collected tax in the form of goods and public labor. Tax was used to support a government. Commoners paid tax.

Capital of Inca Empire

Cuzco

Challenges that the geography presented to the Inca

Cuzco received 89+ inches of rain Andes Mtn range- Keeping City from sliding off(mudslides) River- Needed a source of water for the society White Granite Rocks- Needed to find rocks close to water and transport them Mountain Peaks+Deep Gorges, Ravines- They couldn't move people, goods, or ideas over those geographic features. Government officials, military, and nobles couldn't get around the empire effectively. There were no flatlands to plant crops since they lives in the mountains. Big Empire- No form of communication over long distance Amazon Jungle+Nazca Desert- They couldn't establish civilizations in those areas. High Altitudes(11,000 fts)- Not many crops could grow at high altitudes Terrace Farms-The Inca didn't know when to plant crops

Manco Capac

First man created by Inti, the sun god. He didn't want to be lonely, so he had a sister. He was also given a golden staff that would sink in the ground when the right place for the Incan people would be found.

Government

Hierarchy(ranking=structure or ranking of the government-levels of leadership Expansion Emisarry who was skilled in diplomacy(ability to conduct negotiations between different group or states) offered peaceful surrender/benefits of joining before using force. Most groups chose to surrender Allowed for rapid expansion of empire Conquered peoples(whether conquered by force or people surrender) had to pay a tribute- a regular payment made to a powerful state or nation by a weaker one. Effective management of Empire= Order and Unity Order-making sure that people are doing what they are supposed to do Inca Laws were harsh+swift punishment Military strong and powerful Hierarchy of government- Established regional and local leaders to enforce laws. Road system-14,000 miles of roads - Allowed the government to connect empire-send messages and military quickly -Shelter every 15-30 miles Runner/Messenger system -Messengers called Chasquizs-carried messages from one station to the next -Messages were memorized words and sets of string with special knots called quipus because they did not have a written language Government cared for all people using goods collected (taxes)- kept people happy-prevent rebellion. Rebellious groups-leader were killed and split remaining people to prevent further rebellions Unity: Making people feel connected Road System connected the empire Common culture required by government All people had to speak Quechua(Inca language) All people had to accept the Inca Religion and gods Inti=Sun God(most important god) Architecture-all had to build temples to Inca gods in villages All people had to work for the government = Mita All people paid a produce tax which helped citizens throughout the empire These final 2 create unity because the people are all working for one another.

Economy

How people get the resources they need (Jobs,trade,gathering and distributing resources) Everyone had to work(except young and old) Most people were farmers or herders. Farming Geography dictates what they produce Potato= most important crop- could survive heavy frosts at high altitudes and rocky terrain Not growing wheat- no conditions for it Herding- llamas & alpacas llamas= most important animal Used for transportation Provided food and wool Pack animal- carried goods w/satchel on back Trade=very little trade done(not needed within communal ayllu) Type of trade=barter=exchange of goods for goods No currency

Education

How people pass skills and knowledge from one generation to the next Commoners -No formal education -Learn job skills and customs from elders in Ayllu Noble Children(boys only) -tutors- amautas -learned geography,history,military skills, public speaking, physical training

Chasquis

Incan messengers that would run from one station to another to deliver something

Quipus

Knots tied at various places on strings of different colors that stood for numbers, THey served as memory aids for the messages,

Tribute

Large gift given by conquered state to acknowledge its superior.

Curacas

Leaders of conquered people(ayllu). Collected taxes, inspectors, Inca followed laws and customs. Spent time in Cuzco learning laws and customs.

Describe the effect that Pachacuti and Yupanqui had on the Inca empire.

Pachacuti and Topa Inca Yupanqui gave strength and bravery to the Inca. They showed that in times of great distress, the Inca could emerge victorious. When the Inca were being attacked, Yupanqui led his army into battle, and won. This made the Inca one of the strongest teams in the whole area. Also when Pachacuti went into battle and won the hopes of the Incan people were lifted. He was called Hero Pachacuti when he came back.

Mita

Public labor tax. Mandatory work to complete the needs of the government.

Huacas

Sacred places and objects where spirits dwelled. Included temples, charms, places in nature. Even tombs and bodies of dead. People made offerings and prayed to them.

Coya

Sapa Inca primary wife.

Hierarchy system of Inca

Sapa Inca- Capac Inca (Supreme Council)- Capac Inca (Provincial Governors)- Hahua Inca(Officials)- Curacas

Inti

Sun god. Inca believed emperors family descended from him. He was sun god, and god of Agriculture. Basis of Inca life.

Tax System

Taxes= goods or money paid to supprt a government ( the government's job is to provide for its people) Government had to ensure food, protection, safe passage, etc. Taxes are established by the govrnment Inca had no currency, so collected taxes in TWO ways: Goods(produce) 1/3 produce from every ayllu went to Sapa Inca To feed Sapa Inca and servants Kept in storehouses throughout empire for military For people in need(elderly, sick, disabled,disaster relief) 1/3 produce for temple system- Ritual offerings(inti),nobles/officials 1/3 kept by commoners Labor(mita-public tax duty) Labor for government projects=called public works build roads build terraces worked in mines weaving clothes

How long was the Inca empire?

The Inca Empire was on the west side of South America, and stretched nearly the whole length of the Andes Mountains (2500 miles). It was from the Pacific ocean to the west side of the Amazon River Basin. It included mainly Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Extended from Modern Day Quito,Ecuador to Santiago,Chile.

Quechua

The Incan language that everybody was supposed to learn. Along with those conquered.

dilpomacy

The profession/skill of engaging in international affairs, usually with a country's representatives present. Inca offered either peaceful submission or take over through war.

Describe how the Incas benefited from the achievements of earlier Andean civilizations(early tribes)

Tribes that predated the Inca were the Moche and Chimu.The Moche built cities and irrigation canals as well as developing special classes of workers. The Chimu Kingdom also built well planned cities and implemented elaborate irrigation methods. They presented artistic traditions of the Moche and passed it on to the Inca. They also built road and messenger system upon which the Inca improved.

Communal

shared by a community or group