Review Questions for Chapter 2

What characteristics of modern society necessitate planning and organization for community and public health?

- Highly developed an centralized resources in our national institutions and organizations. - Continuing concentration of wealth and population in the largest metropolitan areas. - Rapid movement of information, resources, and people made possible by advanced communication and transportation technologies that eliminate the need for local offices where resources were once based. - The globalization of health. - Limited horizontal relationships between/ among organizations. - A system of top- down funding for many community programs.

How do philanthropic foundations contribute to community health? List 3 well-known foundations.

-Endowed institutions that donate money for the good of humankind -Fund programs and research on prevention, control, and treatment of disease -Can have wide or narrow focus Examples: -Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: fund global health projects. -Commonwealth Fund: contributed to community health in rural communities, improved hospitals facilities, and strengthened mental health services. -Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: worked to improve the culture of health and policies dealing with health-related systems. -Local Community Foundations: funding to projects that only benefit local citizens.

Describe the characteristics of a nongovernmental health agency.

-They are funded by private donations or,in some cases, by membership dues. - Arose because a need was not met. - They operate free from government interferences as long as they meet IRS guidelines with regard to their specific tax status. EX: March of Dimes Types: Voluntary- Ex: Alzheimer's Association Professional- Ex: American Dental Association Philanthropic- Ex: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Service- Ex: Kiwanis Club Social- Ex: Veterans of Foreign Wars Religious- Ex: Catholics Relief Fund Corporate- Ex: corporate health partners

11 Operating Divisions

1. Administration for community living (ACL) 2. Administration for Children and Families (ACF) 3. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) 4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 6. Food and Drug Administration 7. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) 8. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) 9. Indian Health Service (IHS) 10. National Institutes of Health (NIH) 11. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)

What are the 3 core functions of public health?

1. Assessment : monitor health & diagnose & invest 2. Policy: inform educate, empower, develop polices 3. Assurance: evaluate, link to provide care, enforce law, competent work force.

Sustainable Developmental Goals established in 2015 to build on MDGS

1. End poverty in all forms everywhere. 2. End hunger 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 4. Ensure exclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

What are the 10 essential public health services?

1. Monitor health status. 2. Diagnose and investigate health problems in the community. 3. Inform,educate and empower people about health issues. 4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. 6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety. 7. Link people to needed personal health services. 8. Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce. 9. Evaluate, effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population based health services. 10. Research for new insights and innovative solution to health problems.

2003 Millennium Summit established Millennium Development Goals

1. Reducing poverty and hunger 2. Tackling ill health 3. Gender inequality 4. Lack of education 5. Lack of access to improved drinking water.

Why has corporate America become involved in community and public health?

Biggest role is providing health care benefits. Worksite health promotion programs (safety awareness, smoking cessation, stress management, counseling, physical fitness, nutrition education, etc.) aimed at lowering healthcare cost and absenteeism Other measures include the use of natural resources, disposal of waste, and safety of work environment.

What are the major differences between a GOVERNMENTAL health organization and a VOLUNTARY health organization?

Created by citizens because a specific health need was not being met by existing governmental agencies.

Briefly explain the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model? What are the major components of it?

Current thinking is that schools, along with government agencies, community organizations, and other community members, can be part of a collaborative and comprehensive approach to have a positive impact on the health outcomes of young people. 8 MAJOR Elements: CHS Approach- Cirriculum - Health Education - Nutritional Environment and Services - Employee Wellness - Health services - Counseling, Psychological and Social services - Physical Education - Health and Safe School Environment - Family/Community Involvement 4 Major Components: - Social and Emotional Climate - Physical environment - Community involvement - Family engagement

Which federal department in the United States is the government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and for providing essential human services, especially to those who are least able to help themselves? What major services does this department provide?

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Major Services: - Prevent disease outbreaks, assure food and drug safety, and provide health insurance -Administering Medicare and Medicaid -Also oversees the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease Control

What is a governmental health agency?

Health agencies that are a part of the governmental structure (federal, state or local ) and are funded primarily by tax dollars

How do state and local health departments interface?

Local health jurisdictions are permitted to enact ordinances that are stricter than those of the state, but these jurisdictions cannot enact codes that fall below state standards. EX: Inspection of restaurants and public buildings

Voluntary Health Agencies

Objectives: 1. Raise money to fund programs and research 2. Educate the professionals and public 3. Provides services to those effected 4. Advocate Examples: -American Cancer Society- research and find cure for cancer -March of Dimes- fights birth defects -American Heart Association- heart diesase -Muscular Dystrophy Association-

What is meant by the term QUASI-government agency? Name one such agency.

Organizations that have some responsibilities by the government but operate more like voluntary agencies- make important contributions to community health. EX: American Red Cross: Provide relief to victims of natural disasters/ Serve as liaison between military families during emergencies National Academy of Sciences: advises the government on science and technology National Science Foundation: funding and promotion of scientific research and the development of scientists.

How do service, social, and religious groups contribute to the health of the community?

Promoting health programs: they have history of volunteerism, they can influence entire families and have accessible meeting facilities. 1. Donation of space for voluntary health programs such as, Blood banks or Alcoholics Anonymous. 2. Sponsorship of food banks and shelters for the hungry, poor, and homeless 3. sharing of the doctrine of good personal health behavior. 4. Allowing community and public health professionals to deliver their programs through the congregations. EX: Kiwanis, Lions, Elks, Shriners, FOP

What does a health professional gain from being a member of a professional health organization?

Provide them with the opportunity for benefits, including group insurance and discount travel rates.- Funded by membership dues MISSION: to promote high standard of professional practice Examples: American Medical Association, American Public Health Association

What is the World Health Organization (WHO), and what does it do?

The most widely recognized international governmental health organization. Primary objective stated in the constitution is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health.