review sheet (blood vessels)
Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70.
88.3 mm Hg
Angiogenesis refers to
the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?
because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the________.
body organs, right atrium
Name the location where metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells.
capillary
Where are chemoreceptors located?
carotid and aortic bodies
Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium.
continuous capillaries and Fenestrated Capillaries
What will happen to pH due to decrease in blood CO2 levels in blood?
pH decreases
The superior vena cava collect blood from the.................. (Parts of body).
Head and arms
How does body defend blood volume against dehydration?
It accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys
What part of brain contains sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes?
Medulla oblongata
Describe the respiratory pump.
Pressure changes occurring in the ventral body cavity during breathing create the respiratory pump that moves blood up towards heart.
What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
Reduces CO2 levels
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?
Right atrium
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.
The immediate short-term problem during hemorrhaging is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow; the long-term problem is restoring normal blood volume
Define edema
a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.
Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?
an increase in vessel diameter?
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure?
arterial pressure
Where is blood pressure highest? Hint: Blood vessels
arteries
The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the..........
capillary hydrostatic pressure
The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the
concentration of plasma proteins
Materials can move across capillary walls by............(process)
diffusion, filtration, and osmosis
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.
pulse
Where does blood enters while returning from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
Describe the systemic circuit
transports blood to and from the rest of the body
The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the.................
tunica media
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called...
vasoconstriction
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is.............
Acetylcholine
What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins?
Any condition that puts excessive pressure on the legs or abdomen
________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.
Autoregulation
if a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
100
As blood travels from arteries to veins, blood pressure.......................
Decreases
After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the........................
Venueles
Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?
When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica intima
Describe a capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.
Explain the correct order of blood flow in the heart.
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. ... As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called..............
Fenestrated capillaries
List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.
Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length.
Where are fenestrated capillaries located in the body?
Brain, endocrine gland, small intestine And the kidney
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
Capillaries
Explain the equation R α 1/r4.
Change in radius (r) affects resistance (R) to 4th power
________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.
Collaterals
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called....................
Continuous capillaries
Describe the pulmonary circuit
Ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk Powered by the right side of the heart
Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides.
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. Percentage
The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).
Define tissue perfusion
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
Total peripheral resistance
Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?
Tunica media
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries?
Valves in veins prevent blood from flowing backward whenever the venous pressure drops
How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery?
Vasoconstriction of the renal artery would decrease both blood flow and blood pressure at the kidney. In Response, the kidney would increase the amount of renin it releases, which in turn would increase the level of angiotensin II. The angiotensin II would bring about increased blood pressure and increased blood volume
List the five general classes of blood vessels.
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the
arteriole
Sinusoids can be found in the........................
liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and some endocrine glands
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function.
the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.