review sheet (blood vessels)

Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70.

88.3 mm Hg

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?

because it helps speed up the flow of blood into the venous system

The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the________.

body organs, right atrium

Name the location where metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells.

capillary

Where are chemoreceptors located?

carotid and aortic bodies

Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium.

continuous capillaries and Fenestrated Capillaries

What will happen to pH due to decrease in blood CO2 levels in blood?

pH decreases

The superior vena cava collect blood from the.................. (Parts of body).

Head and arms

How does body defend blood volume against dehydration?

It accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys

What part of brain contains sensory neurons that are part of chemoreceptor reflexes?

Medulla oblongata

Describe the respiratory pump.

Pressure changes occurring in the ventral body cavity during breathing create the respiratory pump that moves blood up towards heart.

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?

Reduces CO2 levels

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?

Right atrium

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.

The immediate short-term problem during hemorrhaging is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow; the long-term problem is restoring normal blood volume

Define edema

a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.

Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?

an increase in vessel diameter?

Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure?

arterial pressure

Where is blood pressure highest? Hint: Blood vessels

arteries

The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the..........

capillary hydrostatic pressure

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

Materials can move across capillary walls by............(process)

diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Where does blood enters while returning from the systemic circuit?

right atrium

Describe the systemic circuit

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

The layer of the arteriole wall that can contains smooth muscle and can produce vasoconstriction is the.................

tunica media

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called...

vasoconstriction

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

veins

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is.............

Acetylcholine

What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins?

Any condition that puts excessive pressure on the legs or abdomen

________ is the regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed.

Autoregulation

if a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

100

As blood travels from arteries to veins, blood pressure.......................

Decreases

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the........................

Venueles

Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary?

When blood colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

Tunica intima

Describe a capillary

A capillary is a small blood vessel whose thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion.

Explain the correct order of blood flow in the heart.

Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. ... As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs where it is oxygenated.

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called..............

Fenestrated capillaries

List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.

Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and total vessel length.

Where are fenestrated capillaries located in the body?

Brain, endocrine gland, small intestine And the kidney

________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.

Capillaries

Explain the equation R α 1/r4.

Change in radius (r) affects resistance (R) to 4th power

________ are multiple arteries that fuse in order to serve a single capillary network.

Collaterals

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called....................

Continuous capillaries

Describe the pulmonary circuit

Ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk Powered by the right side of the heart

Identify the hormones responsible for short-term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides.

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. Percentage

The volume is divided into the systemic venous system (64%), systemic arterial system (13%), in the heart (7%), pulmonary circulation (9%), and systemic capillaries (7%).

Define tissue perfusion

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.

Total peripheral resistance

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

Tunica media

Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries?

Valves in veins prevent blood from flowing backward whenever the venous pressure drops

How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery?

Vasoconstriction of the renal artery would decrease both blood flow and blood pressure at the kidney. In Response, the kidney would increase the amount of renin it releases, which in turn would increase the level of angiotensin II. The angiotensin II would bring about increased blood pressure and increased blood volume

List the five general classes of blood vessels.

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

The main control of peripheral resistance by the vasomotor centers occurs in the

arteriole

Sinusoids can be found in the........................

liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and some endocrine glands

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function.

the blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.