Ridiculously Long Radiography Review
What vertical angulation is used for bitewings?
+10 degrees
the size of the image receptor selected for use depends on
- age of patient -size of oral cavity -shape of dental arches -presence or absence of unusual conditions or anatomical limitations -patient's ability to tolerate placement of the image receptor -image receptor positioner or holder and technique used
shadow casting refers to five basic rules for casting a shadow image. what are they?
- use of smallest possible focal spot on the target -the object (tooth) should be as far as practical from the target -the tooth and the image receptor (film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor) should be as close to each other as possible -the tooth and the image receptor should be parallel to each other -the radiation (central ray) must strike both the object and the image receptor at the right angles (perpendicularly)
What are some options on proper management of radiographic wastes?
-Contract with a waste management company to provide container and pick-up service -Contract with a lead or silver reclaiming company for recycling -Establish an agreement with the supplier to "take back" used fixer/unused radiographic film -Collect the used product and transport it to a designated drop-off center in your community -Utilize silver recovery or reclaiming system
Requirements of OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
-Develop a written hazard communication program -Maintain an inventory list of all hazardous chemicals present in the oral health care facility -Obtain and have accessible MSDS for all chemicals -Label containers of hazardous chemicals -Train all personnel in safe handling of the hazardous chemicals
What are the sequence of events following radiation exposure?
-Latent period -Period of injury -Recovery period
Factors Influencing Radiographic Image Contrast
-Subject thickness -kVp -Scatter radiation -Image receptor type -Exposure -Processing
Determining the five outcomes listed earlier depends on the following:
-Total dose -Dose rate -Area exposed -Variation in species -Individual sensitivity -Variation in cell sensitivity -Variation in tissue sensitivity -Age
X-rays have the what properties?
-are invisible -travel in straight lines -travel at the speed of light -have no mass or weight -have no charge -interact with matter causing ionization -can penetrate opaque tissuues and structures -can affect photographic film emulsion (causing latent image) -can affect biological tissue
6 Contraindications for the patient holding the image preceptor
-bending or moving the image receptor -increased patient instruction and cooperation -patient could object to placing fingers in their mouth -radiation exposure to the finger -no aiming device to aim x-ray -viewed as unprofessional and unsanitary
What are the three types of intraoral radiographic examinations?
-bitewing examinations -periapical examinations -occlusal examinations
What are some handling errors?
-black image -black pressure marks (bent films) -thin black lines, star-bursts, dots, lightning pattern -white lines or marks or blank image -smudged film -black paper stuck to film
What are some short and long term effects of radiation?
-cancer -embryological defects -low-birth weight -cataracts -genetic mutations
where does background radiation originate from?
-cosmic radiations from outer space -terrestrial radiations from the earth and its environments including radon gas -backgound radiations from naturally occurring radionuclides that are deposited in our bodies by inhalation or ingestion
What are some processing errors?
-development error -processing and darkroom protocol error -chemical contamination
What are some incorrect positioning of the tube head and PID errors?
-elongation/foreshortening of the image (bisecting technique error) -overlapped teeth contacts -conecut error
For practical x-ray protection measurement the following are used
-exposure -absorbed dose -dose equivalent -effective dose equivalent
After the last radiograph has been mounted, the entire film mount should be carefully checked to see that
-identification dots all face the same direction -all radiographs are arranged in proper anatomical order -no radiographs were reversed or mounted upside down -the radiographs are firmly attached to the mount -the patient's name and date have been recorded on the mount
Advantages of automatic processors
-large volume of radiographs in less time -ability to regulate automatically the temp of processing solutions and the time of the development process
What are some incorrect exposure factor errors?
-light(thin)/dark images -clear or blank image -double image
Recommended sequence to taking radiographs
-max anterior PAs -man anterior PAs -max posterior PAs -man posterior PAs -anterior BWX -posterior BWX
What are four possibilities when a beam of x-rays pass through matter?
-no interaction -coherent scattering -photoelectric effect -compton effect
What are some image receptor placement errors?
-not recording anterior structures -not recording posterior structures -not recording apical structures -not recording coronal structures -slanting or tilted instead of straight occlusal plane -reversed image error (herringbone error) -incorrect position of film identification dot
Steps taken to secure the darkroom are equally important to the preparation steps
-once the white lights are turned on and visibility improves, the radiographer should check to see that none of the films have loosened from the clips and dropped on the floor or bottom of tank -work area should be cleaned as needed -after dry, film should be removed from the hangers and placed in protective envelopes or mounts -identification markings should be removed or erased from the hangers -at the end of the workday, turn off the water to the tank, drain the water compartment, and turn off lights in dark room
14 periapical radiographs are used to image the following regions
-one radiograph each for the max and man incisor region -one radiograph each for the right and left max and man canine regions -one radiograph each for the right and left max and man premolar region -one radiograph each for the right and left max and man molar regions
which regions do are the four bitewing radiographs used for?
-one radiograph each for the right and left premolar regions -one radiograph each for the right and left molar regions
The useful life of the solutions depends on
-original quality or concentration of solution -original freshness of solution used -number of films that are processed -contamination, oxidation, and evaporation of the chemicals
What are some miscellaneous errors in exposure technique?
-poor definition -artifacts
What knowledge and attention should one have when taking radiographs?
-positioning the patient in the chair -selecting a film, phosphor plate, or digital sensor of suitable size -determining how the image receptor is to be positioned and held in place -setting the radiation exposure valuables -aiming the PID
What are some errors of fogged films or types?
-radiation fog -white log fog -safelight fog -miscellaneous light fog -storage fog -chemical fog -aged film fog -digital radiographic noise
What are some limitations?
-radiographs are a two-dimensional image of three-dimensional objects -changes in soft tissue not imaged -cannot distinguish treated versus untreated disease -actual destruction more advanced clinically
Some tips with mounting
-roots and curves of max ant teeth are larger than man ant teeth -canine teeth have longest roots -max molars have three roots -man molars have two divergent roots -most roots curve distally -mount so that there is a slight "smile"
The key to manually processing dental radiographs is adequate preparation. What are some preparations that are needed to do?
-solution levels must be checked -developer and fixer must be stirred -the temperature of the developing solution must be determined -the film hanger should be selected and examined
what are the three roles of the fixer?
-stops further film development - thereby establishing the image permanently on the film -removes (dissolves) the unexposed/underdeveloped silver halide crystals (those that were not exposed to x-rays) -hardens (fixes) the emulsion
The operator must take into account several distances to produce the ideal diagnostic quality image
-the distance between the x-ray source and the surface of the patient's skin -the distance between the object to be x-rayed and the image receptor -the distance between the x-ray source and the recording plane of the image receptor
Preparing the automatic processor steps
-the water supply to the automatic processor should be turned on -the chemicals should be replenished or changed -the automatic processor should be turned on -a special cleaning film
Uses of Dental Radiography
-to detect, confirm, and classify oral diseases and lesions -to detect and evaluate trauma -to evaluate growth and development -to detect missing and supernumerary teeth -to document the oral condition of a patient -to educate patients about their oral health
All energies of the electromagnetic spectrum share the following properties
-travel at the speed of light -have no electrical charge -have no mass or weight -pass through space as particles and in a wavelike motion -give off an electrical field at right angles to their path of travel and a magnetic field at right angles to the electric field -have energies that are measurable and different
procedures for rapid processing method
-turn off heater -empty, rinse, and dry each of the cups. dispose of the used fixer appropriately -clean and disinfect the inside of the chairside darkroom. wipe off the transparent plastic top as needed -continue fixing and complete the washing and drying steps to convert a working film to a permanent image
Some ways to view radiographs
-viewbox -magnifying glass -computer monitor
How do yoou rank various kinds of cells in descending in order of radiosensitivity from high sensitivity to low sensitivity?
-white blood cells (lymphocytes) -red blood cells (erythrocytes) -immature reproductive cells -epithelial cells -endothelial cells -connective tissue cells -bone cells -nerve cells --brain cells -muscle cells
designed for small children, pedodontic film
0
What are the numbers of film size?
0 1 2 3 4
used for children, anterior teeth for adults
1
What are the two generally accepted theories on how radiation damages biological tissues?
1) Direct theory 2) Indirect theory (Radiolysis of water)
What are the five outcomes that are possible for the body's defense mechanisms and ability to repair molecular damage resulting in no residual effects
1) nothing- the cells is unaffected by the exposure 2) the cell is injured or damaged bt repairs itself and functions at preexpsoure levels 3) the cells dies, but is replaced through normal biological processes 4) the cell is injured or damaged, repairs itself, but now functions at a reduced level 5) the cell is injured or damaged and repairs itself incorrectly or abnormally, resulting in a biophysical change (tumor or malignacy)
What are the three basic requirements for an acceptable diagnostic radiograph?
1. All parts of the structures recorded must be imaged as close to their natural shapes and sizes as the patient's oral anatomy will permit. Distortion and superimposition of structures should be kept to a minimum. 2. The area examined must be imaged completely, with enough surrounding tissue to distinguish between the structures. 3. The radiograph should be free of errors and show proper density, contrast, and definition
What are two tests which are helpful in daily monitoring of the automatic processor?
1. Begin by processing an unexposed film under safelight conditions. the film should come out of the return chute of the automatic processor clear and dry 2. Then process a film that has been exposed to white light. The film should come out of the return chute of the automatic processor black and dry after processing
3 Types of radiographic examinations
1. Bitewing 2. PA 3. Occlusal
What are the basic steps of processing dental x-ray films?
1. Developing 2. rinsing (automatic processors often omit this step) 3. Fixing 4. Washing 5. Drying
What are four chemicals in the developer?
1. Developing agents (also called reducing agents) 2. Preservative 3. Activator (also called alkalizer) 4. Restrainer
Four objectives of quality control
1. Maintain a high standard of image quality 2. Identify problems before image quality is compromised 3. Keep patient and occupational exposures at a minimum 4. Reduce the occurrence of retake radiographs
5 Basic Rules of Shadowcasting
1. Smallest possible focal spot on the target 2. The object as far as practical from the target 3. The object and image receptor should be as close to eachother as possible 4. The object and image receptor should be parallel 5. The radiation should strike both the object and the image receptor at a right angle
What is the best recommended sequence for learning to identify normal radiographic anatomy?
1. determine if radiograph is of the max or man 2. determine if radiograph is of the ant or post region 3. determine if the structure is radiopaque or radiolucent
What are the four chemicals in the fixer?
1. fixing agent (also called clearing agent) 2. preservative 3. hardening agent 4. acidifier
Radiographic image sharpness depends on the
1. focal spot size 2. target-image receptor distance 3. object-image receptor distance 4. motion 5. screen thickness 6. screen-film contact 7. crystal/pixel size of intraoral image receptor
2 basic principles of paralleling technique
1. image receptor parallel to long axis of object(tooth) 2. central ray is directed to intersect image receptor and object(tooth) perpendicularly
The uses of radiographs in the assessment of the periodontal diseases include
1. imaging supporting bone 2. imaging local contributing factors 3. imaging anatomical configurations 4. evaluating the prognosis and treatment intervention needs 5. Serving as a baseline and as a means for evaluating the results of treatment
Chemicals may be obtained in what three forms?
1. powder 2. liquid concentrate 3. ready-to-use solutions
2 important functions of the collimator
1. reduces patient radiation by reducing the volume of tissue exposed 2. reduces scatter radiation
What are the rules for casting a shadow image?
1. small focal spot 2. long-target object distance 3. short object-image receptor distance 4. parallel relationship between object and image receptor 5. perpendicular relationship between the central ray of the x-ray beam and both the object and the image receptor
Errors that diminish the diagnostic quality of radiographs may be divided into three categories
1. technique errors 2. processing errors 3. handling errors
a minimum of ________mm of aluminum is required for machines operating below 70 kVp
1.5
The most popular?
130 or 150
How long should one flush their eyes at the water station if exposed in the eye?
15 min
Minimum number of images that make up a full mouth series
18 images 4 bitewings & 14 PA's
What is the speed of light?
186,000 miles/sec
The relative sensitivity oof cells to radiation waas first described when and by whom?
1906 by two French scientists, Bergonie and Tribondeau - Law of B and T.
referred as standard film, or PA
2
a minimum of ________mm of aluminum si required for machines operating above 70 kVp
2.5
What is the risk of a FMX inducing cancer?
2.5/1,000,000
federal regulations require that round opening collimators restrict the x-ray beam to _______ inches at the patient end of the PID.
2.75
How many intraoral films are packaged in a box?
25, 50, 130, or 150 to a box
How many extraoral films are packaged in a box?
25, 50, or 100
called long bitewing film
3
1. Film-Based Digitized 2. Direct digital imaging 3. Indirect digital imaging
3 Methods for Acquiring an Image
How many standard-sized #2 image receptors are recommended for a posterior horizontal bitewing survey of an adult person?
4
occlusal film
4
The process of decalcification requires how much percent loss of calcium and phosphorus before the decreased density can be seen on a radiograph?
40 to 50%, which is why the depth of carious lesion is deeper clinically than on radiograph
What is the maximum whole body dose for the general public?
5 mSv/year
What is the development time range for rapid processing method?
5 to 15 sec, fix time 30 sec
Different extraoral film size
5 x 7 in for lateral views of TMJ 8 x 10 used for cephalometric profiles and posteroanterior views of the skull 5 or 6 x 12 in for pano
What temp should film be sotred at?
50 degrees F to 70 degrees F and 30 to 50 percent relative humidity
What is the maximum whole body dose for general radiation workers
50 mSv/year
What is the minimum distance and proper angle the radiographer should stand from the tube head when taking and exposure?
6 ft 45 degree angle to the primary beam
According to the factors that determine radiation injury, based on age, who is the most radiosensitive? a. 6 yr old b. 16 yr old c. 26 yr old d. 46 yr old
6 yr old
What 3 lengths can the PID be?
8" 12" 16"
Dental film emulsion is about ____ to ____ % silver bromide and ___ to ___% silver iodide
90-99% 1 - 10%
c. both statements are true
A digital radiographic image exists as bits of information in a computer file The computer converts this information into an image that appears on the computer monitor. a. First is true, second is false b. First is false, second is true c. Both are true d. Both are false
Digital Subtraction
A process of digitally merging two images to show changes that occur over time or as the result of treatment intervention
Applied "rule of isometry" to bisecting technique in 1907
A. Cieszynski
Who is given credit for applying the rule of isometry to the bisecting technique?
A. Cieszynski
No bony change seen
ADA Case Type I
Mild to moderate bone loss ( up to 20-30%)
ADA Case Type II
Moderate to severe bone loss (30-50%)
ADA Case Type III
Severe bone loss (more than 50%)
ADA Case Type IV
The concept that every dose of radiation prodduces damages and should be kept to the minumum necessary to meet diagnostic requirements
ALARA
Who groups film speed using letters of the alphabet?
ANSI (American National Stanadards Institute)
signs and symptoms from short-term biological effects are known as:
ARS Acute Radiation Syndrom
Wearing away of tooth structure from friction of a foreign object
Abrasion
Radiolucency takes on a double triangle shape, first through the enamel with the apex pointing toward the DEJ and second triangle base spreading along the DEJ with the apex pointing toward the pulp
Advanced
Case Type VI
Advanced Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis
What does C-3 mean?
Advanced caries
An interproximal carious lesion that extends to the DEJ or through the DEJ but does not extend more than half the distance through dentin toward the pulp chamber
Advanced interproximal
Younger, more rapidly dividing cells are more radiosensitive than older, mature cells, so it follows that child may be more susceptible to injury than adults from an equal dose of radiation
Age
6 Factors that determne the size of image receptor used
Age of the patient Size of oral cavity Shape of arch Presence or absence of unusual conditions or anatomical limitations Patient's tolerance Positioning technique used
Rank the following restorative materials from most radiopaque to least radiopaque or radiolucent Gutta percha Acrylic restorations Amalgam Stainless steel crown
Amalgam Stainless steel crown Gutta percha Acrylic restorations
Electronic Noise
An electrical disturbance that clutters the digital image
The procedure by which the tube head and PID are aligned to obtain the optimum angle at which the radiation is to be directed toward the image receptor. This is changed by rotating the tube head horizontally and vertically
Angulation
A congenital absence of teeth. Any tooth in the dental arch may fail to develop. The teeth most frequently absent are the third molars, premolars, and maxillary lateral incisors
Anodontia
Absence of the teeth (may be complete or partial).
Anodontia
Defined as any deviation from normal
Anomaly
The amount of injury to the individual depends on the area or volume of tissue irradiated
Area exposed
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ALARA
As Low As Resonably Achievable
ALARA stands for
As Low As Resonably Achievable
Quality Administration does:
Assess needs Develop a written plan Assign authority and responsibility Provide training Monitor maintenance schedule Document actions and keep records/logs Perform periodic evaluation
the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element
Atom
Mechanical wearing down of teeth
Attrition
When taking a premolar horizontal bitewing radiograph, the anterior edge of the image receptor should be positioned behind the distal edge of the maxillary canine when presented with which occlusal relationship? A. Class I B. Class II C. Class III
B. Class II
Appears very slightly radiopaque, used under restorative material to line the cavity preparation to protect the tooth's pulp
Base material (calcium hydroxide pastes)
Why is it necessary to apply the rules for creating a shadow image to produce a quality radiographic image?
Because a radiograph is a two-dimensional image of three-dimensional objects
Images the coronal portion of the teeth and alveolar crest of both mandible and maxilla
Bitewing Examination
What are the three types of projections?
Bitewing radiographs Periapical radiographs Occlusal radiographs
Correct horizontal angulation is needed to accurately image interdental bone levels Altering the horizontal angulation can reveal additional information regarding interdental bone levels T/F
Both are true
Replacing the pointed " position indicating device (PID) with an open-vylinder PID reduced the radiation dose to the patient because open-cylinder PIDs eliminate scattered x-rays through contact with the cone material T/F
Both statements and reason are correct and related
Lingual method film mounting positions the identification dot convex When utilizing the lingual method, the viewer's right is the patients left. T/F
Both statements are false
Mounting is the placement of radiograph in a holder arranged in anatomical order All radiographs should be handled with care to prevent smudging or scratching T/F
Both statements are true
On the job training and continuing education courses contribute to radiographic competence. Competent radoigraphers are key to a quality assurance program. T/F
Both statements are true
Radiographically, it si not possible to accurately differentiate between a periapical abscess, a granuloma, and a cyst. Radiographically, it is not possible to accurately differentiate between carcinoma and sarcoma. T/F
Both statements are true
The goal of quality assurance is to achieve max diagnostic yield from each radiograph. Quality control means using tests to ensure quality. T/F
Both statements are true
General recommendations for Safe Handling of Hazardous Chemicals
Box 20-2 PG 256
May have taken first dental radiographs in U. S. in 1896
C. E. Kells W. J. Morton W. H. Rollins (also published "S Lights Kills" warning x-ray dangers in 1901)
Which of the following lists of PPE is the best recommendation for the dental radiogrpaher when cleaning the processing equipment? a. Long-sleeve lab coat, eyeglasses, mask, latex gloves b. Long-sleeve barrier gown, eyeglasses with side shields, mask, vinyle gloves c. Long-sleeve barrier gown with rubber apron, safety goggles, mask, nitrile gloves d. Scrubs with rubber apron, safety face shield, respirator mask, neoprene gloves
C. Long-sleeve barrier gown with rubber apron safety goggles, mask, nitrile gloves
Horizontal bone loss occurs in a plane parallel to
CEJ
What are two predisposing factors to periodontal problems?
Calculus Defective Restorations
Radiolucent artifact
Cervical burnout
produced when a bombarding electron from the tube filament collides withh an orbiting K electron of the tungsten target
Characteristic radiation
MSDS includes what information?
Chemical ingredients and common name Potential hazards of working with the product An explanation of the product's stability and rectivity Requirements for safe handling and storage Exposure controls and personal protection required when using the product Disposal considerations Regulatory informaiton
varies in appearance from radiopaque to radiolucent. When radiolucent, may mimic caries. Appears to have straight margins and a prepared look
Composite
similar to photoelectric effect in that the dental x-ray interacts with an orbital electron and ejects it
Compton effect
Which imaging modality will most likely become the gold standard for imaging certain dental conditions in the near future?
Cone beam volumetric tomography
Refers to the many shades of gray that separate the dark and light areas
Contrast
Picture 4
Coronoid process
System Internationale units
Coulombs per kilogram Gray Sievert
Which film speed is no longer used?
D
Literally, a tooth within a tooth, an invagination of the enamel within the body of the tooth
Dens in dente
Degree of darkness or image blackening
Density
Pathological process consisting of localized destruction of dental hard tissues by organic acids produced by microorganisms
Dental caries
d. all of the above
Digital radiography can be used for which of the following? a. to detect caries b. to detect caries c. to detect dental disease d. All of the above
c. image receptor is more sensative to x-ray film
Digital radiography requires less radiation exposure to produce an image because a. chemical processing steps are eliminated b. radiation used for digital imaging is different than the radiation used for film-based imaging c. image receptor is more sensitive to x-ray film d. computer can control the amount of radiation output better than the radiographer
X-ray photons collide with important cell chemicals and break them apart by ionization , causing critical damage to large molecules. One-third of biolgical alterations from x-radiation exposure result from a direct effect.
Direct theory
The rate at which the radiation is administered or absorbed is very important in the determinaation of what effects will occur
Dose rate
Different than x-ray film and is exposed by the action of infrared and ultraviolet light rather than by x-rays. One side of the film is coated with emulsion
Duplicating film
c. XCP
Each of the following is a digital image receptor except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. CCD b. CMOS c. XCP d. PSP
b. being able to magnify the images for diagnosis
Each of the following is a disadvantage of digital radiography except one. Which is the exception? a. initial cost of set up b. being able to magnify an image c. risk of computer crash and lost files d. learning curve required to transfer interpretation skills e. management of infection control
e. Darkroom
Each of the following is necessary for digital radiography EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. x-ray machine b. Solid-state sensor or phosphor coated plate c. computer and monitor d. special software e. darkroom
a. provides a more legal document
Each of the following is true regarding digital radiography in comparison to film-based radiography except one. What is the exception? a. provides a more legal document b. less time is required to obtain a diagnostic image c. eliminates film and chemical waste d. patient radiation is reduced 0-50% e. software features enhance interpretations
movement of wavelike energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields
Electromagnetic radiation
The immature, undifferentiated, rapidly growing cells of the embryo are highly sensitive to radiation
Embryological defects
Radiopacities observed within the pulp chamber may be either silver points, a very radiopaque metal root canal filling, or gutta percha
Endodontic fillers
Defined as the ability to work and overcome resistance.
Energy
What is the potential risk of a full mouth dental x-ray examination inducing cancer in a patient?
Estimated to be 2.5 per 1,000,000 examinations
What is the fastest film available?
F
Developed paralleling technique in 1920
F. W. McCormack
T/F: Bitewing radiographs can be used to diagnose apical conditions or lesions.
FALSE
4 Common Types of Dosimeters
Film Badge TLD (thermoluminescent dosimeter) OSL (optically stimulated lumnescence) DIS (direct ion storage)
The placement of radiographs in a holder arranged in anatomical order
Film Mounting
Celluloid, cardboard, or plastic holders with frames or windows for the radiographs
Film mounts
An optical illusion created by an increased radiolucency observed at the cervical area of the tooth is called mach banding. The mach banding effect increases when overlap error occurs. T/F
First statement false, second statement true
Dental radiographs are important because they document the location and depth of periodontal pockets. Dental radiographs may serve as a baseline and as a means for evaluating the outcome of periodontal treatment T/F
First statement false, second statement true
Labial method film mounting positions the identification dot concave. The labial method is the recommended film mounting method T/F
First statement false, second statement true
A periapical radiograph of a 10 year old boy will most likely reveal developing permanent dentition Evidence of a congenitally missing permanent tooth is called an impaction T/F
First statement true, second false
Excessive occlusal force may result in a widening of the periodontal ligament space. Widening of the periodontal ligament space is called furcation involvement T/F
First statement true, second statement false
The use of the coin test will monitor darkroom safelight conditions. When an image of the coin appears on the radiograph, the safelight is adequate. T/F
First statement true, second statement false
Viewing mounted radiographs in a systematic sequence can help prevent errors in interpretation Mounted radiographs may be thoroughly viewed by holding the mount up to overhead room lighting. T/F
First statement true, second statement false
MSDS and product labels must be obtained from the manufacturer for all chemicals used in radiographic procedures, which are
Fixer Developer Disinfectant Cleaners used on processing equipment
Picture 2
Floor of the maxillary sinus
Developed the first digital imaging system called Radio VisioGraphy in 1987
Francis Mouyen
Who is given credit for developing the paralleling technique?
Franklin McCormack
Designed a "long cone" to use with the paralleling technique in 1947
G. M Fitzgerald
Prodduced when high-speed electrons are stopped or slowed down by tungsten atoms of the dental x-ray tube
General/bremsstrahlung radiation
Describes the changes in hereditary material that do not manifest in the irradiated individual, but in future generations
Genetic effect
The genetic material is the means by which hereditary traits are passed on from one generation to another. x-radiation, drugs, chemicals, and even elevated body temp can cause this
Genetic mutations
Case Type I
Gingivitis
What is the difference between gold crowns and stainless steel crowns?
Gold is more radiopaque
Absorbed dose
Gray rad
Introduced bitewing radiographs in 1924
H. R. Raper
Wrote first dental x-ray textbook in 1913
H. R. Raper
Cortical
Hard or compact bone
When would you use a size #3 film?
Horizontal bitewings on an adult patient for caries detection
10 seconds (PA) to 5 minutes (pano)
How long does it take a PSP plat scanner to display an image?
0.5 to 120
How long does it take for a digital image to be displayed on a computer monitor after the sensor is exposed?
Formula for inverse square law
I1/I2 = (D2)^2/(D1)^2
Appears as a distinct radiopacity. Located in an area of a missing tooth
Implant
Begining to exist or appear
Incipient
What is Grade C-1 mean?
Incipient Caries
An interproximal lesion that extends less than halfway through the enamel
Incipient interproximal
Cannot be seen on a radiograph
Incipient occlusal
Picture 3
Incisive Foramen
What causes overlapping of mesial and distal surfaces of the teeth?
Incorrect horizontal angulation
What causes an unequal distribution of the arches on a radiograph?
Incorrect vertical angulation
PSP Plate
Indirect digital image receptor composed of a polyester plate covered with storage phosphor crystals that "store" x-ray images as light. Uses laser scanning device
This theory is based on the assumption that radiation can cause chemical damage to the cell by ionizing the water within it.
Indirect theory (Radiolysis of water)
Individuals vary in sensitivity within the same species
Individual sensitivity
Picture 6
Internal oblique ridge
What is bitewing examination also referred to as?
Interproximal Examination
methods of exposing dental x-ray film, phosphor plates, or digital sensors with the oral cavity.
Intraoral
Safelighting uses what type of lightbulb?
LED (light-emitting diode)
what size does an occlusal film use?
Large size #4
Following the initial radiation exposure, and before the first detectable effect occurs, a time lag called _________ occurs. May be very short or extremely long, depending on the initial dose and other factors
Latent Period
What is the sequence of events following radiation exposure?
Latent Period Period of Injury Recovery Period
First half of law states that actively dividing cells are more sensitive than slowly dividing cells. The second half of law states that the more specialized a cell is, the more radioresistant it is.
Law of B and T.
LD
Lethal Dose
Describe the proper placement of the image receptor for an adult horizontal premolar bitewing.
Line up the anterior portion of the receptor behind the distal half of the canine
Describe the proper placement of the image receptor for an adult horizontal molar bitewing.
Line up the anterior portion of the receptor behind the distal half of the second premolar
Picture 5
Lingual foramen and genial tubercles
OSHA requires that manufacturers of chemical products such as developer and fixer supply __________________ to the oral health care practices that purchase these products. Provides information regarding properties and the potential health effects of the products
MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheets
Picture 7
Mandibular canal
To aid in determining which is the front and the back side of the film packet, the following information is usually printed on the back side:
Manufacturer's name Film speed number of films in the packet (one or two) circle or mark indicating the location of the identification dot the statement "Opposite side toward tube"
Picture 8
Mental Foramen
radiolucent triangle with the apex pointing toward the DEJ
Moderate
Case Type III
Moderate Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis
What does C-2 mean?
Moderate caries
An interproximal carious lesion that extends more than halfway through the enamel but does not involve the DEJ
Moderate interproximal
quality control tests, identification of hte person responsible for each test, and frequency of testing should be generated and posted
Monitoring schedule
What provides the radiographer with better protection when working with the fixer?
Nitrile or neoprene (rubber) utility gloves. Also use of PPE
Is it possible to tell the difference between gold, silver, or a base metal alloy?
No - difficult to do so. One can only make an educated guess
Indicates that any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause a biological response
Nonthreshold dose-response curve
First to make a dental radiograph in 1896
O. Walkhoff
What organizations manages hazardous wastes in dental radiography?
OSHA EPA
Images the entire maxillary or mandibular arch, or a portion of, on a single radiograph
Occlusal Examination
Quality Control does:
Operator competence X-ray machines Darkroom Processing equipment Processing chemistry X-ray film and storage Image viewing
Metal bands, wires, and brackets and surgical wires, pins, and screws all appear as distinct radiopacities
Orthodontic and surgical materials
Who is believed to have exposed the prototype of the first dental x-ray film?
Otto Walkhoff
Quality control tests and suggested time intervals consist of
Output consistency - Annually Tube head stability - Monthly Darkroom safelighting - Annually Automatic processor - Daily Processing solutions - Daily Cassettes and screens - Annually Viewboxes - Monthly
teeth are attached to the lamina dura by the fibers of the
PDL
Advantages of film mounting
PG 265 (9 Advantages)
Sequence of interpreting normal radiographic anatomy
PG 279 - (flow chart)
What is the x-ray technique of choice and why?
Paralleling It is more likely to satisfy more of the shadowcasting requirements
Tow basic intraoral radiographic techniques
Paralleling Bisecting
Canal
Passageway through bone
Images apices of the teeth and surrounding bone
Periapical (PA) Examination
Pulpal inflammation, becomes more radiolucent when it becomes chronic. when it's chronic, it may appear as a circular radiolucency around the root apices and eventual turn into a granuloma
Periapical abscess
Following the latent period, certain effects can be observed; in growing tissues exposed to radiation is the sttoppage of mitosis. May be temporary or permanent, depending on the radiation dosage
Period of Injury
_____________ is also the result of infection, but includes loss of ______ __________
Periodontitis alveolar bone
a term that refers to tissues that invest and support the teeth
Periodontium
What are the 4 basic steps to to exposing a bitewing radiograph?
Placement Vertical Angulation Horizontal Angulation Point of Entry
What helps avoid contact with the curvature of the palate and thus prevents producing a sloping or slanted image?
Position the image receptor a slight distance away from the lingual surfaces of the maxillary teeth
Producing a diagnostic quality image depends on what 5 factors?
Positioning of the patient Proper image receptor size How image receptor is to be positioned and held in place Correct exposure variables Correct PID aiming
A metal restoration that builds up a tooth so that it can support a crown; appears radiopaque. The core section penetrates the pulp chamber, so the presence of endodotic filler will be observed along with a post and core
Post and core
Defined as the planning, implementation, and evaluation of procedures used to produce high -quality radiographs with maximum diagnostic information (yield) while minimizing radiation exposure
Quality assurance
A series of tests to ensure that the radiographic system is functioning properly and that the radiographs produced are of an acceptable level of quality
Quality control
the emission aand movemment of energy thrrough space in the forrm of electromagnetic radiation or partiiculatte rraddiation
Radiation
defined as the process whereby certain unstable elements undergo spontaneous disintegration (decay) in an effort to attain a stable nuclear state
Radioactivity
the visible differences between densities
Radiographic contrast
Portion of the image that is dark or black
Radiolucent
Portion of the image that is light or white
Radiopaque
Spreading unchecked
Rampant
Following exposure to radiation, some recovery can take place. This is particularly apparent in the case of short-term effects.
Recovery period
Gray Scale
Refers to the number of shades of gray visible in an image.
Defined as the likelihood of injury or death from some hazard
Risk
Dental radiographs should be taken only when the benefit outweighs the risk of biologic injury to the patient
Risk versus benefit
Traditional units
Roentgen Rad Rem
An older term given to x-radiation in honor of its discoverer
Roentgen ray
What is geometric principle is the bisecting technique based upon?
Rule of Isometry
Radiolency may retain a double triangle shape, or be so severe as to appear as a large diffuse radiolucency
Severe
What does C-4 mean?
Severe caries
An interproximal lesion that extends through enamel, through dentin and more than half the distance toward the pulp
Severe interproximal
Seen as a large radiolucency in dentin; a large hole may be seen clinically on the chewing surface of the tooth
Severe occlusal
A geometric factor that refers to the detail and clarity of the outline of the structures shown on the radiograph
Sharpness/definition
Dose Equivalent
Sievert rem
What is the difference between gutta percha and silver points?
Silver points are more radiopaque
What size receptor is used and how is it positioned for exposure of an anterior bitewing radiograph of a small and narrow adult arch?
Size #1 placed vertically
What size film is generally used on adults for bitewing xrays?
Size 2
Case Type II
Slight Chronic Periodontitis
Cells of the body except for the reproductive cells
Somatic cells
Occurs when the biological change or damage occurs in the irradiated individual, but is not passed along to offspring
Somatic effect
Options for Disposal of Radiographic Waste Products
TABLE 20-1 PAGE 261
Spatial Resolution
The discernable separation of closely adjacent image details
Caries appear radiopaque, because more radiation is passing through the demineralization than the surrounding tissues. T/F
The first part is false, the second part is true
sharper
The greater the spatial resolution, the _________ it looks.
Which shadow casting principle does the paralleling technique NOT meet?
The image receptor and int object should be as close to each other as possible
Why is an identification dot used on a film?
The raised dot is used to determine film orientation and is used to distinguish between radiographs of the patient's right and left sides
As crystals in the film emulsion increase in size, the radiographic image sharpness increases because the amount of radiation needed to expose the film at an acceptable density decreases T/F?
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct
Dense objects appear radiolucent because dense objects absorb the passage of x-rays T/F?
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct
d. wiped with an intermediate-level disinfectant and covered with a plastic barrier
To maintain infection control, most manufacturers recommend that the sensor used in digital radiography be a. packaged for steam sterilization and autoclaved b. disposed of after use with biohazard waste c. decontaminated with soap and water and disinfected with a high-level disinfectant d. wiped with an intermediate-level disinfectant and covered with a plastic barrier e. sanitized and immersed in a chemical sterilant
What is the purpose of the rinsing step?
To remove as much of the alkaline developer as possible before placing the film in the fixer solution
What is the goal of image receptor placement?
To view all contacts (mesial and distal) of all of the teeth of interest
Radiation depends on the type, energy, and duration of the radiation
Total Dose
What are names given/assigned by the manufactuer and do not indicate the actual film speed?
Ultra-speed or Insight
Direct Digital Imaging
Uses a CCD or CMOS sensor to convert x-rays to electronic signal
Indirect Digital Imaging
Uses a PSP plate to store an x-ray as energy until it is stimulated by a laser
x- and y- coordinates
Values assigned to dimensions of a pixel that tell the computer where the pixel is located
Within the same individual, a wide variation in susceptibility to radiation damage exists among different types of cells and tissues
Variation in cell sensitivity
Various species have a wide range of radiosensitivity
Variation in species
Some tissues (organs) of the body are more radiosensitive than others
Variation in tissue sensitivity
Suggested basics for both bisecting and paralleling techniques in 1904
W. A. Price
discovered x-rays in 1895
W. C. Roentgen
Introduced the hot cathode tube in 1913
W. D. Coolidge
Side-by-Side Display Magnification Density and Contrast Measurement Tools Charting Digital Subtraction Artificial Intelligence
What are some of the features software programs offer for digital imaging?
PSP CMOS CCP
What are the 2 types of digital sensors
Pixels Gray Scale Spatial resolution
What determines the quality of an image?
Charged-Coupled Device Complementary metal oxide semiconductor Both are solid-state sensors
What does CCD and CMOS stand for? What type of sensors are they?
Photostimuable Phosphor
What does PSP stand for?
spatial resolution of an image
What does the number and size of pixels determine?
x-ray machine image receptor computer software
What equipment is needed for digital x-rays?
reduction in radiation exposure 0-50% reduction
What is the biggest advantage of using digital imaging?
digital image has no physical form
What is the difference between digital imaging and film-based radiography?
gray scale
What is the most important characteristic of a radiographic image?
d. digitization
When a transparency scanner or digital camera is used to convert an existing film-based radiograph to a digital file? a. digital radiography b. digital subtraction c. direct digital imaging d. digitization
When is a vertical bitewing indicated ?
When there is a need to image more of the supporting bone, like in periodontally involved patients
d. PSP
Which of the following stores the x-ray energy until later stimulation by a laser beam reads the electric signal and converts it into a digital image? a. CCD b. CMOS c. XCP d. PSP
Who discovered the x-ray?
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895
Who is considered by many to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection?
William Herbert Rollins
The original term Roentgen applied to the invisible ray he discovered
X-ray
appearing as a broad U shaped band often seen above or superimposed over roots of first and second molars
Zygomatic process (max post - radiopaque)
***pg 57-58*** Picture 1
Zygomatic process of the maxilla
A radiographer stands 4 ft from the head of the patient while exposing a dental radiograph. Her personnel monitoring device measures the radiation dose at that position to be 0.04 mSv. The radiographer decides to move to a new location 8 ft from the head of the patient. What is the dose at the new location? a. 0.01 mSv b. 0.02 mSv c. 0.08 mSv d. 0.16 mSv
a. 0.01 mSv
A patient presents whose radiographs must be taken utilizing the bisecting technique. The radiographer decides to replace the 16 in PID with an 8 in PID to better accommodate the bisecting technique. Currently the impulse setting with a 16 in PID is 12. To maintain image density, what will the new impulse setting be with the 8 in PID? a. 3 b. 6 c. 24 d. 48
a. 3
Dental and medical x-rays account for what percentage of the overall total exposure to ionizing radiation to an individual in the United States? a. 5 b. 10 c. 25 d. 50
a. 5
how many size #2 image receptors are required by most health care practices for the exposure of posterior radiographs of a full mouth series? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
a. 5
Alveolar crests pointed in the anterior region and a radiopaque flat, smooth lamina dura 1.5 to 2.0 mm below the CEJ in the posterior region describes a. Case Type I: Gingivitis b. Case Type II: Slight Chronic Periodontitis c. Case Type III: Moderate Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis d. Case Type IV: Advanced Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis
a. Case Type I: Gingivitis
Lining the image receptor up behind the right and left central and lateral incisor to include the mesial half of the right and left canines describes the image receptor placement for which of the following PAs? a. Cental incisors b. Canines c. Premolars d. Molars
a. Central incisors
When using the bisecting technique, which of the these errors results from inadequate vertical angulation? a. Elongation b. Foreshortening c. Conecut d. Overlapping
a. Elongation
Which of the following appear equally radiopaque on a dental radiograph? a. Gold crowns and amalgam b. Gold crowns and porcelain crowns c. Gutta percha and silver points d. Gold crowns and stainless steel crowns
a. Gold crowns and amalgam
If two films become overlapped together because they were inserted into the automatic processor too quickly, what is the resutls? a. Green films b. Brown films C. Light films d. Black films
a. Green films
Each of ht efollowing will result in radiographs that are too light EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Hot developer solution b. Old, expired film c. Underexposing d. Underdeveloping
a. Hot developer solution
The inverted Y landmark is composed of the intersection of which two structures? a. Lateral wall of the nasal cavity and anterior border of the maxillary sinus b. Anterior border of the maxillary sinus and inferior border of the mandible c. Lateral wall of the nasal cavity and soft tissue shadow of the nose d. Inferior border of the zygomatic process and the anterior nasal spine
a. Lateral wall of the nasal cavity and anterior border of the maxillary sinus
A MSDS would NOT need to be obtained for which of hte following? a. Lead foils from intraoral film packets b. Radiographic fixer c. Radiographic developer d. Low-level disinfectant
a. Lead foils from intraoral film packets
Which of the following is an example of a holder that can be used with both the paralleling and the bisecting techniques? a. SUPA b. Uni-GripAR c. XCP d. Flip Ray
a. SUPA
A periapical radiograph of a 10-year-old will most likely raveal developing permanent dentition. Evidence of a congenitally missing permanent tooth is called an impaction. a. The first statement is true. The second statement is false. b. The first statement is false. The second statement is true. c. Both statements are true. d. Both statements are false.
a. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
According to the factors that determine radiation injury, based on age, who is the most radiosensitive? a. a 6 year-old b. a 16 year-old c. a 26 year-old d. a 46 year-old
a. a 6 year-old
Which of the following is most radiopaque? a. amalgam b. porcelain c. composite d. acrylic
a. amalgam
Which of these dental restorative materials appears most radiopaque? a. amalgam b. porcelain c. silicate d. acrylic resin
a. amalgam
What term describes the smallest particle of an elemennt that retains the properties of that element? a. atom b. molecule c. photon d. isotope
a. atom
X-ray films should be stored a. away from heat and humidity b. near the source of radiation c. in the darkroom d. stacked in columns
a. away from heat and humidity
Which of these provides support for the fragile film emulsion? a. base b. adhesive c. silver halide crystals d. protective coating
a. base
Which intraoral technique is based on the rule of isometry? a. bisecting b. paralleling
a. bisecting
which intraoral technique is based on the rule of isometry? a. bisecting b. paralleling
a. bisecting
which radiograph is used most often to detect proximal surface dental decay? a. bitewing b. occlusal c. panoramic d. periapical
a. bitewing
Which radiographic is used most often to detect proximal surface decay? a. bitewings b. occlusal c. panoramic d. periapical
a. bitewings
each of the following should be considered when setting up an ideal darkroom EXCEPT one, which one? a. black walls b. location c. lighting d. size
a. black walls
Lining the image receptor up behind the right and left central and lateral incisors to include the mesial half of the right and left canines describes the image receptor placement for which of the following periapical radiographs? a. central incisors b. canines c. premolars d. molars
a. central incisors
A large radiolucency surrounding the crown only of an unerupted tooth is most likely what type of cyst? a. dentigerous b. radicular c. residual d. periapical
a. dentigerous
A thermometer is used for manual processing to determine the temperature of the a. developer solution b. water c. fixer solution d. both a and c
a. developer solution
During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed silver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver? a. developing b. fixing c. rinsing d. washing
a. developing
Which type of film is used to copy radiograph? a. duplicate film b. screen film c. nonscreen film d. x-ray film
a. duplicate film
To determine the horizontal angulation for the maxillary molar periodical radiograph, the central rays of the x-ray beam should be directed at the image receptor perpendicularly through the embrasures of: a. first and second molar b. second premolar and first molar c. first and second premolars d. canine and first premolar
a. first and second molar
Radiation produced when high-speed electrons are stopped or slowed down by the tungsten atoms of the dental x-ray tube is called a. general/brensstrahlung b. characteristic c. coherent d. Compton
a. general/bremsstrahlung
Caries in the earliest stage is called a. incipient b. moderate c. advanced d. severe
a. incipient
Which of the following appears radiographically as a radiolucent notch that is less than half-way through the enamel? a. incipient proximal caries b. moderate proximal caries c. advanced proximal caries d. severe proximal caries
a. incipient proximal caries
to compensate for the increased object-image receptor distance needed to achieve parallelism, the target-image receptor distance should be: a. increased b. decreased
a. increased
The primary cause of biological damage from radiation is a. ionization b. direct effect c. indirect effect d. genetic effect
a. ionization
Indirect injry from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons a. ionize water and form toxins b. pass through the cell c. strike critical cell molecules d. All of the above
a. ionize water and form toxins
Indirect injury from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons: a. ionize water and form toxins b. pass through a cell c. strike critical cell molecules d. all of the above
a. ionize water and form toxins
The inverted Y landmark is composed of the intersection of which two structures? a. lateral wall of the nasal cavity and ant border of max sinus b. ant border of max sinus and inf border of man c. lateral wall of the nasal cavity and soft tissue shadow of nose d. inferior border of the zygomatic process and the ant nasal spine
a. lateral wall of the nasal cavity and ant border of max sinus
Each of the following is an advantage of automatic processing over manual processing EXCEPT one, which one? a. less maintenance b. decreased processing time c. increased capacity for processing d. self-regulation of time and temp
a. less maintenance
What factor has the greatest effect on image sharpness? a. movement b. filtration c. kilovoltage d. amperage
a. movement
Radiographic evidence of a bone fracture appears as a radiolucent line that may resemble a a. nutrient canal b. cyst c. tumor d. retained root tip
a. nutrient canal
Distortion results when a. object and image receptor are not parallel b. x-ray beam is perpendicular to the object and image receptor c. using a short object-image receptor distance d. using a small focal spot
a. object and image receptor are not parallel
Each of the following is a shadow casting principle EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. object and image receptor should be perpendicular to each other b. object and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other c. object should be as far as practical from the target d. Radiation should strike the object an image receptor perpendicularly
a. object and image receptor should be perpendicular to each other
Which of the following is the correct seating position for the patient during radiographic examinations when an image receptor with an aiming device is used? a. Occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor b. Occlusal plane perpendicular and midsaggital plane parallel to the floor c. Occlusal and midsaggital planes parallel to the floor d. Occlusal and midsaggital planes perpendicular to the floor
a. occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor
which of the following is the correct seating position for the patient during radiographic examinations when an image receptor without an external aiming device is used? a. occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor b. occlusal plane perpendicular and midsaggital plane parallel to the floor c. occlusal and midsaggital planes parallel to the floor d. occlusal and midsaggital planes perpendicular to the floor
a. occlusal plane parallel and midsaggital plane perpendicular to the floor
Which of the following should be done first when mounting radiographs? a. orient the identification dot the same way b. separate bitewing from periapical films c. separate the ant from post films d. orient the teeth roots to point in the correct direction
a. orient the identification dot the same way
Caries that occur under a restoration or around its margin are called a. recurrent caries b. cemental caries c. root caries d. buccal caries
a. recurrent caries
Intensifying screens will a. reduce exposure time b. decrease processing time c. increase x-ray intensity d. increase image detail
a. reduce exposure time
the basic consitiuents of the developer solution are a. reducing agent, activator, preservative, restrainer b. reducing agent, acidifier, preservative, restrainer c. clearing agent, activator, preservative, restrainer d. clearing agent, preservative, hardener, acidifier
a. reducing agent, activator, preservative, restrainer
Each of the following aids in reducing patient radiation exposure except one. Which is the exception? a. slow-speed film b. careful film handling c. darkroom protocol d. image receptor holders
a. slow speed film
When nutrient canals open at the surface of the bone, they often appear radiographically as a. small radiolucent dots b. large radiopaque lines c. small radiolucent lines d. small raiopaque dots
a. small radiolucent dots
When nutrient canals open at the surface of the bone, they often appear radiographically as a. small radiolucent dots. b. large radiopaque lines. c. small radiolucent lines. d. small radiopaque dots.
a. small radiolucent dots.
Each of the following will help prevent an accidental exposure to hazardous chemicals EXCEPT one, which one? a. Store the product in the smallest container possible b. be familiar with the MSDS information regarding the product c. use the chemical in a well-ventilated area d. wash hands thoroughly after handling the chemical
a. store the product in the smallest container possible
Proximal surface carious lesions appear a. triangular b. square c. round d. crescent-shaped
a. triangular
Anterior PA image receptors are placed _____ in the oral cavity. Posterior PA image receptors are placed ______ in the oral cavity. a. vertically, horizontally b. horizontally, vertically c. vertically, vertically d. horizontally, horizontally
a. vertically, horizontally
anterior periapical image receptors are placed _________ in the oral cavity. Posterior periapical image receptors are placed _________ in the oral cavity. a. vertically; horizontally b. horizontally; vertically c. vertically;vertically d. horizontally; horizontally
a. vertically; horizontally
what is the distance bw two similar points on two successive waves called? a. wavelength b. frequency c. velocity d. energy level
a. wavelength
Artificial Intelligence
ability of a computer to perform dicision making similar to a human being
A localized pus formation often accompanied by swelling and pain. When involving an infected tooth, it is usually located near the apex of the roots. May be chronic or acute. Appears radiolucent when large enough to be visible on a radiograph.
abscess
Three common radiographic periapical lesions
abscess granuloma cyst
what is the purpose of the lead foil?
absorb scattered radiation
definned as the amount of energy deposited in any fformm of matter (such as teeth, soft tissues, treatment chair) by any type of radiation
absorbed dose
A beeam of x-rays passing through matter is weakened and gradually disappears
absorption
what chemical is used for an acidifier?
acetic acid
provides the acid medium to stop further development by neutralizing the alkali of the developer
acidifier
According to the Law of B&T, which type of cells are more radiosensitive? actively dividing cells or slowly dividing cells
actively diving cells
If the dose of radiation is large enough, the resultant signs and symptoms that comprise these short-term effects are collectively known as
acute radiation syndrome (ARS)
placement of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the port seal and the PID
added filtration
Each emulsion layer is attached to the base by a thin layer of
adhesive
composites, porcelain, silicate, and acrylic resins are examples of
aesthetic materials
How may film be dried?
air dried at room temp or dried in a heated cabinet especially made for this purpose
particulate radiation
alpha and beta particles
portion of the max or man that surrounds and supports the teeth
alveolar process
The most common restorative material; appears radiopaque with irregular margins and varies in shize and shape. Radioopaque and will not likely cover the entire crown of the teeth
amalgam
metallic restorative material
amalgam
amalgam that fractures, during an extraction and falls into the root socket or under the gingival tissue may impart a bluish-purple color to the tissue
amalgam tattoo
the bluish-purple color of the gingival tissue caused by fragments of amalgam under the tissue
amalgam tattoo
an odontogenic tumor of enamel origin that does not undergo differentiation to the point of enamel formation
ameloblastoma
Which one has the greatest potential for serious implication for the patient?
ameloblastomas
Three types of odontogenic tumors
ameloblastomas odontomas periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD)
what fixing agent is used?
ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate
The nonemulsion side contains
an antihalation coating
What should a quality assurance program include?
an assessment of current practices, where and how the problems see to be occurring, a written plan that identifies who is responsible and what training the personnel need to be able to carry out the quality control tests, record-keeping, and periodic evaluations of the plan
wavelength may be measured in
angstrom
The procedure in which the tube head and PID are aligned
angulation
a deviation from the normal
anomaly
V shaped projection from the floor of the nasal fossa in the midline
anterior nasal spine (max ant region-radiopaque)
end of the root canal
apical foramen
What type of monitoring involves making an on-site survey to measure the output of the x-ray unit
area monitoring
means stopped or inactive
arrested
images other than anatomy or pathology that do not contribute to a diagnosis of the patient's condition
artifacts
How close to the patient's face should the PID be?
as close as possible without touching
Materials that are extremely dense have a high
atomic weight
complete displacement of a tooth from alveolar bone
avulsion
The exposure factors used at an oral health care facility are: 10 mA, 0.9 sec, 70 kVp, and 16 in target-image receptor distance. The radiographer increases the mA to 15, but leaves the kVp and the target-image receptor distance constant. To maintain identical image density, what should the new exposure time be? a. 0.3 b. 0.6 c. 1.2 d. 1.8
b. 0.6
what is the minimum safe distance to position the safe-light above the work area in the darkroom? a. 2 ft b. 4 ft c. 6 ft d. 8 ft
b. 4 ft
what is the ideal temp for processing film manually? a. 60 degrees F b. 68 degrees F c. 75 degrees F d. 83 degrees F
b. 68 degrees F
Radiolucent changes observed on a radiograph such as a fuzzy, cuppingout of the crestal bone and a blunted appearance of the lamina dura in the anterior region describes a. Case Type I: Gingivitis b. Case Type II: Slight Chronic Periodontitis c. Case Type III: Moderate Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis d. Case Type IV: Advanced Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis
b. Case Type II: Slight Chronic Periodontitis
Each of the following is a quality control test for monitoring the dental x-ray machine EXCEPT one, which one? a. tube head stability test b. coin test c. output consistency test d. Timer, milliamperage, and kilotoltage setting accuracy test
b. Coin test
Which of these conditions results from a failure to direct the central ray toward the middle of the image receptor? a. Overlapping b. Conecut c. Elongation d. Foreshortening
b. Conecut
Each of the following may be found on a MSDS EXCEPT one, which one? a. Chemical ingredients b. Date of manufacture c. requirements for safe handling d. Disposal considerations
b. Date of manufacture
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the maxillary posterior region EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Maxillary sinus b. Incisive foramen c. Zygomatic arch d. Hamulus
b. Incisive foramen
Which of the following will most likely appear as a radiopacity outlining the tooth root? a. PDL space b. Lamina dura c. Nutrient canal d. Cementum
b. Lamina dura
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events following radiation exposure? a. period of injury, latnet period, recovery period b. latnet period, period of injury, recovery period c. latent eriod, recovery period, period of injury d. recovery period, latent period, period of injury
b. Latent period, period of injury, recovery period
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the mandibular posterior region EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION. a. Mental foramen b. Pterygoid plate c. Mandibular canal d. Mylohyoid ridge
b. Pterygoid plate
Each of these features will appear radiopaque EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Ridge b. Sinus c. Tubercles d. Process
b. Sinus
Which of these appears radiolucent on a radiograph? a. sialolith b. abscess c. torus d. odontoma
b. abscess
What is the function of the lead foil int eh film packet? a. moisture protection b. absorb backscatter radiation c. give rigidity to the packet d. protect against fluorescence
b. absorb backscatter radiation
When an automatic processor is functioning properly, an unexposed film will exit the return chute dry and a. black b. clear c. green d. with the image of a coin
b. clear
What term best expresses comparisons between dental radiation exposures and natural background exposure? a. absorbed dose b. effective dose equivalent c. accumulated dose d. lethal dose
b. effective dose equivalent
Which term best expresses the comparisons between dental radiation exposures and a natural background exposure? a. absorbed dose b. effective dose equivalent c. accumulated dose d. lethal dose
b. effective dose equivalent
The evidence of resorption that appears to shorten the tooth root is called a. internal resorption b. external resorption c. primary resorption d. secondary resorption
b. external resorption
Each of the following can be found on the back side of an intraoral film packet EXCEPT one, which one? a. film speed b. film size c. embossed dot location d. number of films in packet
b. film size
what is the appearance of the radiographic image if a film is exposed to a safelight too long? a. oxidized b. fogged c. fixed d. attenuated
b. fogged
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the max post region EXCEPT one, which one? a. max sinus b. incisive foramen c. zygomatic arch d. hamulus
b. incisive foramen
Reading and explaining radiographic image is a. diagnosing b. interpreting c. viewing d. mounting
b. interpreting
Which of the following will most likely appear as a radiopacity outlining the tooth root? a. PDL space b. lamina dura c. nutrient canal d. cementum
b. lamina dura
Film holders designed for use with the paralleling technique should have a a. short biteblock and L-shaped backing b. long biteblock and L-shaped backing c. short biteblock and no backing d. long biteblock and no backing
b. long biteblock and L-shaped backing
Which of the following describes the radiographic image produced with a kVp exposure setting of 100? a. short scale b. long scale c. high contrast d. low density
b. long scale
which of the following is the best sequencing for exposing a full mouth series of periapical radiographs? a. man ant, max ant, man post, max post b. max ant, man ant, max post, man post c. man post, max post, man ant, max ant d. max post, man post, max ant, man ant
b. max ant, man ant, ,max post, man post
Which of the following is the best sequencing for exposing a full mouth series of PAs ? a. man anterior, max anterior, man posterior, max posterior b. max anterior, man anterior, max posterior, man posterior c. man posterior, max posterior, man anterior, max anterio d. max posterior, man posterior, max anterior, man anterior
b. max anterior, man anterior, max posterior, man posterior
In which region is it best to begin the interpretation process when viewing radiographs mounted using the labial method? a. max left post b. max right post c. man left post d. man right post
b. max right post
Which of these cells are most radioresistant? a. endothelial cells b. muscle cells c. epithelial cells d. red blood cells
b. muscle cells
Which of thhese cells are most radioresistant? a. endothelial cells b. muscle cells c. epithelial cells d. red blood cells
b. muscle cells
which intraoral technique satisfies more shadow casting principles? a. bisecting b. paralleling
b. paralleling
which intraoral technique satisfies more shadow casting principles? a. bisecting b. paralleling
b. paralleling
which of these projections will the dentist most likely prescribe for evaluation of a specific tooth and its surrounding structures? a. bitewing b. periapical c. occlusal d. pano
b. periapical
Each of the following may be determined from a dental radiograph EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. bone loss b. pocket depth c. furcation involvement d. local contributing factors
b. pocket depth
which of these is considered a disadvantage of manual processing over automatic processing a. darkroom required b. processing time is long c. chemicals must be replenished d. temperatures must be regulated
b. processing time is long
Each of the following is true regarding rapid film processing EXCEPT one, which one? a. uses a miniature darkroom placed on the counter in the operatory b. produces archival (permanent) quality radiographs c. may use developer that is super heated to high temps d. produces a radiographic image in about 1 to 2 min
b. produces archival (permanent) quality radiographs
Radiographs are best at detecting incipient caries of which of these locations on the tooth? a. occlusal b. proximal c. buccal/lingual d. cemental
b. proximal
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the man post region EXCEPT one, which one? a. mental foramen b. pterygoid plate c. man canal d. mylohyoid ridge
b. pterygoid plate
what term describes the process by which unstable atoms undergo decay in an effort to obtain nuclear stability? a. absorption b. radioactivity c radiolucent d. ioniziation
b. radioactivity
Which term best describes the process by which the latent image becomes visible? a. reticulation b. reduction c. activation d. preservation
b. reduction
Amalgam and a full metal crown can be distinguished from each other radiographically by their a. degree of radiopacity b. shape and margins c. location in the mouth d. use of retention pins
b. shape and margins
which of these factors does NOT need to be considered when deciding which image receptor size to use when exposing a full mouth series? a. age of the patient b. shape of the dental arches c. previous accumulated exposure d. patient's ability to tolerate the image receptor
b. shape of the dental arches
The systeme Internationale unit that has replaced the traditional unit rem is a. gray b. sievert c. rad d. coulombs per kilogram
b. sievert
Each of the following may mimic caries radiographically EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. composite restorations b. stainless stain crowns c. cervical burnout d. mach banding
b. stainless stain crowns
Where should the embossed ID dot be positioned when take a PA? a. toward the midline of the oral cavity b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth c. toward the palate or floor of the mouth d. toward the distal or back of the arch
b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth
where should the embossed identification dot be positioned when taking periapical radiographs? a. toward the midline of the oral cavity b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth c. toward the palate or floor of the mouth d. toward the distal or back of the arch
b. toward the incisal or occlusal edge of the tooth
Bone sometimes has a mixed radiopaque-radiolucent appearance due to the nature of the a. cortical plates b. trabeculae patterns c. alveolar process d. genial tubercles
b. trabeculae patterns
Bone sometimes has a mixed radiopaque-radiolucent appearance due to the nature of the a. cortical plates. b. trabeculae patterns. c. alveolar process. d. genial tubercles.
b. trabeculae patterns.
which of the following is NOT a property shared by energies of the electromagnetic spectrum? a. have energy that is measurable and different b. travel in a pulsating motion at the speed of sound c. have no electrical charge, mass, or weight d. emit an electrical field at right angles to the path of travel
b. travel in a pulsating motion at the speed of sound
The key to successfully interpreting radiographs for occlusal caries is to examine a. the occlusal surface for changes in the pits and fissures b. under the occlusal surface for changes in the dentin c. the contact point between adjacent teeth for changes in the enamel d. just apical to the contact point for the changes in the DEJ
b. under the occlusal surface for changes in the dentin
Directing the central rays perpendicular to the plane of the image receptor and perpendicular to the long axes of the teeth describes which step of the paralleling technique? a. placement b. vertical angulation c. horizontal angulation d. point of entry
b. vertical angulation
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an emergency eyewash station? a. Must be clearly labeled b. Water temp must not exceed 60 degrees c. Must be located within 25 ft or 10 sec of where the chemical is handled d. the flow of water must be easy to activate
b. water temp must not exceed 60 degrees
which of these forms of radiation has the greatest penetrating power? a. visible light b. x-rays c. sunlamp d. radiowaves
b. x-rays
Put these statements in order according to the BEST recommended sequence for learning to identify normal radiographic anatomy. a. Determine if the structure is radiopaque or radiolucent. b. Determine if radiograph is of the maxilla or mandible. c. Determine if radiograph is of the anterior or posterior region.
b., c., a.
Each of these features will appear radiopaque EXCEPT one, which one? a. ridge b. sinus c. tubercles d. process
b.sinus
ionizing radiation that is always present in our environment
background radiation
a thick layer of cement used as a cavity preparation under a restoration. It often appears slightly more radiopaque than dentin
base material
What restorative materials exhibits about the same degree of radiopacity as dentin?
base material and sements
Medical (not dental) x-radiation exposure of pregnant females has been associated with an increasein the incidence of full-term pregnancies resulting in
below-normal-birth-weight infants
doing little or no harm
benign
noncancerous; not usually an immediate threat to overall health
benign
Where does cemental caries develop?
between the enamel border and the free margin of the gingiva on the cemental surface
Through which interproximal space should the central ray of the x-ray beam be perpendicularly directed when exposing a premolar bitewing on a adolescent with permanent teeth?
between the first and second premolars
electrons are maintained iin their oorbits by the positiive attraction of the protons, known as
binding energy
meaning that they can be broken down into harmless products by a wastewater treatment facility
biodegradable
What can high doses of radiation cause?
birth abnormalities, stunting of growth, and mental retardation
what are two types of techniques?
bisecting and paralleling
another name for bisecting-angle or short-cone technique
bisecting technique
what is a kind of image receptor positioner/holders that requires no sterilizations
biteblocks
images the coronal portions of the teeth and the alveolar crests of bone of both max and man on a single radiograph
bitewing examination
Which radiograph is the choice for the evaluation of caries due to the precise parallelism established bw the tooth and the plane of the image receptor?
bitewing radiographs
What images the crowns and alveolar bone of both the maxillary and mandibular teeth as a single radiograph?
bitewings
surrounds the film inside the packet to protect it from light
black paper wrapping
developer contamination produces
black spots
What are some features that appear radiopaque
bone border (wall) process ridge spine tubercles tuberosity
Septum
bony partition that separates two spaces
are artifacts radiolucent or radiopaque?
both
What should you do if contamination like this occurs?
both tanks should be emptied and cleaned, disposing both solutions properly
Fossa
broad shallow depression in bone
At which of the following settings would the PID be pointing to the floor? a. -30 b. 0 c. +20
c. +20
at which of the following settings would the PID be pointing on the floor? a. -30 b. 0 c. +20
c. +20
During the exposure of a intraoral dental radiograph, approximately how much smaller is the dose of radiation in the gonad areal that the surface of the face? a. 0.1 b. 0.01 c. 0.001 d. 0.0001
c. 0.001
What is the average amount of background radiation to an individual in the United States? a. 2.2 mSv b. 4.2 mSv c. 6.2 mSv d. 8.2 mSv
c. 6.2 mSv
Which of these is considered a short-term outcome following radiation exposure? a. embryological defects b. cataracts c. acute radiation syndrome d. cancer
c. Acute radiation syndrome
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the mandibular anterior region EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Genial tubercles b. Mental ridge c. Coronoid process d. Lingual foramen
c. Coronoid process
Which of these indicates an overexposed radiographs? a. Clear image b. Light image c. Dark image d. Double image
c. Dark image
which of these films has the greatest sensitivity to radiation? a. D b. E c. F
c. F
What does herringbone error indicate? a. Embossed dot was positioned incorrectly b. Lead foil was processed with the film c. Film packet was placed in the oral cavity backwards d. Temperatures of the processing chmicals were not equal
c. Film packet was placed in the oral cavity backwards
Which of these indicates that a film was not properly washed? a. Image appears light b. Fogging results c. Film turns brown d. White spots form
c. Film turns brown
Which of the following describes how gold can be distinguished from amalgam on a dental radiograph? a. Gold appears more radiopaque than amalgam b. Gold appears more radiolucent than amalgam c. Gold margins are smooth and regular d. amalgam margins are smooth and regular
c. Gold margins are smooth and regular
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the maxillary anterior region EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Nasal septum b. Median palatine suture c. Maxillary tuberosity d. Inverted Y
c. Maxillary tuberosity
What error results in overlapped contacts being more sever between the first and second molar than between the first and second premolar? a. Excessive vertical angulation b. Inadequate vertical angulation c. Mesiodistal projection of the horizontal angulation d. Distomesial projection of horizontal angulation
c. Mesiodistal projection of the horizontal angulation
A competent dental hygienist and dental assistant must be able to identify which of the following radiographically? a. Caries b. Periodontal abcess c. Normal anatomy d. Periapical pathology
c. Normal anatomy
Each of the following is a factor that determines radiation injury EXCEPT one, which one? a. size of the irradiated area b. amount of radiation c. patient gender d. dose rate
c. Patient gender
On a periapical radiograph of the maxillary molars, which of the following structures may be recorded superimposed over the roots of the teeth? a. Mastoid process b. Maxillary tuberosity c. Zygomatic process d. Mylohyoid ridge
c. Zygomatic process
what term best describes the process of transferring x-ray energy to the atoms of the material through which the x-ray beam passes? a. compton scattering b. photoelectric effect c. absorption d. Bremsstrahlung
c. absorption
Which of these is considered a short term effect? a. embryological defects b. cataracts c. acute radiation syndrome d. cancer
c. acute radiation syndrome
Which of the following appears radiographically as a radiolucent double triangle that is less than halfway throught he dentin toward the pulp? a. incipient proximal caries b. moderate proximal caries c. advanced proximal caries d. severe proximal caries
c. advanced proximal caries
which processing method requires the most maintenance and the strictest adherence to regular replenishment and cleaning? a. manual b. rapid c. automatic
c. automatic
Overlapped teeth contacts render a bitewing radiograph unndiagnostic. The overlap appears more severe in the anterior region. What corrective action is needed? a. Increase vertical angulation b. Decrease vertical angulation c. shift horizontal angulation toward the mesial d. Shift horizontal angulation toward the distal
c. c. Shift horizontal angulation toward the mesial
Which of the following appears radiographically as an ill-defined crescent-shaped radiolucency below the CEJ? a. proximal caries b. occlusal caries c. cemental caries d. buccal/lingual caries
c. cemental caries
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of man ant region EXCEPT one, which one? a. genial tubercles b. mental ridge c. coronoid process d. lingual foramen
c. coronoid process
Which of the following is appropriate to increase radiographic contrast while maintaining image density? a. increase the kVp and increase the exposure time b. increase the kVp and decrease the exposure time c. decrease the kVp and increase the exposure time d. decrease the kVp and decrease the exposure time
c. decrease the kVp and increase the exposure time
radiographs may help to locate each of the following local contributing factors EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. calculus b. poorly contoured crown margin c. deep pocket d. amalgam overhang
c. deep pocket
The degree of darkening of the radiographic image is referred to as a. contrast b. definition c. density d. penumbra
c. density
The final responsibility to diagnose the radiograph rests with the a. dental assistant b. dental hygienist c. dentist d. patient
c. dentist
which of these is the correct processing sequence? a. rinse, fix, wash, develop, dry b. fix, rinse, develop, wash, dry c. develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry d. rinse, develop, wash, fix, dry
c. develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry
A sharp bend in the tooth root is called a. taurodontia b. hypercementosis c. dilaceration d. extosis
c. dilaceration
The key to successfully interpreting radiographs for proximal surface caries is to examine the contact point between adjacent teeth and just apical to the a. DEJ b. CEJ c. estimated gingival margin d. alveolar bone crest
c. estimated gingival margin
each of the following is necessary required for manual processing EXCEPT one, which one? a. thermometer b. timer c. film dryer d. film hanger
c. film dryer
To determine the horizontal angulation for the mandubular premolar PA, the central ray should be directed through the embrasures of: a. first and second molars b. second premolar and first molar c. first and second premolars d. canine and first premolar
c. first and second premolars
a film may be safely exposed to white light for a wet reading after two or three numbers of a developing b. rinsing c. fixing d. washing
c. fixing
When the effect of a radiation exposure is observedin the offspring of an irradiated person, but not in the irradiated person, this is called the a. somatic effect b. genetic effect c. direct effect d. indirect effect
c. genetic effect
Chemicals with what pH would be most likely to cause severe eye irritation? a. low pH (acidic) b. neutral pH c. high pH (alkaline)
c. high pH (alkaline)
Which of the following terms describes bone loss that occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJ of adjacent teeth? a. irregular b. vertical c. horizontal d. periapical
c. horizontal
radiant energy sufficient to remove an electron from its orbitial level of an atom is called a. atomic b. electronic c. ionizing d. ultrasonic
c. ionizing
During x-ray exposure, crystals within the film emulsion become energized with a(n) a. visible image b. slow image c. latent image d. intensified image
c. latent image
Each of the following may appear on a periapical radiograph of the max ant region EXCEPT one, which one? a. nasal septum b. median palatine suture c. max tuberosity d. inverted Y
c. max tuberosity
A competent dental hygienist and dental assistant must be able to identify which of the following radiographically? a. caries b. periodontal abcess c. normal anatomy d. periapical pathology
c. normal anatomy
each of the following is a shadow casting principle EXCEPT one, which one? a. object and image receptor should be perpendicular to each other b. object and image receptor should be as close as possible to each other c. objects should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation) d. radiaiton should strike the object and image receptor perpendicularly
c. object should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation)
A size 4 intraoral film packet would most likely be used to expose a. bitewing b. periapical c. occlusal d. pedodontic
c. occlusal
Which is NOT an intraoral radiograph? a. bitewing b. occlusal c. panoramic d. periapical
c. panoramic
Which of these is NOT an intraoral radiograph? a. Bitewing b. occlusal c. panoramic d. periapical
c. panoramic
The most important reason for using a holder when utilizing the paralleling technique is to stabilize the image receptor in a position a. at a right angle to the teeth b. perpendicular to the teeth c. parallel to the teeth d. parallel to the bisector
c. parallel to the tooth
Lining the image receptor up behind the distal half of the canine to include the first and second premolars and mesial half of the first molar describes the placement for which of the following PAs ? a. central incisors b. canine c. premolar d. molar
c. premolars
Which of these factors does NOT need to be considered when deciding which image receptor size to use when exposing a full mouth series? a. age of the patient b. shape of the dental arches c. previous accumulated exposure d. Patient's ability to tolerate the image receptor
c. previous accumulated exposure
The radiographic appearance of a small ovoid radiopacity within the pulp chamber of the tooth is called a a. rhinolith b. phlebolith c. pulp stone d. pulp cap
c. pulp stone
which of the following colors of safelight fibers is safe for processing all film speeds? a. yellow b. green c. red d. blue
c. red
Which of the following tumors appears radiolucent radiographically? a. torus palatinus b. odontoma c. sarcoma
c. sarcoma
which ingredient hardens the emulsion? a. elon b. potassium alum c. sodium carbonate d. sodium sulfite
c. sodium carbonate
which ingredient removes the unexposed/underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion? a. acetic acid b. potassium bromide c. sodium thiosulfate d. hydroquinone
c. sodium thiosulfate
Each of the following is in the path of the x-ray beam during exposure of an intramural dental radiograph on an adult patient. Which one, because of its relative radioresistancy is NOT considered critical for dental radiography? a. mandible b. lens of the eye c. spinal cord d. thyroid gland
c. spinal cord
Direct injury from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons a. ionize water and form toxins b. pass through the cell c. strike critical cell molecules d. All of the above
c. strike critical cell molecules
Direct injury from radiation occurs when the x-ray photons: a. ionize water and form toxins b. pass through a cell c. strike critical cell molecules d. all of the above
c. strike critical cell molecules
Which of the following is LEAST likely to require special consideration prior to discharging into the waste stream? a. lead foils from intraoral film packets b. used fixer c. used developer d. digital imaging equipment
c. used developer
Which of these cells are most radiosensitive? a. brain cells b. nerve cells c. white blood cells d. mature bone cells
c. white blood cells
Which of these cells are mostly radiosensitive? a. brain cells b. nervous cells c. white blood cells d. mature bone cells
c. white blood cells
On a periapical radiograph of the max molars, which of the following structures may be recorded superimposed over the roots of the teeth? a. mastoid process b. max tuberosity c. zygomatic process d. mylohyoid ridge
c. zygomatic process
Each of the following is in the path of the x-ray beam during exposure of an intraoral dental radiograph of an adult patient. Which one, because of its relative radioresistancy is NOT considered critical for dental radiography? a. mandible b. lens of the eye c. spinal cord d. thyroid gland
c.. spinal cord
appears slightly radiopaque, and must be significantly calcified to be recorded on radiographs
calculus
What are some features that appear radiolucent
canal foramen fossa meatus sinus space (PDL) suture
spongy bone, inner bones
cancellous bone
What are some long-term effects of radiation?
cancer embryological defects low birth weight cataracts genetic mutations
Anyting that is capable of causing cancer is called_____
carcinogen
malignant growth of epithelial cells; a form of cancer
carcinoma
malignant tumors of epithelial origin
carcinoma
What are the two main types of oral malignancies?
carcinoma and sarcoma
When the lens of the eye becomes opaque
cataracts
What are the probable cause and corrective actions for overlapped teeth contacts errors?
cause. 1. incorrect rotation of the tube head and PID in the horizontal plane. 2. Not positioning the image receptor parallel to the interproximal spaces of the teeth of interest will prevent the central ray of the x-ray beam from being directed perpendicular through the contacts and perpendicular to the image receptor. Corrective action: 1. if mesiodistal overlap, rotate the tubehead and PID to a more distomesial angle. if distomesial overlap, rotate the tube head and PID to a more mesiodistal angle. 2. place the image receptor parallel to the ocntact points of interest so that the central rays of the x-ray beam will interesect the image receptor perpendicularly through those contacts
What is a probable cause and preventive measures for safelight fog?
cause: A safelight will fog film if the wattage of the safelight bulb is stronger than recommended; the distance the safelight is located over work space area is too close; the filter is the incorrect type or color for the film being used; or the filter is scratched or otherwise damaged preventive measures: perform periodic quality control checks on teh darkroom and safelight
What is a probable cause and corrective action for black paper stuck to film?
cause: a tear or break in the outer protective wrapping of the film packet by rough handling enables saliva to penetrate to the emulsion corrective action: careful handling prevents a break in the seal of the film packet
What is the probable cause and corrective action for double imaging?
cause: accidentally exposing the same film or phosphore plate twice corrective action: maintain a systematic order to exposing radiographs
What is a probable cause and corrective action for black pressure marks?
cause: bending the film or excessive pressure to the film emulsion can cause the emulsion to crack corrective action: use caution when loading the film packet into the image receptor holding device
What is a probable cause and preventive measures for chemical fog?
cause: developing films too long, at too high a temp, or in contaminated solutions preventive measures: develop at the recommended time-temperature cycle. Avoid contamination of chemicals. keep manual tank cover in the same position, with the side over the developer remaining over the developer and the side of the fixer remaining over the fixer
What is a probable cause and corrective action for black/white spots?
cause: drops of developer or fixer that splash onto the work area may come in contact with the underdeveloped film. developer contamination produce black spots. fixer contamination produces white spots corrective action: maintain a clean and orderly darkroom and work area.
What is the probable cause and corrective action for incorrect position of film identification dot?
cause: embossed identification dot positioned in apical area where it can interfere with diagnosis corrective action: pay attention when placing the film packet into the film holding device to position the dot toward the incisal or occlusal region, where it is less likely to interfere with interpretation of the film
What is a probable cause and preventive measures for digital radiographic noise?
cause: exposure settings that are extremely low. Switching from film-based to digital Preventive measures: use correct exposure settings. Evaluate images to determine the need for varying the setting to eliminate radiographic noise an obtain the desired image clarity and contrast
What is a probable cause and corrective action for blank/clear image error?
cause: film accidentally placed in the fixer before being placed in the developer will result in a blank or clear image corrective action: operator must have knowledge of which tank contains the developer and which tank contains the fixer. promptly remove film at the end of washing period.
What is a probable cause and preventive measures with storage fog?
cause: film is stored in a warm, damp area or int eh vicinity of fume-producing chemicals preventive measures: store film unopened , in its original package in a cool, dry area
What is a probable cause and corrective action for light/dark images as far as development error?
cause: film underdeveloped or overdeveloped corrective action: check temp of developer and consult a time-temp chart before beginning processing (manually)
What is a probable cause and corrective action for black image errors?
cause: film was accidentally exposed to white light corrective action: turn off all light in the darkroom except the proper safelight before unwrapping the film packet
What is a probable cause and preventive measures with miscellaneous light fog?
cause: glowing light that reaches the film such as that from watches with fluorescent faces, indicator lights on equipment stored in darkroom, and cell phones carried into the darkroom in a radiographer's pocket preventive measures: watches with fluorescent faces should not be work in darkroom. Cell phones should be powered off to avoid accidental illumination by an incoming call or message
What is a probable cause and corrective action for smudged film?
cause: handling the film with damp fingers or latex treatment gloves, or with residual glove powder on the fingers will leave black smudges corrective action: avoid contact with the surface of the film
What is the probable cause and corrective action for reversed image error (herringbone error)?
cause: image receptor film packet was positioned so that the back side was facing the teeth and the radiation source corrective action: determine the front side of the film packet prior to placing into the image receptor holder
What is the probable cause and corrective action for not recording anterior structures?
cause: image receptor was placed too far back in the patient's oral cavity corrective action: position the receptor in toward the midline of the oral cavity, away from the lingual surfaces of the teeth of interest
What is the probable cause and corrective action for not recording posterior structures?
cause: image receptor was placed too far forward in the patient's oral cavity corrective action: communicate with the patient to gain acceptance and assistance with placing the image receptor and work with gag reflex
What is the probable cause and corrective action for not recording coronal structures?
cause: image receptor was placed too high (max) or too low (man) in the patient's oral cavity to image the entire crowns of these teeth corrective action: decrease vertical angulation
What is a probable cause and corrective action for brown images?
cause: insufficient or improper washing corrective action: when processing manually, rinse films in circulating water for at least 20 min. In automatic processors, ensure that the main water supply to the unit is turned on and that the water bottles of closed systems are full
What is the probable cause and corrective action for elongation/foreshortening of the image error?
cause: insufficient vertical angulation with PID not positioned steep enough away from zero degrees results in elongation. Excessive vertical angulation with the PID positioned too steep away from zero degrees results in foreshooting probable cause: to correct elongation, increase vertical angulation. To correct foreshortening, decrease vertical angulation
What is a probable cause and corrective action for stains?
cause: iridescent, gray, and yellow stains can result when processing chemicals become exhausted or contaminated corrective action: maintain quality control with regular replenishment and replacing of the processing solutions
What is a probable cause and corrective action for partial image errors?
cause: level of the developer is too low to cover the entire film corrective action: replenish the processing solutions to the proper level or attach films to lower clips on the film hanger to ensure that they are submerged completely
What is a probable cause and corrective action for thin black lines, star-bursts, dots, lightning patterns?
cause: may be produced when film is pulled out of the packet wrapping too fast. static electricity creates a white light spark that exposes (blackens) the film. corrective action: follow infection control protocols for opening film packets
What are some probable cause and corrective actions for poor definition errors?
cause: movement caused by the patient, slippage of image receptor, or vibration of the tube head corrective actions: place the patient's head into position against the head rest of the treatment chair and ask him/her to hold still throughout the duration of the exposure
What is a probable cause and corrective action for clear or blank images?
cause: no exposure to x-rays, that results from a failure to turn on the line switch to the x-ray machine or to maintain firm pressure on the exposure button during the exposure or, if using digital imaging, exposing the back side of the PSP plate or digital sensor. corrective actions: turn on the x-ray machine and maintain firm pressure on the exposure button during the entire exposure period.
What is a probable cause and preventive measures for radiation fog?
cause: not properly protecting film from stray radiation before or after exposure preventive measures: store film in its original package at a safe distance from the source of x-rays
What is a probable cause and preventive measures for aged film fogs?
cause: past expiration date preventive measures: watch date on film boxes and rotate film stock so that the oldest film is used first
What is a probable cause and corrective actions of artifact errors?
cause: presence of foreign objects in the oral cavity during exposure like removable bridges, dentures, etc. corrective actions: perform a cursory examination of the oral cavity to check for the presence of appliances
What is the probable cause and corrective action for conecut error?
cause: primary beam of radiation not directed toward the center of the image receptor and did not completely expose the entire surface area of the receptor corrective action: while maintaining correct horizontal and vertical angulation, move the tube head up, down, posteriorly, or anteriorly, depending on which area of the radiograph shows a clear, unexposed region.
What is the probable cause and corrective action for slanting or tilted instead of straight occlusal plane?
cause: the edge of the image receptor was not parallel with the incisal or occlusal plane of the teeth, or the image receptor holder was not placed flush against the occlusal surfaces. corrective actions: straighten the image receptor by positioning away from the lingual surfaces of the teeth.
What is a probable cause and corrective action for white lines or marks or blank image?
cause: the film emulsion is soft and can be easily scratched by a sharp object such as the film clip used for manual processing or when trying to separate double film packets. Damage to digital sensor wire attachment can result in complete failure of the device to record an image corrective action: carefully handle all types of radiographic image receptors
What is a probable cause and corrective action for green film errors?
cause: when films stick together in the developer the solution is prevented from reaching the (green) emulsion. overlapping films like with double film packets corrective action: separate double film packets and alternate intake slots
what is a probable cause and preventive measures for white light fog?
cause: white light leaking into the darkroom from around doors or plumbing pipes or a tear in the outer wrapping of film packet preventive measures: check darkroom for white light leaks. handle film packets carefully
What is the probable cause and corrective action for not recording apical structures?
cause:1. image receptor was not placed high enough (max) or low enough (man) to image root apices.2. Another cause is inadequate (not steep enough) vertical angulation will result in less of the apical region being recorded onto the radiograph. Corrective actions: 1. Ensure the image receptor is positioned correctly into the holding device and that the patient is biting down all the way. 2. Increase vertical angulation
What are some probable causes and corrective actions for light(thin)/dark images errors?
causes: insufficient exposure time in relation to millamperage, kilovoltage, and PID length selected all result in light images, whereas excessive exposure time in relation to these parameters will results in overexposure. corrective actions: increase exposure time, millamperage, kilovoltage, or a combination of these factors will correct underexposures, whereas decreasing these parameters will correct overexposures.
Sinus
cavity, recess or hollow space in bone
covers the roots is even less dense
cementum
an optical illusion created when the eye must distinguish between a very light area and a very dark area on the radiograph
cervical burnout
Where is occlusal caries located?
chewing surface of the posterior teeth
How is buccal and lingual caries best detected?
clinically
also known as Thompson scattering, when a low-energy x-ray passes near an atom's outer electron, it may be scattered without loss of energy
coherent scattering
uses a coin and a slightly exposed film to determine safelight adequacy
coin test
controls the size and shape of the useful beam by the use of a lead washer of diaphragm
collimation
Proper technical ability of the operator include:
communication knowledge of quality x-rays education
denotes odontogenic tissues arranged in a haphazard manner with no resemblance to tooth formation.
complex odontoma
odontogenic tissues that resemble teeth
complex odontoma
tooth-colored material used for restorations; aka composite resin
composite
With lingual mounting method, the radiographs are mounted so that the embossed dot is
concave
Term used to describe the foramtion of compact sclerotic bone. Such areas of hardened bone are frequently seen on dental radiographs and appear more radiopaque than the surrounding bone areas. Such areas are generally irregular in shape or location.
condensing osteitis
occurs when sclerotic (hardened) bone is formed as a result of infection
condensing osteitis
The image receptor must be centered within the beam of radiation to avoid ________ where a portion of the image is not recorded on the radiograph
conecut error
What is the term used to describe a portion of the image is not recorded on the radiograph?
conecut error
directing the central ray of the x-ray beam to the wrong place results in
conecut error
Incorrect point of entry will result in ____
conecutting
With labial mounting method, the radiographs are mounted so that the embossed dot is
convex
sometimes seen as a triangle or large pointed radiopacity superimposed over max tuberosity
coronoid process - max post- radiopaque
compact or dense bone, outer layers of max and man
cortical bone
Exposure
coulombs per kilogram roentgen
What are some periodontal bone changes recorded by radiographs?
crestal irregularities interdental alveolar bone changes pattern of bone loss (horizontal/vertical) distribution of bone loss (localized/generalized) severity of bone loss (slt, mdr, advanced) furcation involvement
a metallic or porcelain or combination of metal and porcelain restoration.
crown
Appears radiopaque and is distinguished from amalgam by its smooth margins, covers entire crown of tooth
crown (full metal)
Appears less radiopaque than a full metal crown because no metal is present
crown (porcelain jacket)
The metal core of this crown appears radiopaque, whereas the porcelain appears less radiopaque
crown (porcelain-fused-to-metal)
As a temporary restoration, this metal is less dense and will allow the passage of more x-rays, giving the material a "see-through" appearance
crown (stainless steel)
x-ray film emulsion contains crystals that are struck by x-rays when exposed and in turn will produce the radiographic image
crystal/pixel size of intraoral image recpetors
image sharpness is influenced by the size of
crystals
Exposure too great and the intervals between exposures too frequent for the body cells to repair themselves
cumulative
An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid or other fibrous or solid materials that appear radiolucent. Common forms of this observed on dental radiographs are dentigerous, follicular, radicular (apical or periapical), and residual
cyst
epithelium-lined sac filled with fluid or semisolid material
cyst
What are occlusal usually used to detect?
cysts fractures impacted or supernumerary teeth buccal or lingual foreign objects
Order the fast film speed in order from slowest to fastest
d e (50% reduction compared to d) f (20% reduction compared to e)
During exposure of an intraoral dental radiograph, approximately how much smaller is the dose of radiation in the gonadal area than at the surface of the face? a. 0.10 b.0.01 c. 0.001 d. 0.0001
d. 0.0001
Each of the following is a part of the assembled XCP holder EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. metal arm b. indicator ring c. long bite block d. 105 degree angled backing
d. 105 degree angled backing
What is the minimum image receptor requirement for an adult full mouth series? a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18
d. 18
what is the minimum image receptor requirement for an adult full mouth series of periapical radiographs? a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18
d. 18
The potential risk of the full mouth dental x-ray examination inducing cancer in a patient has been estimated to be a. 2.5 per 1,000 examinations b. 2.5 per 10,000 examinations c. 2.5 per 100,000 examinations d. 2.5 per 1,000,000 examinations
d. 2.5 per 1,000,000 examinations
How many size #2 image receptors are required by most health care practices for a full mouth series? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
d. 8
Each of the following will result in radiographs that are blank (clear) EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. No exposure to x-rays b. Placing films in the fixer first c. Extended time in warm water rinse d. Accidental white light exposure
d. Accidental white light exposure
The step-wedge can be used to test each of the following EXCEPT one, which one? a. Dental x-ray machine output consistency b. Processing chemistry strength c. Density and contrast of the image d. Adequacy of the safelight
d. Adequacy of the safelight
In addition to the dentist, who is responsible for planning, implementing, and evaluating a quality assurance plan? a. Dental assistant b. Dental hygienist c. Practice manager d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Static electricity appears radiographically as black a. thin lines b. starbursts c. dots d. Any of the above
d. Any of the above
Which of these terms is the unit used to measure radiation exposure? a. Angstrom b. Gray c. Sievert d. Coulombs per kilogram
d. Coulombs per kilogram (roentgen)
Each of the following is a cause of film fog EXCEPT one, which one? a. Exposure to scatter radiation b. Use of old, expired film c. Double exposing the films d. Chemical fume contaminates
d. Double exposing the films
Each of the following will produce an ideal radiographic image for detecting caries EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Bitewing radiographs b. Periapical radiographs c. Horizontal angulation that avoids overlapping d. Excessive vertical angulation
d. Excessive vertical angulation
Each of the following will result in black artifacts on radiographs EXCEPT one, which one? a. Static electricity b. Bent film c. Glove powder d. Fixer splash
d. Fixer splash
In general, what is the emergency recommendation if fixer or developer splashes into the eyes? a. If an irritation develops, then move to a well-ventilated area b. Keep eyes securely closed and seek medical attention immediately c. Wait 5 min to determine the severity of the exposure. Then seek medical attention d. Immediately flush with a steady stream of warm water for a minimum of 15 min
d. Immediately flush with a steady stream of water for a minimum of 15 min
What is the appropriate corrective action for a periapical radiograph of the maxillary molar region that did not image the third molar? a. Position the image receptor higher in the oral cavity b. Position the image receptor lower in the oral cavity c. Move the image receptor forward in the oral cavity d. More the image receptor back further in the oral cavity
d. Move the image receptor back further in the oral cavity
which of the following is considered to be a screen film? a. occlusal b. PA c. BWX d. Pano
d. Pano
Which of these structures appears radiolucent? a. Enamel b. Cementum c. Dentin d. Pulp
d. Pulp
Each of these features will appear radiolucent EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Foramen b. Suture c. Tubercles d. Spine
d. Spine
Each of the following is a requirement of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard EXCEPT one, which one? a. Maintain an inventory of all hazardous chemicals b. Provide training for all personnel who handle the chemicals c. Label all containers that will hold hazardous chemicals d. Store all hazardous chemicals in the same central location
d. Store all hazardous chemicals in the same central location
The x-ray tue head mist be swiveled from side to side to adjust the vertical angulation of the central ray. To avoid overlap error the central ray must be directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch through the contact points of the teeth. a. both statements are true. b. both statements are false. c. The first statement is true and the second is false. d. The first statement is false and the second is true.
d. The first statement is false and the second is true.
Each of the following will result in not recording the apices of the max premolar teeth on a periapical radiograph EXCEPT one, which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Image receptor not placed high enough in relation to the teeth b. Image receptor not placed in toward the midline of the palate c. Patient not occluding all the way down on the image receptor holder biteblock d. Vertical anulation was excessive
d. Vertical angulation was excessive
Which of the following facial bones would most likely appear on a periapical radiograph? a. Occipital b. Parietal c. Frontal d. Zygoma
d. Zygoma
Which of these is NOT a consideration when viewing digital radiographic images? a. glare off the computer monitor must be managed to enhance interpretation b. radiographic images must be utilized where a computer monitor is located c. multiple mouse clicks may be required to view a full mouth series of radiographs d. a magnifying glass will be required for optimal viewing and interpretation
d. a magnifying glass will be required for optimal viewing and interpretation
Which of the following is least radiopaque? a. amalgam b. porcelain c. composite d. acrylic
d. acrylic
which ingredient causes teh emulsion to soften and swell? a. acidifier b. preservative c. restrainer d. activator
d. activator
An image receptor positioner/holder must be used with: a. the paralleling technique b. the bisecting technique c. the bitewing technique d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Full term, low birth weight is possibly associated with radiation exposure to which of the following? a. thyroid gland b. hypothalmus c. pituitary gland d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Full-term, low birth weight is possibly associated with radiation exposure to which of the following? a. thyroid gland b. hypothalamus c. pituitary gland d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Who has ethical responsibility to adopt ALARA? a. the dental assistant b. the dental hygienist c. the dentist d. all of the above
d. all of the above
replenisher is added to the developing solution to compensate for a. oxidation b. loss of volume c. loss of solution strength d. all of the above
d. all of the above
an image receptor positioner/holder must be used with a. the paralleling technique b. the bisecting technique c. the bitewing technique d. all of the above techniques
d. all of the above techniques
Following diagnosis by the dentist, the radiographic findings must be recorded on the patient's record by the a. dental assistant b. dental hygienist c. dentist d. any of the above
d. any of the above
A desirable film mount should be a. made of cardboard b. made of plastic c. translucent, to allow light to reach the film d. black, to block out light transmission and prevent glare
d. black, to block out light transmission and prevent glare
Which of the following appears radiographically as a round radiolucency in the middle of the tooth with well-defined borders? a. proximal caries b. occlusal caries c. cemental caries d. buccal/lingual caries
d. buccal/lingual caries
Which of these dental restorative materials is most likely to mimic decay radiographically? a. gold b. stainless steel c. amalgam d. composite
d. composite
An incorrect point of entry would result in: a. overlapping b. foreshortening c. cutting off root apices d. conecutting
d. conecutting
an incorrect point of entry will result in a. overlapping b. foreshortening c. cutting off the root apices d. conecutting
d. conecutting
A mandible landmark feature that may be imaged on a periapical radiograph of the max post region is the a. man canal b. subman fossa c. inf border of man d. coronoid process
d. coronoid process
A mandible landmark feature that may be imaged on a periapical radiograph of the maxillary posterior region is the a. mandibular canal. b. submandibular fossa. c. inferior border of the mandible. d. coronoid process.
d. coronoid process.
which of the following is NOT an advantage of the paralleling technique? a. produces images with minimal dimension distortion b. minimizes superimposition of adjacent structures c. satisfies more shadow casting principles d. easy technique for children
d. easy technique for children
Which off these subatomiic particles carries a negative electric charge? a. proton b. neutron c. nucleus d. electron
d. electron
the x-ray tube head must be swiveled from side to side to adjust the vertical angulation of the central ray. To avoid overlap error the central ray must be directed perpendicular to the curvature of the arch through the contact points of the teeth a. both statements are true b. both statements are false c. first statement true. Second statement false d. first statement false. Second statement true
d. first statement false. Second statement true
significant bone loss that results in a radiolucency observed in the area between the roots of multirooted teeth is called a. localized bone loss b. interdental septa c. local contributing factor d. furcation involvement
d. furcation involvement
chemically, the developer used in an automatic processor contains more _______ than developer used for manual processing a. activator b. acid c. preservative d. hardener
d. hardener
which of these helps to determine whether the radiograph is the patient's left or right side? a. slight "smile" appearance b. distally curved roots c. large crowns d. identification dot
d. identification dot
Cutting of the root apex portion of the image on a PA results in a. excessive horizontal angulation b. inadequate horizontal angulation c. excessive vertical angulation d. inadequate vertical angulation
d. inadequate vertical angulation
which of these forms of radiation is least capable of causing ionization of body tissue cells? a. cosmic rays b. gamma rays c. x-rays d. infrared light
d. infrared light
Based on the inverse square law, what happens to the intensity of the x-ray beam when the target-image receptor distance is doubled? a. intensity is doubled b. intensity is not affected c. intensity is one-half as great d. intensity is one-fourth as great
d. intensity is one-fourth as great
Image contrast is NOT affected by a. processing procedures b. type of film c. scatter radiation d. milliamperage
d. milliamperage
A dose-response curve indicating that any amount of radation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause biological response is called a. stochastic b. deterministic c. threshold d. nonthreshold
d. nonthreshold
What term best describes a fuzzy shadow around the outline of the radiographic image? a. magnification b. distortion c. detail d. penumbra
d. penumbra
Which of the following appears radiolucent in its early stages and as a radiopaque mass in later stages? a. condensing osteitis b. periapical granuloma c. osteosclerosis d. periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD)
d. periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD)
Which of the following would be best for imaging a slight, but generalized periodontal status? a. select perioapical radiographs using the bisecting technique b. select periapical radiographs using the paralleling technique c. posterior horizontal bitewing radiographs d. posterior and anterior vertical bitewing radiographs
d. posterior and anterior vertical bitewing radiographs
Which of these structures appears radiolucent? a. enamel b. cementum c. dentin d. pulp
d. pulp
According to the law of B and T, cells with a high reproductive rate are described as a. radiopaque b. radiolucent c. radioresistant d. radiosensitive
d. radiosensitive
A film processed under ideal conditions and used to compare subsequent radiographic images is a a. fresh film b. fogged film c. periapical film d. reference film
d. reference film
Each of the following will aid the radiographer in correctly mounting radiographs EXCEPT one, which one? a. ant films are positioned with the long dimension vertically b. canine teeth generally have the longest roots c. max molars usually have three roots d. roots and crowns of man teeth are usually larger than max teeth
d. roots and crowns of man teeth are usually larger than max teeth
which of these is light and x-ray sensitive? a. lead foil b. adhesive c. gelatin d. silver halide crystals
d. silver halide crystals
Each of these features will appear radiolucent EXCEPT one, which one? a. foramen b. suture c. canal d. spine
d. spine
When a biological response is based on the probability of occurrence rather than the severity of th echange, it is called a a. short-term effect b. long-term effect c. deterministic effect d. stochastic effect
d. stochastic effect
When the biological effect is based of the probability of occurrence rather than the severity of change, it is called: a. short term effect b. long term effect c. deterministic effect d. stochastic effect
d. stochastic effect
The dental radiograph will appear less dense (lighter) if one increases the a. mA b. kVp c. exposure time d. target-image receptor distance
d. target-image receptor distance
Dens in dente appearas radiographically as a a. tiny tooth b. large tooth c. twin tooth d. tooth within a tooth
d. tooth within a tooth
which of these electromagnetic radiations has the shortest wavelength? a. radar b. ultraviolet rays c. infrared rays d. x-rays
d. x-rays
Which of the following facial bones would most likely appear on a periapical radiograph? a. occipital b. parietal c. frontal d. zygoma
d.zygoma
increase kVp
darker
increase mA
darker
increase time
darker
films can be processed outside the darkroom with chairside manual processing mini-darkrooms or with a
daylight loader
What is a damaged pixel called?
dead pixel
Unstable isotipes are radioactive and attempt to regain stability through the release of energy by a process known as
decay
What do radiolucent dental materials have a tendency to mimic?
decay radiographically
a developmental anomaly in which the enamel invaginates within the body of the tooth
dens in dente
Three visual image characteristics that directly influence the quality of the radiographic image
density, contrast, and sharpness
a cyst derived from the enamel organ and always associated with the crown of a tooth
dentigerous cyst
associated with impacted or unerupted teeth most often third molars and supernumerary teeth and is always associated with the crown only of the involved tooth
dentigerous or follicular cyst
not as dense and appears less radiopaque
dentin
What are bitewings x-rays most useful for?
detecting interproximal caries examine crestal bone in periodontal disease patients
When the severity of change is dependent on the dose.
deterministic effect
When the severity of the change is dependent on the dose, the effect is called
deterministic effect
The manual film processing sequence consists of what five steps?
develop rinse fix wash drying
The role of this is to reduce the exposed silver halide crystals within the film emulsion to black metallic silver
developer
What is biodegradable?
developer and fixer
What reduces the exposed silver halide crystals to metallic silver but has no effect on the unexposed crystals at recommended time-temperature?
developing agents
defined as the determination of the nature and the identification of an abnormal condition or disease
diagnosis
Tooth root is misshapen with a sharp bend
dilaceration
a sharp bend in the tooth root
dilaceration
theory that states x-ray photons collide with large molecules and break them apart by ionization
direct theory
2 theories of how radiation damages biological tissues
direct theory indirect theory
result of unequal magnification of different parts of the same object
distortion
used for radiation protection purposes to compare the biological effects of the various types of radiation
dose equivalent
Graph that plots radiation dose and the biological effects
dose-response curve
Radiation doses can be plotted with response or damage produced, in an attempt to establish levels of exposure. In plotting these two variables, _________ is produced
dose-response curve
Personnel monitoring requires health care professionals to wear a radiation monitoring device call a _______
dosimeter
resulting from accidentally exposing the same film or phosphor plate twice
double exposure
To aid in making more accurate comparisons bw different radiographic exposures, __________ is used to compare the risk of the radiation exposure producing a biological response
effective dose equivalent
four size 1 image receptors may be used for exposure of the max ant teeth
eight anterior exposure
Five size 1 image receptors may be used for exposure of max anterior teeth
eight anterior exposures
Electromagnetic radiation are arranged in an orderly fashion according to their energies in what is called
electromagnetic spectrum
neggative chaarge and coonstantlly in motion orbiting the nucleus
electrons
What are the three basic building blocks of an atom?
electrons protons neutrons
insufficient vertical angulation with PID not positioned steep enough away from zero degrees results in
elongation
What is evident near one of the film packet corners?
embossed dot
The _______ is composed of gelatin in which crystals of silver halide salts are suspended
emulsion
hardest bony structure of a tooth, covers the crown and very radiopaque
enamel
electron shells
energy levels
What are some of the ARS symptoms?
erythemia nausea vomiting diarrhea hemmorrhage hair loss
Based on the selection criteria guidelines, what is the radiographic recomendation for bitewing radiographs on an adult recall patient with no clinical caries and no high-risk factors?
every 24-36 months
A bony growth projecting outward from the surface of a bone or tooth. Occasionally encountered on the palate or the lingual surface of the mandible as tori.
exostosis
localized overgrowth of bone
exostosis
What should you do prior to taking any radiographs?
explain the procedure to the patient
an underexposed or an overexposed radiograph will result in diminished or poor contrast
exposure
can be defined as the measurement of ionization in air produced by x-or gammma rays
exposure
the interval that the x-ray machine is fully activated and x-ray is produced
exposure time
Tooth structure lost through a resorptive process. Characterized by tooth roots that appear shorter thannormal, but can also occur anywhere along the tooth root. Involving root of the primary teeth in response to the erupting permanent teeth is considered normal. Pathologic external _________ may be associated with an impacted or unerupted tooth, a tumor, or trauma. Often the cause is idiopathic (unknown)
external resorption
often associated with reimplanted teeth, abnormal mechanical forces, trauma, chronic inflammation, turmors, cysts or impacted teeth
external resorption
often characterized by root-end resorption, where the roots of the teeth appear shorter than normal
external resorption
Outside the mouth, grids are sometimes used to absorb scattered x-rays
extraoral radiography
abnormal displacement of teeth out of bone
extrusion
Next to rectangle collimation, what is the most effective equipment for reducing radiation exposure to the patient?
fast film & digital image sensors
What does a film packet consist of?
film black paper wrapping lead foil moisture-resistant outer wrapping
unwrapped film is fed into a ______ outside the processor
film feed slot
diminishes contrast and makes it difficult and often impossible to interpret the radiograph
film fog and electronic noise (digital images)
stainless steel frame to which the film can be attached
film hanger
designed to position a phosphor plate or digital sensor
film holders/image receptor holders or positioners
Small films suitable for intraoral radiography are made into what is called a
film packet
A series of steps that converts the invisible latent image on the dental x-ray film into a visible permanent image called a radiograph
film processing
each film has its own inherent (built-in) contrast that may vary by manufacturer
film/digital sensor type
An absorbing material, usually aluminum, placed in the path of the x-ray beam to remove soft x-rays.
filter
absorbtion of the long wavelengths of the x-ray through a sheet of aluminum
filtration
Radiation equipment safety requirements include which important parts of the machine?
filtration collimation PID
removes all unexposed and any remaining undeveloped silver halide crystals from teh emulsion
fixing agent
How should lead aprons be stored?
flat or hung unbent
inferior border of the sinusus
floor (max post - radiopaque)
small area on the target where bombarding electrons are converted into x-rays
focal spot size
What can radiation do to film?
fog film
a cyst associated with the enamel follicle
follicular (eruptive) cyst
any object or material not normally found in the area
foreign body
Excessive vertical angulation with the PID positioned too steep away from zero degrees results in
foreshooting
the breaking of a part
fracture
a break in a bone or a tooth; appears radiolucent radiographically
fracture line
thin radiolucent lines that demarcate the region of bone or tooth separation
fracture lines
measure of the number of waves that pass a given point per unit of time
frequency
used to monitor the quality of each box of the film
fresh-film test
radiographs that image all teeth
full-mouth series
a term that refers to the extension of periodontal disease between the roots of multirooted teeth
furcation involvement
a condition where the dentin and one other dental tissue adjacent teeth are united
fusion
a condition where the dentin and one other dental tissue of adjacent teeth are united
fusion
a single tooth bud that divides and forms two teeth
gemination
occurs throughout dental arches
generalized bone loss
eggs and sperm
genetic cell
Changes in hereditary material that do not manifest in the irradiated individual, but is passed to offspring.
genetic effect
When the effect of radiation exposure is observed in the offspring of a irradiated person, but not in the irradiated person is called:
genetic effect
made up of four small, bony crests on the lingual surface of the man that serve for muscle attachment
genial tubercles - man ant - radiopaque
Shadow cast rules are often referred to as the _____ ________ that contribute to the quality of the radiographic image
geometric factors
factors that relate to the relationship of angles, lines, points, or surfaces
geometric factors
a single tooth bud that divides and formes two joined teeth
germination (twinning)
inflammation of the gingiva and limited to the soft tissue
gingivitis
term that refers to inflammation of the gingiva
gingivitis
arises between the maxillary lateral incisor and the canine
globulomaxillary cyst
type of nonodontogenic cyst arising between the maxillary lateral incisor and the canine
globulomaxillary cyst
A mass tissue usually surrounded by a fibrous sac continuous with the PDL space that appears attached to the root apices
granuloma
A tumor or neoplasm made up of granulation tissue. Often follows an abscess. Usually round or oval and surrounded by a fibrous capsule. Appears radiolucent on a radiograph
granuloma
a mechanical device composed of thin strips of lead alternating with a radiolucent material (plastic)
grid
What is the slowest ?
group A
What is the fastest?
group F
endodontic filling material, less radiopaque filling
gutta percha
The thickness of aluminum (in mm) that will reduce the intensity of the beam by one-half (determines the penetrating quality of the beam)
half value layer (HVL)
a downward projection of the medial ptyerygoid plate
hamulus - max post - radiopaque
meaning radiation with great penetratin power
hard radiation
shrinks and hardens the gelatin emulsion
hardening agent
What are some forms of energy
heat, light, electricity, and x-radiation
What does a low setting result in?
high-contrast image: black and white with few shades of gray in between
Foramen
hole or opening in bone
Directing central rays perpendicularly toward the surface of the image receptor Swivel the tube head side to side
horizontal angulation
achieved by directing the central rays perpendicularly (at a right angle) toward the surface of the image receptor in a horizontal plane
horizontal angulation
a term that describes bone loss which occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJ of adjacent teeth
horizontal bone loss
height loss around adjacent teeth in a region
horizontal bone loss
What two chemicals do developers contain?
hydroquinone and elon
An excessive development of cementum that makes the tooth root appear bulbous. Most frequently observed on premolars. Appears radiopaque
hypercementosis
appears radiopaque and is caused by excessive cementum formation. Distinguished from radiopacities surrounding or near the tooth roots by the outline of the PDL space
hypercementosis
An embossed __________ ____ near the edge of the film appears convex or concave, depending on the side from which the film is viewed
identification dot
embossed into the film by the manufacturer, will be utilized during interpretation of the radiograph to distinguish between the patient's right and left sides
identification dot
of unknown origin; external/internal resorption
idiopathic resorption
when resorption causes are unknown, it is called
idiopathic resorption
Suture
immovable joint found between bones
warning light outside the darkroom indicating that it is not safe to open the door
in-use light
Radiolucent notch in the enamel only
incipient
Excessive vertical angulation results in cutting off the _____ of the tooth.
incisal or occlusal surface
located within the incisive canal
incisive canal
What are the two types of nonodontogenic cysts?
incisive canal and globulomaxillary cyst
a type of nonodontogenic cyst arising in the incisive canal
incisive canal cyst
Max Incisor landmarks
incisive foramen median palatine suture nasal fossa nasal septum anterior nasal spine
a round or pear-shaped radiolucent opening that varies greatly in size serves for the passage of nerves and blood vessels
incisive foramen (ant palatine foramen) (max ant region - radiolucent)
Theory that assumes radiation can cause chemical damage to a cell by ionizing the water within it. Can result in free radicals which combine to form toxins
indirect theory
heavy layer of cortical bone that is imaged only if the radiograph is deeply depressed in the floor of the mouth or the verticle angle of the x-ray beam is excessive
inferior border of man - radiopaque
Filtration may be _______ or ______ to the tube head or
inherent added
filtration built into the machine by the manufacturer
inherent filtration
changes of alveolar bone changes between teeth
interdental septa
Tooth structure lost through a resorptive process. Typically appears as a radiolucent widening of the root canal, representing the this resorption process taking place from the inside out. Often the cause is idiopathic (unknown).
internal resorption
may be stimulated by trauma, pulp capping, and/or pulp polyps
internal resorption
typically appears as a radiolucent widening of the root canal, representing the resorption process taking place from the inside out
internal resorption
explanatory and may be defined as reading the radiograph and explaining what is observed in terms the patient understands
interpretation
What is another word for proximal caries?
interproximal caries
Another name for bitewing radiographs
interproximal radiographs
Inside the mouth, a collimator is used to keep the beam size as small as possible to help reduce scatter radiaiton
intraoral radiography
Methods of exposing dental x-ray film, phosphor plates, or digital sensors in the oral cavity
intraoral radiography
abnormal displacement of teeth into bone
intrusion
intensity of radiation varies inversely as the square of the distance from its source
inverse square law
Max canine landmarks
inverted Y lateral fossa
an important landmark seen in the canine-premolar area, made up of the lateral wall of the nasal fossa and the ant-medial wall of the max sinus
inverted Y (max ant region-radiopaque)
defined as a charged particle
ion
positively charged atom ion and the neggatively charged electron ion are called
ion pair
The primary cause of biological damage from radiation is:
ionization
What creates an electrical imbalance within a normally stable cell?
ionization
X-rays have the ability to detach and remove electric charges from the complex atoms that make up the molecules of body tissues. Creates an electrical imbalance within the normally stable cells.
ionization
the formation of ion pairs
ionization
There may be a certain amount of damage from which no recovery occurs, and it is this ________ that can give rise to later long-term effects
irreparable injury
higher kilovoltages produces lower contrast. Lower kilovoltages produces higher contrast
kilovoltage peak (kVp)
Bodiies in motion are believed to have this... "pertaining to motion"
kinetic energy
What are the 3 important exposure factors?
kvp mA time
What is the alveolar process composed of?
lamina dura
hard, cortical bone that lines the alveolus
lamina dura
what appears as an unbroken, dense radiopaque line around the roots of the teeth?
lamina dura
another word for invisible image
latent image
Processing transforms the ____________ which is produced when the x-ray photons are absorbed by the _______________________ in the emulsion, into a visible, stable image by means of chemicals
latent image silver halide crystals
Following initial radiation exposure, and before the first detectable effect.
latent period
a radiolucency bw the max lateral incisor and the max canine representing the decreased thickness in bone in the area
lateral fossa (max ant region - radiolucent)
What is placed over the patient's abdomen to protect reproductive organs and other radiosensative tissues from scatter radiation?
lead apron
a sheet located in the back of the film packet, behind the film
lead foil
The faster the film sped, the _______ radiation required to produce a radiograph of acceptable density
less
rapid processing requires the use of a _________ countertop box that has two light-tight openings, or baffles, through which the radiographer's hands can be passed into the working compartment when teh lid is closed
light-tight
a room that is completely dark and excludes all light
light-tint room
decrease kVp
lighter
decrease mA
lighter
decrease time
lighter
lp/mm
line pairs per millimeter Refers to the spacial resolution or sharpness of am image
very small circular radiolucency in the middle of the radiopque genial tubercles
lingual foramen
man Incisor landmarks
lingual foramen genial tubercles nutrient canals mental ridge mental fossa
A radiographic image that appears light is said to have
little density
local areas
localized bbone loss
the preferred method of exposure for films documenting periodontal disease
long cone parallel technique
Also called low contrast; describes a radiograph in which the density differences between adjacent areas are small
long-scale contrast
to reduce the penumbra and magnification
long-target object distance
The _________ the PID, the less radiation dose to the patient, and better quality radiograph.
longer
Some practitioners prefer higher or lower kVp to best image caries?
lower
abnormal displacement of teeth
luxation
the amount of electric current used in the x-ray machine is expressed in
mA
Formula for mAs
mA X s = mAs
when two proximal surfaces overlap resulting in a dense radiopaque area surrounded by radiolucent lines (caused by either natural overlap of misaligned teeth or by improper horizontal angulation. resulting from the high contrast between normal enamel and the dense overlapped enamel
mach band effect
enlargement; the increase in size of the image on the radiograph compared to the actual size of the object
magnification
tendency to progress in virulence and spread; condition that may result in death
malignant
very dangerous or life threatening
malignant
man molar landmarks
man canal oblique ridge mylohyoid ridge subman fossa
a canal for the passage of man nerve and blood vessels, outlined by two paired, thin, barely visible parallel radiopaque lines, which represents thin layers of cortical bone
man canal - radiolucent
bony growth extending out from the lingual surface of man is a frequently encountered form of benign tumor
man tori - radiopaque
Method used to process films by hand in a series of steps
manual processing
What is the sequence of image receptor placements?
max ant periapical man ant periapical max post periapical man post periapical ant BWX post BWX
Max premolar landmark
max sinus
max molar landmarks
max sinus zygomatic process of maxilla zygoma max tuberosity hamulus coronoid process of man
large air chamber inside the max is visible in almost all periapical radiographs from the region of the canines post to the molars
max sinus - max post - radiolucent
extension of alveolar bone behind molars making posterior limits of the max arch
max tuberosity - radiopaque
The dose equivalent of ionizing radiation that is not expected to cause detectable body damage to average persons at any time during their lifetime.
maximum permissible dose (MPD)
the horizontal angulation is established by directing the central rays perpendicularly through the ___________ of the embrasures between the teeth of interest
mean tangent
radiolucent thin line that delineates the midline of the palate and the junction of the right and left maxillae
median palatine suture (max ant region - radiolucent)
man premolar landmark
mental foramen
small opening on the lateral side of body of man, seen near the apices of premolars
mental foramen - man post - radiolucent
a depression on the labial aspect of the man incisor area, representing an accentuated thinness of man
mental fossa - man ant - radiolucent
located on the lateral surface of man, appears as a horizontal radiopaque line extending from the premolar region to the symphsisis
mental ridge
A supernumerary tooth located in the maxillary midline
mesiodens
a supernumerary tooth located in the maxillary midline
mesiodens
How can you tell the difference between metal crowns and amalgam?
metal crowns - smooth margins amalgam - irregular margins
What divides the patient's head into a right and left side and should be positioned perpendicular to the floor
midsagittal plane
Both milliamperage and exposure time are used to regulate the number of x-rays generated and have the same effect on radiographic density, they are often combined into a common factor called
milliamper/seconds (mAs)
_______, _________, and _______ are known as the exposure, control, or radiation factors
milliamperage exposure time kilovoltage
What do technique errors include
mistakes made in placement of image receptor, positioning of the PID (vertical and horizontal angulations), and setting exposure factors
Appears as a thin radiolucent line below occlusal enamel on a dental radiograph
moderate occlusal
smallest particle of a substance that retains the properties of that substance
molecule
Radiographically, ameloblastomas may be __________ or __
monolocular (one compartment) multilocular (many compartments)
movement of the patient and/or the image receptor in addition to the tube head results in a loss of image sharpness
motion
"soap bubble" appearance
multiocular form
an irregular crest of bone for muscle attachments on the lingual surface of man in the molar region
mylohyoid ridge - radiopaque
With nasal fosas, sometimes x-ray beam may have to penetrate the ____ _____, thin bony extensions of the nasal wall, and result in a less radiolucent appearance of the nasal fossa itself
nasal conchae
a large air space divided into two paired radiolucencies by the radiopque nasal septum, often visible above the roots of the incisors
nasal fossa (cavity) (max ant region - radiolucent)
dense cartilage structure that separates the right nasal fossa from teh left
nasal septum (max ant region-radiopaque)
Directing the central ray toward the ceiling Mandibular images)
negative angulation
PID is tipped upward to direct the x-rays toward the ceiling
negative angulation
no chargge
neutron
x-ray can pass through an atom unchanged and no interaction occurs
no interaction
solid state
no moving parts
What are the 5 outcomes that can result from radiation?
no reaction cell is injured/damaged, but returns to normal function cell dies, but is fully replaced cell is injured/damaged and repairs itself, but functions at a reduced level cell is injured/damaged, and cell incorrectly repairs itself
composite, silicate, and acrylic resin
nonmetallic restorations
What are three conditions that resemble caries?
nonmetallic restorations, cervical burnout, and mach band effect
cyst that arises from epithelium other than that associated with tooth formation
nonodontogenic cyst
arise from epithelium other than that associated with tooth formation
nonodontogenic cysts
A dose-response curve indicating that any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause a biological response.
nonthreshold
thin radiolucent lines of fairly uniform width that sometimes exhibit radiopaque borders
nutrient canals
distance between the object being radiographed (the teeth) and the dental x-ray image receptor (film or digital sensor)
object-image receptor distance
a continuation of the ant border of the ramus that extends downward and forward on the lateral surface of man
oblique ridge - man post - radiopaque
images the entire max or man arch, or a portion thereof, on a single radiograph
occlusal examination
the recommended position is to seat the patient upright and adjust the headrest so that the _________ for the arch being examined is parallel to the floor
occlusal plane
does not cause periodontal disease, but has been shown to hinder the body's response to the disease
occlusal trauma
a cyst that arises from epithelial cells associated with the development of a tooth
odontogenic cyst
Periapical, residual, and dentigerous systs are categorized as
odontogenic cysts
A tumor of odontogenic origin in which enamel and dentin are formed. May contain soft tissues that appear radiolucent and a hard calcified mass, sometimes resembling a tooth, which appears radiopaque. Three forms: compound, complex, or compound-complex
odontoma
Which odontogenic tumors are the most common ones?
odontomas
How many films are in a film packet?
one or two films. If there are two films, it is a duplicate
conversion of structures into hardened bone
ossification
the pathological or abnormal conversion of soft tissues into bone
ossification
abnormal increase in bone density; appears as an increased radiopacity on a radiograph
osteosclerosis
occurs when regions of abnormally dense bone form, but not as a direct result of infection
osteosclerosis
results when a film is left in the developer too long
overdevelopment
an example of a technique error
overexposure
a dark radiographic image may be caused by
overexposure or by overdevelopment
a resotration that is not contoured to the tooth properly
overhang
Incorrect horizontal angulation results in
overlapping
What does incorrect horizontal angulation result in?
overlapping
What happens with incorrect horizontal angulation?
overlapping inhibiting caries detection
Developer has a high _____, which means that it is _____ or ______ and very capable of burning biological tissues on contact
pH alkaline caustic
what does moisture-resistant outer wrapping consist of?
paper or soft vinyl plastic holds the film contents and protects the film from light and moisture. It is either smooth or slightly pebbly to prevent slippage
to prevent distortion of the image
parallel relationship between object and image receptor
this technique came out in 1920. also called right-angle, extension-cone, or long-cone technique. considered to be the technique of choice because better quality radiographs are produced with this technique
paralleling technique
Each of the following is a factor that determines the radiation injury EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? a. size of the irradiated area b. Amount of radiation c. patient gender d. dose rate
patient gender
partial shadow around the objects of interest
penumbra
aka cementoma; a tumor derived from the periodontal ligament of a fully developed and erupted tooth, usually a mandibular incisor. In later stages of development, calcification occurs that appears as radiopaque masses surrounded by a radiolucent line. The teeth are vital and need no treatment
periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD)
bone dysplasia derived from the PDL of fully developed and erupted teeth
periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD)
a cyst around the end of the tooth root
periapical cyst or radicular cyst
the film of choice for the evaluation of periodontal disease
periapical radiograph
Radiation effects apparent after latent period.
period of injury
What is essential for qualty assurance program?
periodic comprehensive testing of the x-ray machine
a term that means "around a tooth"
periodontal
a term that describes a collection of pus that forms in a soft tissue pocket as a result of the occlusion of the pocket opening
periodontal abscess
diseases that affect both soft tissues (gingiva) and bone around the teeth
periodontal diseases
What appears as a thin radiolucent line between the lamina dura and the root of the tooth?
periodontal ligament space
to prevent distortion of the image
perpendicular relationship between the central ray of the x-ray beam and both the object and the image receptor
also called calcified thrombi, calcified masses that are observed as round or oval bodies in the soft tissues of the cheeks
phleboliths
calcified masses that are observed as round or oval bodies in the soft tissues of the cheeks
phleboliths
all-or-nothing energy loss.
photoelectric effect
bundles of energy that travel throuh space at the speed of light
photons
Spot on the surface of the face where the central beam of radiation os directed when aligning the PID
point of entry
the central ray should be in the middle for the image receptor
point of entry
Directing the central ray toward the floor (Maxillary images)
positive angulation
PID is tilted downward to direct the x-rays toward the floor
positive angulation
metal restorative material used in a endodontically treated tooth when support for a crown is needed; appears radiopaque
post and core
what chemical is used for hardening agent?
potassium alum
What restrainer is used?
potassium bromide
What protects the developing agents by slowing down the rapid oxidation rate of the developer?
preservative
What does incorrect vertical angulation do?
prevents the radiograph from imaging caries
maximum film contrast can only be obtained through meticulous film processing procedures
processing
has two insert tanks placed inside the master tank
processing tank
Manual processing requires the use of
processing tank thermometer timer stirring paddles film hangers, drying racks, and drip pans
positive charge. The nnumber of this in the nucleus of an element determines its atomic number
protons
Radiographic appearance of caries may be classified according to their location on the tooth. What are the four locations?
proximal (mesial and distal) occlusal buccal/lingual cemental (root surface)
_____ _____ of sphenoid will usually appear only on the most post intraoral radiograph. look post for the outline of the max, distal of the max tuberosity
ptyerygoid plates - max post - radiopaque
the only noncalcified tooth tissue
pulp chamber
Calcification that appears in the pulp chamber of the teeth, caused by an abnormal disposition of calcium salts. Often described as nodults or denticles. Seen on radiographs as one or more small radiopaque, irregularly shaped, rounded masses within the pulp chamber
pulp stone
calcification in the dental pulp occur in the form of small nodules
pulp stones
Periodic or continuing measurement to determine the exposure rate in a given area or the dose received my an operator is:
radiation monitoring
Quality Control Tests for Dental X-Ray Machines
radiation output, timer accuracy, accuracy of milliamperage and kilovoltage settings, focal spot size, filtration, collimation, beam alignment, and tube head stability
What is radiographic film extremely sensitive to?
radiation, light, heath, humidity, chemical fumes, and physical pressure
A cyst around the apes of a tooth; generally observed as a small radiolucent circular area that extends away from the apical portions of the root. The sac of the cyst has a distinct wall or capsule that surrounds it and can be distinguished as a faint radiopaque thin line
radicular cyst
the making of radiograps by exposing an image receptor, either film or digital sensor
radiography
study of x-rays and the techniques used to produce radiographic images
radiology
A periodontal abscess appears _____ on a dental radiograph
radiolucent
Caries appear
radiolucent
Do sutures appear radiolucent or radiopaque?
radiolucent
dark gray or black
radiolucent
What terms should be used when describing radiographic images?
radiolucent, radiopaque, density, contrast, and sharpness
Calculus appears ________ on a dental radiograph
radiopaque
The images of all metallic restorations of approximately equal density appear extremely
radiopaque
white or light gray
radiopaque
Do aesthetic materials appear radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiopaque or radiolucent
According to the law of B&T, cells with a high reproductive rate are described as:
radiosensative
2 terms used to describe the degree of susceptibility of various cells and body tissues
radiosensative radio resistant
Terms used to describe the degree of susceptibility of various cells and body tissues to radiation
radiosensitive and radioresistant
growing rapidly or spreading unchecked, severe, and can affect multiple teeth
rampant caries
miniature darkroom that is valuable in endo, O.S. and community outreach oral health projects where darkroom is not available
rapid or chair-side processing
Can occur after radiation exposure, especially in short-term effects.
recovery period
_________ collimators reduce the patient radiation by 70%.
rectangle
How is caries categorized?
recurrent rampant arrested
decay that occurs under a restoration or around its margins
recurrent or secondary
analog
relating to a mechanism in which data is represented by continuously variable physical quantities
Accidentally mixing developer with fixer, even in minute droplets will result in what?
release of an irritating sulphur dioxide gas
What does washing do?
removes any remaining traces of the chemicals
a superconcentrated solution of developer or fixer
replenisher
Cyst that remains in the jaw after the tooth that caused it to form is extracted or exfoliated. May remain within the bone, becoming encapsulated with an epithelial lining, or may undergo considerable growth. Appears radiolucent, and the lining of the cyst appears as a thin radiopaque line
residual cyst
unless the cyst is completely removed at teh time of the extraction or surgery, it will remain and is then called
residual cyst
Evidence of tooth _____ is a common finding on dental radiographs
resorption
refers to a loss of bone or tooth structure; may originated from natural causes such as the gradual reduction of size of the roots of primary teeth, or may be idiopathic
resorption
what restrains the developing agents from developing unexposed silver halide crystals and therefore inhibits the tendency of the solution to the fog the film?
restrainer
fragments that may be observed on radiographs of an edentulous area
retained root
root remaining after the tooth as been extracted
retained root
This is necessary when the first exposure results in errors that compromise image quality, and doubles the radiation exposure to the patient.
retake radiographs
A metal pin used to support a restoration. Appears radiopaque and in a very easy-to-identify shape
retention pin
metal pin used to support a restoration
retention pin
calcifications within the maxillary sinuses
rhinoliths
stones within the maxillary sinuses
rhinoliths
What is the likelihood of injury or death from some hazard?
risk
invisible ray was called
roentgen ray
"squeeze" excess solution from the film surface, allowing the processor to omit the rinsing step
roller transport system
Inadequate vertical angulation results in cutting off the ____ of the tooth
root apices
what 2 shapes can collimators be?
round rectangle
this originated in 1907 through the application of a geometric principle known as
rule of isometry
What removes the short wavelengths in the blue-green region of the visible light spectrum
safelight filter
malignant tumor of connective tissue origin
sarcoma
malignant tumors of the connective tissue origin
sarcoma
Which one has the "patchy" appearance with no demarcation from normal surrounding bone
sarcomas
Film Based Digitized
scanning or digitally photographing exhisting radiographs to create a digital image
Compton scattering occurs whenever dental x-rays interact with matter such as the tissues of the patient's head
scatter radiation
a hardening of the bone as a result of inflammation or excessive growth of fibrous tissue and deposition of mineral salts; associated with dondensing osteitis
sclerotic bone
Exposed primarily by fluorescent type of light given off by special emulsion-coated intensifying screen
screen film
used in extraoral radiography, are made of crystals that emit light when struck by x-rays
screen thickness
film should be in close physical contact with the intensifying screen
screen-film contact
may travel in a direction opposite that of the original x-ray
secondary radiation
When determining a patient's need for x-rays, certain _______ ________ is used to ensure their safety.
selection criteria
only the nonmetallic elements, the halides, are removed, and the exposed silver remains
selective reduction
CCD and CMOS
sensor image receptors that converts x-rays to an electronic signal that is reconstructed by the computer and displayed on a monitor
wall or partition may be seen separating the max sinus into two or more compartments
septum (max post - radiopaque)
Principle that x-rays cast a shadow of images onto the image reception, producing a radiographic image
shadow casting
the smaller the size of crystals within the film emulsion, the ________ the radiographic image
sharper
Clarity of the outline of the structures
sharpness
Pixel
short for picture element Discrete units of information that together constitutes an image
to reduce penumbra and magnification
short object-image receptor distance
How are the effects of radiation classified?
short term long term
Also called high contrast; describes a radiograph in which the density differences between adjacent areas are large
short-scale contrast
a salivary calculus or hardened, stonelike mass that forms within the passage of the salivary ducts; if sufficiently large, such mases appear slightly radiopaque on the radiograph
sialolith
depositions of calcium salts in the salivary glands and ducts
sialoliths
During radiation exposure x-rays strike and ionize some, but not all, of the _________________________, resulting in the formation of a latent image
silver halide crystals
________________ are compounds of a halogen (either bromine or iodine) with another element
silver halide crystals
endodontic filling material; a very radiopaque metal root canal filling
silver point
The silver found in used fixer of dental radiographic processors is in the form of a very stable
silver thiosulphate complex
What should be available in the darkroom or in close proximity to where processing equipment and chemistry is handled?
sink and eyewash station
three size 1 or three size 2 image receptors may be used for the exposure of the max ant teeth
siz anterior exposure
The larger the crystals, the faster the film speed
size of silver halide crystals
Factors that determine film speed are
size of silver halide crystals thickness of emulsion special radiosensitive dyes
What type of injury could most processing cleaners cause?
skin irritations and eye burns on contact
what does the preservative do?
slows the rate of oxidation and prevents the deterioration of the hypo and the precipitation of sulfer
To reduce the size of the penumbra resulting in a sharper image and slightly less magnification
small focal spot
What is the preservative used?
sodium sulfite
what preservative is used?
sodium sulfite
the longest oof these are the Grenz ray, also called____________, that have only limiteed penetrating power and are unsuitable foor exposing dental radiographs
soft radiation
sometimes an outline of the soft tissue of the nose may be shadowed onto ant intraoral radiographs
soft tissue of the nose (max ant region - radiopaque)
What records the copy?
solarized emulsion
Occurs when the biological change or damage occurs in the irradiated individual, but is not passed onto their offspring.
somatic effect
Manufacturers add special dyes that help to increase the film speed
special radiosensitive dyes
What should be included in a log for quality control tests?
specific test, the results , action taken if any, name of person who conducted the test
Cancellous
sponge-like bone
device of layered metal steps of varying thickness used to determine image density and contrast
step-wedge
What are disposable and may be used for placing both horizontal and vertical bitewings?
stick-on bitetabs
used for mixing the chemicals used for manual processing
stirring paddles (2)
When a biological response is based on the probability of occurrence rather than the severity of the change, this is called_______
stochastic effect
When the severity of change is based on the probability of occurrence
stochastic offect
Result of differences in absorption of the x-rays by the tissues under examination
subject
large irregular shaped area below the mylohyoid ridge and roots of man molar
subman fossa - radiolucent
Extra teeth which do not have the space to erupt into, radiopacities may be deformed and not resemble normal tooth form
supernumerary teeth
extra teeth not normally a part of the dentition; may resemble normal teeth, only smaller with conical crowns, or bear no resemblance to a normal tooth; often malpositioned or unerupted
supernumerary tooth
distance between the source of x-ray production (which is at the target on the anode inside the tube head) and the image receptor
target-image receptor distance
The target-image receptor distance is the sum of __________ and ___________
target-object object-image receptor distance
what is magnification mostly influenced by?
target-object distance and object-image receptor distance
whenever the image receptor is positioned intraorally, the length of the ________________ depends on the length of the __________________
target-surface distance PID
characterized by an elongated pulp chamber and very short roots
taurodontia
teeth characterized by very large pulp chambers and very short roots
taurodontia
Through which interproximal space should the central ray of the x-ray beam be perpendicularly directed when exposing a molar bitewing on a child with primary teeth?
the first and second molars
Gray Value
the number that corresponds to the amount of radiation recieved by a pixel
necessary to determine the temp of the developing solution for time-temperature manual processing
thermometer
emulsion is coated on both sides of the film base to increase film speed. The thicker the emulsion, the faster the film speed
thickness of emulsion
How many tanks does an automatic processor consist of?
three, one each for the developer, fixer, and water, and a drying chamber
What are the 2 types of dose-response curves? What do they indicate?
threshold - threshold below which no effect is expected nonthreshold - any dose has potential for damage
Indicates that there is a "thresh-old" amount of radiation, below which no biological response would be expected
threshold dose-response curve
What is placed around the patient's neck to protect the thyroid gland and other radiosensateve tissues in the neck region
thyroid collar
3 specific radiation protection methods for the radiographer:
time shielding distance
used to indicate how long the film is placed in the developing fixing solutions and in the rinse and wash water baths
timer
when is the replenisher added?
to compensate for the loss of volume and strength of the solutions due to oxidation and other causes
Digitize
to convert analog data, such as film-based images, into a digital form that can be processed by a computer
What is the main purpose of the developer?
to convert the exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver grains
What are PA's most useful for?
to examine a single tooth used in combination with other PA's and bitewings to image the entire dentition
what is the purpose of the periapical radiographs?
to image the apices of the teeth and the surrounding bone
what is the purpose of the dark room?
to provide an area where x-ray films can be safely handled and processed
What is the purpose of the film base?
to provide support for the fragile emulsion and to provide strength for handling
What is the role of the fixer solution?
to remove the unexposed and or undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion
form of benign tumor; outgrowth of bone called exostosis
torus
often described as an extosis that occurs near the midline of the palate and lingual surface of the mandible
torus
hard, bony protuberance on the lingual surface of the mandible; usually located above the mylohyoid line near the premolars (often bilateral)
torus mandibularis (lingual torus)
hard, bony protuberance on the midline of the maxilla
torus palatinus
The outcome of radiation depends on what factors?
total dose dose rate area exposed variations in species, individual, tissue, and cell sensitivity age
the sum of inherent and added filtration expressed in in mm of aluminum equivalent
total filtration
spaces are usually filled with fat, blood, or bone cells, which accounts for the difference in the radiographic appearance of bone
trabecular bone
An injury produced by an external force
trauma
The effects of excessive occlusal forces show up on radiographs as a widening of the periodontal ligament space
triangulation
T/F: According to the second part of the Law of B&T, the more specialized a cell is, the more radiosensative it is.
true
T/F: Necessary medical and dental diagnostic or therapeutic radiation is not counted in the permissible dose limits.
true
swelling or a growth of tissue
tumor
A bitewing survey may consist of ___ to ____ radiographs
two to eight
What is the size of film or receptor dependant on?
type of survey required size and shape of patient's oral cavity
Who are the two exceptions to the general radiation worker dose, and what are their maximum doses?
under 18 yrs old (5mSv/year) pregnant women (0.5 mSv/year)
an example of a processing error
underdevelopment
results when a film is not left in the developer for the required time
underdevelopment
what are the steps of preparations and seating positions?
unit preparation patient preparation patient seating position
No radiograph should be taken until when?
until a thorough investigation reveals that exact cause of the error and the appropriate corrective action is identified and can be implemented
Why are bitewings useful?
useful in detecting caries of the proximal surfaces where adjacent teeth contact each other in the arch
refers to the speed of the wave
velocity
For examining the periodontium, what type of bitewings are used?
vertical
Directing central rays perpendicularly toward the surface of the image receptor Described in degrees - move the tube head up or down
vertical angulation
achieved by directing the central rays perpendicularly (at a right angle) toward the surface of the image receptor in a vertical plane
vertical angulation
A periodontally involved patient may have seven or eight
vertical bitewing radiographs
sometimes called angular bone loss, occurs in a vertical direction where resorption of one tooth root sharing the interdental septum is greater than the other tooth
vertical bone loss
term that describes bone loss which does not occur in a plane parallel to the CEJ of adjacent teeth
vertical bone loss
light source for viewing radiographs
viewbox
Collecting used fixer for the purpose of extracting the silver ions will conserve a resource and prevent adding this metal to the
waste stream
All automatic processors require
water
distance between two similar points on two successive waves
wavelength
Dose equivalent is defined as the product of the absorbed dose times a biological-effect qualifying or
weighting factor
If the radiograph is needed immediately for a quick reading of the image, the film may be read under white light conditions after two or three minutes of fixing
wet reading
When is a tumor diagnosis made?
when the dentist, pathologist, and the radiologist have combined their findings
what color is the tube side usually?
white
an overhead white ceiling light that provides adequate illumination for the size of the room and allows clinician to perform equipment maintenance and other tasks requiring visibility
white ceiling light
What are some forms of illumination?
white ceiling light safelight viewbox in use light
what color is the tab for opening the film packet?
white or may be color coded
fixer contamination produces
white spots
What will happen with materials that have high atomic weight?
will absorb more x-rays than thin materials with low atomic numbers
What is the recomended position to place the patient for taking x-rays?
with the occlusal plane parallel to the floor and midsagittal plain perpendicular to the floor
What does elon do?
works fast to bring out the gray shades (contrast) of theimage
What does hydroquinone do?
works slowly but steadily to build up density and contrast in the image
electromagnneticc radiation
x- and gamma rays
What are some explanations for the carcinogenic actions of x-rays?
x-rays activate viruses already present in cells; x-rays damage chromosomes, and certain diseases (such as leukemia) are associated with chromosomal injury; x-rays cause mutations in somatic cells, which may result in uncontrolled growth of cells; an x-rays ionize water, which results in chemical "free radicals" that may cause cancer
Can film expire?
yes
extends laterally and distally from teh zygomatic process of max
zygoma (max post - radiopaque)
is continuous with the zygoma and extends distally
zygomatic arch (max post - radiopaque)